An Energy Management System (EMS) in a direct-current (DC) microgrid system is essential to manage renewable energy sources (RES), stored energy units, and demand load. However, the conventional load-following (LF)-based EMS strategy presents several issues due to its integration with proportional-integral (PI) controllers. These controllers have weak performance under sudden irradiation or demand load changes, which result in high overshoot, low convergence speed, and unwanted energy losses in DC microgrid responses. Therefore, this article introduces an improved LF strategy using the terminal-slide mode control (TSMC) method. Moreover, the studied power system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors (SCs). The suggested EMS strategy aims to reduce the fluctuation of the grid voltage and enhance the reliability of the system under different irradiance and demand variations. It employs voltage regulation for the DC bus using a robust TSMC instead of using the classical PI controllers. The simulation was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software. The obtained results indicate that the proposed LF-TSMC strategy can cancel the voltage overshoot, offer better settling time, and provide higher efficiency. Finally, the presented EMS introduces superior dynamics with a settling time of $ \left(<0.1s\right) $ and overshoot percentage of $ \left(1\%\right) $, compared with a settling time of $ \left(0.45s\right) $ and overshoot percentage of $ \left(2.5\%\right) $ for the classical LF-PI method.
Citation: Wisam Raheem Resen, Sarah Sabeeh, Salam J. Yaqoob. Energy management system using load following- terminal slide mode control strategy in DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system[J]. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2026, 10(1): 150-179. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2026007
An Energy Management System (EMS) in a direct-current (DC) microgrid system is essential to manage renewable energy sources (RES), stored energy units, and demand load. However, the conventional load-following (LF)-based EMS strategy presents several issues due to its integration with proportional-integral (PI) controllers. These controllers have weak performance under sudden irradiation or demand load changes, which result in high overshoot, low convergence speed, and unwanted energy losses in DC microgrid responses. Therefore, this article introduces an improved LF strategy using the terminal-slide mode control (TSMC) method. Moreover, the studied power system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors (SCs). The suggested EMS strategy aims to reduce the fluctuation of the grid voltage and enhance the reliability of the system under different irradiance and demand variations. It employs voltage regulation for the DC bus using a robust TSMC instead of using the classical PI controllers. The simulation was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software. The obtained results indicate that the proposed LF-TSMC strategy can cancel the voltage overshoot, offer better settling time, and provide higher efficiency. Finally, the presented EMS introduces superior dynamics with a settling time of $ \left(<0.1s\right) $ and overshoot percentage of $ \left(1\%\right) $, compared with a settling time of $ \left(0.45s\right) $ and overshoot percentage of $ \left(2.5\%\right) $ for the classical LF-PI method.
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Wisam Raheem Resen, Sarah Sabeeh, Salam J. Yaqoob. Energy management system using load following- terminal slide mode control strategy in DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system[J]. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2026, 10(1): 150-179. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2026007
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