This study presents a numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer in a three-dimensional Williamson hybrid nanofluid composed of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) dispersed in RT42 (Rubitherm), which is considered in its fully molten state. The flow is considered to be three-dimensional over a bidirectionally power-law stretching surface of variable thickness, including the effects of thermal radiation, internal heat generation, chemical reaction with activation energy, and Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium resistance. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of dimensionless ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations, which, in turn, is solved numerically using shooting techniques through Mathematica functions NDSolve and FindRoot. The numerical method used is validated through comparing some obtained results with previously published limiting case results. The results show that increasing porous medium resistance suppresses fluid velocity while enhancing temperature and concentration distributions due to reduced convective transport. The increase of nanoparticle volume fractions increases the temperature profile and thermal-boundary-layer thickness; however, the accompanying decrease in the reduced Nusselt number indicates a reduction in the local wall heat-transfer rate. Increasing the radiation parameter from 0 to 2 decreased the reduced Nusselt number from 16.1657 to 8.3463, which corresponds to a reduction of approximately 48.4%. The reduced Nusselt number decreased from 17.4351 to 3.6625 upon increasing the Eckert number from 0 to 0.2, a reduction of approximately 78.9%. The primary wall-shear quantity rises by approximately 18.7% when the Forchheimer number increased from 0 to 2. The present study's main contribution is that it simultaneously treats Williamson rheology, BNNTs–CdTe/RT42 HC hybridization, non-Darcy porous resistance, thermal radiation, and Arrhenius kinetics within a single model. The results provide a theoretical basis for evaluating possible hybrid nanofluids in electronic thermal-management systems but not device-level validation.
Citation: Mohammed H. Alharbi, Tarek G. Emam, Essam M. Elsaid. Thermal characteristics of (BNNTs+CdTe/RT42 HC) hybrid phase change nanofluid flow: Cooling electronic devices application[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2026, 11(9): 29978-30011. doi: 10.3934/math.20261189
This study presents a numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer in a three-dimensional Williamson hybrid nanofluid composed of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) dispersed in RT42 (Rubitherm), which is considered in its fully molten state. The flow is considered to be three-dimensional over a bidirectionally power-law stretching surface of variable thickness, including the effects of thermal radiation, internal heat generation, chemical reaction with activation energy, and Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium resistance. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of dimensionless ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations, which, in turn, is solved numerically using shooting techniques through Mathematica functions NDSolve and FindRoot. The numerical method used is validated through comparing some obtained results with previously published limiting case results. The results show that increasing porous medium resistance suppresses fluid velocity while enhancing temperature and concentration distributions due to reduced convective transport. The increase of nanoparticle volume fractions increases the temperature profile and thermal-boundary-layer thickness; however, the accompanying decrease in the reduced Nusselt number indicates a reduction in the local wall heat-transfer rate. Increasing the radiation parameter from 0 to 2 decreased the reduced Nusselt number from 16.1657 to 8.3463, which corresponds to a reduction of approximately 48.4%. The reduced Nusselt number decreased from 17.4351 to 3.6625 upon increasing the Eckert number from 0 to 0.2, a reduction of approximately 78.9%. The primary wall-shear quantity rises by approximately 18.7% when the Forchheimer number increased from 0 to 2. The present study's main contribution is that it simultaneously treats Williamson rheology, BNNTs–CdTe/RT42 HC hybridization, non-Darcy porous resistance, thermal radiation, and Arrhenius kinetics within a single model. The results provide a theoretical basis for evaluating possible hybrid nanofluids in electronic thermal-management systems but not device-level validation.
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Figures(24) / Tables(3)
Mohammed H. Alharbi, Tarek G. Emam, Essam M. Elsaid. Thermal characteristics of (BNNTs+CdTe/RT42 HC) hybrid phase change nanofluid flow: Cooling electronic devices application[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2026, 11(9): 29978-30011. doi: 10.3934/math.20261189
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