Effect of plasticizer and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) on degradable plastics from rice straw and palm fiber

Tezara Cionita; Rozanna Dewi; Novi Sylvia; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Al Ichlas Imran; Tezara Cionita; Rozanna Dewi; Novi Sylvia; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Al Ichlas Imran

doi:10.3934/environsci.2025022

AIMS Environmental Science

2025, Volume 12, Issue 3: 478-494. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2025022

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Research article

Effect of plasticizer and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) on degradable plastics from rice straw and palm fiber

1.
Mechanical Engineering Programme. Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe 24353, Indonesia
3.
Center of Excellence Technology Natural Polymer and Recycle Plastics, Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe 24353, Indonesia
4.
Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
5.
Centre for Automotive Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
6.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
7.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Halu Oleo, 93232 Kendari, Indonesia

Received: 03 January 2025 Revised: 27 February 2025 Accepted: 11 March 2025 Published: 28 May 2025

This study used rice straw-based and palm fiber-based degradable plastics with glycerol and sorbitol. The strength of rice straw cellulose-based degradable plastics using 20% glycerol ranged from 2 to 5.75 MPa. Similarly, the strength of palm fiber cellulose-based degradable plastics using 40% sorbitol ranged from 5 to 11.13 MPa. In a chemical analysis, the peaks between 3444.87 cm^-1 and 3651.25 cm^-1 represented the O–H stretching of the alcohol group. This is shown by the C–O–H hydroxyl group at the wave numbers of 1627.92, 1724.36, and 1745.58 cm^-1. Moreover, these groups are hydrophilic, binding water, so they can be degraded by microbial activity in the soil. In the thermal analysis, degradable plastics from rice straw lost a lot of weight between 431.53 and 520.79 ℃. Plastics derived from palm fibers as green products also showed extreme weight loss between 334.28 and 482.20 ℃. Most of the material was decomposed at 600 ℃. Both types of samples lost a lot of hydrogen groups and started to decompose and depolymerize. Rice straw plastic absorbed 10.73%–20.23% of water, while palm fiber plastic absorbed 15.34%–85.01%. The lowest water absorption rates were observed in rice straw and palm fiber degradable plastics. Rice straw and palm fiber cellulose plastics broke down in 45–48 days, in line with the American Standard Testing and Materials (ASTM) D-20.96 standard, which says that degradable plastic should take no more than 180 days to break down.
- glycerol,
- sorbitol,
- rice straw,
- palm fiber,
- degradable plastics,
- green products
Citation: Tezara Cionita, Rozanna Dewi, Novi Sylvia, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Al Ichlas Imran. Effect of plasticizer and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) on degradable plastics from rice straw and palm fiber[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2025, 12(3): 478-494. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2025022

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Abstract

This study used rice straw-based and palm fiber-based degradable plastics with glycerol and sorbitol. The strength of rice straw cellulose-based degradable plastics using 20% glycerol ranged from 2 to 5.75 MPa. Similarly, the strength of palm fiber cellulose-based degradable plastics using 40% sorbitol ranged from 5 to 11.13 MPa. In a chemical analysis, the peaks between 3444.87 cm^-1 and 3651.25 cm^-1 represented the O–H stretching of the alcohol group. This is shown by the C–O–H hydroxyl group at the wave numbers of 1627.92, 1724.36, and 1745.58 cm^-1. Moreover, these groups are hydrophilic, binding water, so they can be degraded by microbial activity in the soil. In the thermal analysis, degradable plastics from rice straw lost a lot of weight between 431.53 and 520.79 ℃. Plastics derived from palm fibers as green products also showed extreme weight loss between 334.28 and 482.20 ℃. Most of the material was decomposed at 600 ℃. Both types of samples lost a lot of hydrogen groups and started to decompose and depolymerize. Rice straw plastic absorbed 10.73%–20.23% of water, while palm fiber plastic absorbed 15.34%–85.01%. The lowest water absorption rates were observed in rice straw and palm fiber degradable plastics. Rice straw and palm fiber cellulose plastics broke down in 45–48 days, in line with the American Standard Testing and Materials (ASTM) D-20.96 standard, which says that degradable plastic should take no more than 180 days to break down.

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