Research article Topical Sections

Submanifolds of a Euclidean space and Yamabe solitons

  • Published: 25 September 2025
  • MSC : 53C25, 53C40

  • Given an $ m $-dimensional submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g\right) $ of the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, we explored the existence of a vector field $ \xi $ and a constant $ \lambda $ so that we got the Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $. In order to find the vector field $ \xi $, we used a constant unit vector $ \overrightarrow{a} $ on the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, took $ \xi $ as the tangential component of $ \overrightarrow{a}, $ called the Nash vector and took $ \Gamma $ as the normal component of $ \overrightarrow{a} $ called the Nash normal. Also, we used a function $ \varphi $ on the submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g\right) $ given by $ \varphi = \overline{g}\left(\Gamma, H\right) $ called the Nash function, where $ H $ is the mean curvature vector of the submanifold. Also, we had an operator defined by $ K = A_{\Gamma } $ the shape operator in the direction of the normal $ \Gamma $ called the Nash operator. We found the condition under which $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ is a Yamabe soliton. The submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ of the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, which becomes a Yamabe soliton under certain conditions, mentioned above, is called the Nash Yamabe soliton. First, we studied properties of the Nash Yamabe soliton and then found several conditions under which the non-compact Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $'s metric has constant scalar curvature, that is, a Yamabe metric. In the first result, we assumed that the mean curvature $ H $ of the Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ was parallel in the normal bundle and that the Nash function $ \varphi $ was the solution of the Fischer-Marsden equation, which necessarily implies that $ g $ is a Yamabe metric. In a second result, we assumed that the Nash vector $ \xi $ of the complete noncompact Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ had the following properties: (ⅰ) div $ \xi $ does not change sign and (ⅱ) $ \left\Vert \xi \right\Vert $ is Lebesgue integrable on $ N^{m}, $ and proved that in this case $ g $ was a Yamabe metric. Finally, we assumed that the mean curvature $ H $ of the Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ was parallel in the normal bundle and that the Ricci operator $ Q $ was invariant under the Nash vector $ \xi $ to prove that the metric $ g $ was a Yamabe metric.

    Citation: Ibrahim Al-Dayel. Submanifolds of a Euclidean space and Yamabe solitons[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(9): 22233-22248. doi: 10.3934/math.2025990

    Related Papers:

  • Given an $ m $-dimensional submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g\right) $ of the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, we explored the existence of a vector field $ \xi $ and a constant $ \lambda $ so that we got the Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $. In order to find the vector field $ \xi $, we used a constant unit vector $ \overrightarrow{a} $ on the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, took $ \xi $ as the tangential component of $ \overrightarrow{a}, $ called the Nash vector and took $ \Gamma $ as the normal component of $ \overrightarrow{a} $ called the Nash normal. Also, we used a function $ \varphi $ on the submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g\right) $ given by $ \varphi = \overline{g}\left(\Gamma, H\right) $ called the Nash function, where $ H $ is the mean curvature vector of the submanifold. Also, we had an operator defined by $ K = A_{\Gamma } $ the shape operator in the direction of the normal $ \Gamma $ called the Nash operator. We found the condition under which $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ is a Yamabe soliton. The submanifold $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ of the Euclidean space $ \left(R^{m+k}, \overline{g}\right) $, which becomes a Yamabe soliton under certain conditions, mentioned above, is called the Nash Yamabe soliton. First, we studied properties of the Nash Yamabe soliton and then found several conditions under which the non-compact Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $'s metric has constant scalar curvature, that is, a Yamabe metric. In the first result, we assumed that the mean curvature $ H $ of the Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ was parallel in the normal bundle and that the Nash function $ \varphi $ was the solution of the Fischer-Marsden equation, which necessarily implies that $ g $ is a Yamabe metric. In a second result, we assumed that the Nash vector $ \xi $ of the complete noncompact Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ had the following properties: (ⅰ) div $ \xi $ does not change sign and (ⅱ) $ \left\Vert \xi \right\Vert $ is Lebesgue integrable on $ N^{m}, $ and proved that in this case $ g $ was a Yamabe metric. Finally, we assumed that the mean curvature $ H $ of the Nash Yamabe soliton $ \left(N^{m}, g, \xi, \lambda \right) $ was parallel in the normal bundle and that the Ricci operator $ Q $ was invariant under the Nash vector $ \xi $ to prove that the metric $ g $ was a Yamabe metric.



