Attenuation of backpropagating action potentials in three types of dentate granule cells

Yue Mao; Ming Liu; Xiaojuan Sun; Yue Mao; Ming Liu; Xiaojuan Sun

doi:10.3934/era.2025260

Electronic Research Archive

2025, Volume 33, Issue 9: 5845-5864. doi: 10.3934/era.2025260

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Attenuation of backpropagating action potentials in three types of dentate granule cells

1.
School of Physical Science and Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Mathematics and Information Networks (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China

Received: 10 April 2025 Revised: 13 September 2025 Accepted: 19 September 2025 Published: 26 September 2025

Backpropagating action potentials (bpAPs) are retrograde electrical signals crucial for modulating synaptic plasticity. They play a pivotal role in regulating neuronal computation and memory formation. In dentate gyrus granule cells, which are key neuronal populations responsible for pattern separation and memory storage, bpAPs-mediated signaling is particularly important for integrating synaptic inputs and fine-tuning network activity. However, this neuronal population has marked structural and functional heterogeneity, including regular granule cells (GCs), semilunar granule cells (SGCs), and hilar ectopic granule cells (HEGCs). The influence of the distinct biophysical properties of these GC subtypes on backpropagation dynamics such as attenuation amplitude, velocity, and spatial spread remains unclear. Here, we utilized multi-compartment models of three types of GCs to systematically investigate the backpropagation efficiency across three metrics: attenuation amplitude, attenuation rate, and propagation distance. We found that higher dendritic K$ ^{+} $ channel density drove strong attenuation of bpAPs in SGCs (highest rate, shortest propagation), whereas higher dendritic Na$ ^{+} $ channel density in HEGCs minimized attenuation. Dendritic branching patterns modulated attenuation amplitude secondarily, while passive axial resistance had negligible effects. These findings establish dendritic active properties rather than morphology as the dominant regulator of attenuation intensity and reveal how activity regulation in these neuronal subtypes contributes to pattern separation and memory storage.
- backpropagation,
- attenuation,
- granule cell,
- semilunar granule cell,
- hilar ectopic granule cell,
- dentate gyrus,
- multi-compartment model
Citation: Yue Mao, Ming Liu, Xiaojuan Sun. Attenuation of backpropagating action potentials in three types of dentate granule cells[J]. Electronic Research Archive, 2025, 33(9): 5845-5864. doi: 10.3934/era.2025260

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Abstract

Backpropagating action potentials (bpAPs) are retrograde electrical signals crucial for modulating synaptic plasticity. They play a pivotal role in regulating neuronal computation and memory formation. In dentate gyrus granule cells, which are key neuronal populations responsible for pattern separation and memory storage, bpAPs-mediated signaling is particularly important for integrating synaptic inputs and fine-tuning network activity. However, this neuronal population has marked structural and functional heterogeneity, including regular granule cells (GCs), semilunar granule cells (SGCs), and hilar ectopic granule cells (HEGCs). The influence of the distinct biophysical properties of these GC subtypes on backpropagation dynamics such as attenuation amplitude, velocity, and spatial spread remains unclear. Here, we utilized multi-compartment models of three types of GCs to systematically investigate the backpropagation efficiency across three metrics: attenuation amplitude, attenuation rate, and propagation distance. We found that higher dendritic K$ ^{+} $ channel density drove strong attenuation of bpAPs in SGCs (highest rate, shortest propagation), whereas higher dendritic Na$ ^{+} $ channel density in HEGCs minimized attenuation. Dendritic branching patterns modulated attenuation amplitude secondarily, while passive axial resistance had negligible effects. These findings establish dendritic active properties rather than morphology as the dominant regulator of attenuation intensity and reveal how activity regulation in these neuronal subtypes contributes to pattern separation and memory storage.

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