    加载中


    [1] R. S. Hamilton, The Ricci flow on surfaces, Mathematics and general relativity, Contemp. Math., 71 (1998), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1090/conm/071/954419 doi: 10.1090/conm/071/954419
    [2] S. Brendle, Convergence of the Yamabe flow in dimension 6 and higher, Invent. Math., 170 (2007), 541–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00222-007-0074-x doi: 10.1007/s00222-007-0074-x
    [3] S. Brendle, Convergence of the Yamabe flow for arbitrary initial energy, J. Differ. Geom., 69 (2005), 217–278.
    [4] A. Burchard, R. J. Mccan, A. Smith, Explicit Yamabe flow of an asymmetric cigar, Meth. Appl. Anal., 15 (2008), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.4310/MAA.2008.v15.n1.a7 doi: 10.4310/MAA.2008.v15.n1.a7
    [5] B. Chow, The Yamabe flow on locally conformally flat manifolds with positive Ricci curvature, Commun. Pur. Appl. Math., 45 (1992), 1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160450805 doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160450805
    [6] H. Yamabe, On a deformation of Riemannian structures on compact manifolds, Osaka Math J., 12 (1960), 21–37.
    [7] R. Schoen, Conformal deformation of a Riemannian metric to constant scalar curvature, J. Differ. Geom., 20 (1984), 479–495.
    [8] B. Chow, P. Lu, L. Ni, Hamilton's Ricci flow, AMS Scientific Press, Boston, MA, USA, 77 (2006).
    [9] N. B. Turki, B. Y. Chen, S. Deshmukh, Conformal vector fields and Yamabe solitons, Int. J. Geom. Methods M., 16 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219887819500531
    [10] S. Deshmukh, B. Y. Chen, A note on Yamabe solitons, Balk. J. Geom. Appl., 23 (2018), 37–43.
    [11] A. W. Cunha, Remarks on scalar curvature of gradient Yamabe solitons with non-positive Ricci curvature, Differ. Geom. Appl., 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.difgeo.2021.101843
    [12] S. Y. Hsu, A note on compact gradient Yamabe solitons, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 388 (2012), 725–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.09.062 doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.09.062
    [13] L. Ma, L. Cheng, Properties of non-compact Yamabe solitons, Ann. Glob. Anal. Geom., 40 (2011), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10455-011-9263-3 doi: 10.1007/s10455-011-9263-3
    [14] P. Daskalopoulos, N. Sesum, The classification of locally conformally flat Yamabe solitons, Adv. Math., 240 (2013), 346–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2013.03.011 doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2013.03.011
    [15] B. Y. Chen, Total mean curvature and submanifolds of finite type, 2 Eds., World Scientific, Hackensack, 2015.
    [16] B. Y. Chen, Geometry of submanifolds, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1973.
    [17] A. E. Fischer, J. E. Marsden, Manifolds of Riemannian metrics with prescribed scalar curvature, B. Am. Math. Soc., 80 (1974), 479–484. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9904-1974-13457-9 doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1974-13457-9
    [18] A. Caminha, P. Souza, F. Camargo, Complete foliations of space forms by hypersurfaces, B. Braz. Math. Soc., 41 (2010), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00574-010-0015-y doi: 10.1007/s00574-010-0015-y
    [19] B. Y. Chen, S. Deshmukh, Classification of Ricci solitons on Euclidean hypersurfaces, Int. J. Math., 25 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129167X14501171
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2025 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(430) PDF downloads(15) Cited by(0)

Article outline

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog