Research article

Machine learning assessment of IoT managed microgrid protection in existence of SVC using wavelet methodology

  • Received: 29 July 2022 Revised: 01 September 2022 Accepted: 25 September 2022 Published: 30 September 2022
  • In the last decade, research has been started due to accelerated growth in power demand has mainly concentrated on the large power production and quality of power. After the digital revolution, non-conventional energy sources, many state-of-art equipment, power electronics loads, reactive power compensating devices, sophisticated measuring devices, etc., entered the power industry. The reactive power compensating devices, connected electrical equipment, renewable energy sources can be anticipated/unanticipated action can cause considerable reactions may be failure issues to power grids. To deal with these challenges, the power sector crucially needs to design and implement new security systems to protect its systems. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is treated as revolution technology after the invention of the digital machine and the internet. New developments in sensor devices with wireless technologies through embedded processors provide effective monitoring and different types of faults can be detected during electric power transmission. The wavelet (WT) is one of the mathematical tools to asses transient signals of different frequencies and provides crucial information in the form of detailed coefficients. Machine learning (ML) methods are recommended in the power systems community to simplify digital reform. ML and AI techniques can make effective and rapid decisions to improve the stability and safety of the power grid. This recommended approach can contribute critical information about symmetrical or asymmetrical faults through machine learning assessment of IoT supervised microgrid protection in the presence of SVC using the wavelet approach covers diversified types of faults combined with fault-inception-angles (FIA).

    Citation: K.V. Dhana Lakshmi, P.K. Panigrahi, Ravi kumar Goli. Machine learning assessment of IoT managed microgrid protection in existence of SVC using wavelet methodology[J]. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2022, 6(4): 370-384. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2022022

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  • In the last decade, research has been started due to accelerated growth in power demand has mainly concentrated on the large power production and quality of power. After the digital revolution, non-conventional energy sources, many state-of-art equipment, power electronics loads, reactive power compensating devices, sophisticated measuring devices, etc., entered the power industry. The reactive power compensating devices, connected electrical equipment, renewable energy sources can be anticipated/unanticipated action can cause considerable reactions may be failure issues to power grids. To deal with these challenges, the power sector crucially needs to design and implement new security systems to protect its systems. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is treated as revolution technology after the invention of the digital machine and the internet. New developments in sensor devices with wireless technologies through embedded processors provide effective monitoring and different types of faults can be detected during electric power transmission. The wavelet (WT) is one of the mathematical tools to asses transient signals of different frequencies and provides crucial information in the form of detailed coefficients. Machine learning (ML) methods are recommended in the power systems community to simplify digital reform. ML and AI techniques can make effective and rapid decisions to improve the stability and safety of the power grid. This recommended approach can contribute critical information about symmetrical or asymmetrical faults through machine learning assessment of IoT supervised microgrid protection in the presence of SVC using the wavelet approach covers diversified types of faults combined with fault-inception-angles (FIA).



    Ostrowski proved the following interesting and useful integral inequality in 1938, see [18] and [15, page:468].

    Theorem 1.1. Let f:IR, where IR is an interval, be a mapping differentiable in the interior I of I and let a,bI with a<b. If |f(x)|M for all x[a,b], then the following inequality holds:

    |f(x)1babaf(t)dt|M(ba)[14+(xa+b2)2(ba)2] (1.1)

    for all x[a,b]. The constant 14 is the best possible in sense that it cannot be replaced by a smaller one.

    This inequality gives an upper bound for the approximation of the integral average 1babaf(t)dt by the value of f(x) at point x[a,b]. In recent years, such inequalities were studied extensively by many researchers and numerous generalizations, extensions and variants of them appeared in a number of papers, see [1,2,10,11,19,20,21,22,23].

    A function  f:IRR is said to be convex (AAconvex) if the inequality

    f(tx+(1t)y)tf(x)+(1t)f(y)

    holds for all x,yI  and t[0,1].

    In [4], Anderson et al. also defined generalized convexity as follows:

    Definition 1.1. Let f:I(0,) be continuous, where I is subinterval of (0,). Let M and N be any two Mean functions. We say f is MN-convex (concave) if

    f(M(x,y))()N(f(x),f(y))

    for all x,yI.

    Recall the definitions of AGconvex functions, GGconvex functions and GA functions that are given in [16] by Niculescu:

    The AGconvex functions (usually known as logconvex functions) are those functions f:I(0,) for which

    x,yI and λ[0,1]f(λx+(1λ)y)f(x)1λf(y)λ, (1.2)

    i.e., for which logf is convex.

    The GGconvex functions (called in what follows multiplicatively convex functions) are those functions f:IJ (acting on subintervals of (0,)) such that

    x,yI and λ[0,1]f(x1λyλ)f(x)1λf(y)λ. (1.3)

    The class of all GAconvex functions is constituted by all functions f:IR (defined on subintervals of (0,)) for which

    x,yI and λ[0,1]f(x1λyλ)(1λ)f(x)+λf(y). (1.4)

    The article organized three sections as follows: In the first section, some definitions an preliminaries for Riemann-Liouville and new fractional conformable integral operators are given. Also, some Ostrowski type results involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals are in this section. In the second section, an identity involving new fractional conformable integral operator is proved. Further, new Ostrowski type results involving fractional conformable integral operator are obtained by using some inequalities on established lemma and some well-known inequalities such that triangle inequality, Hölder inequality and power mean inequality. After the proof of theorems, it is pointed out that, in special cases, the results reduce the some results involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals given by Set in [27]. Finally, in the last chapter, some new results for AG-convex functions has obtained involving new fractional conformable integrals.

    Let [a,b] (<a<b<) be a finite interval on the real axis R. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals Jαa+f and Jαbf of order αC ((α)>0) with a0 and b>0 are defined, respectively, by

    Jαa+f(x):=1Γ(α)xa(xt)α1f(t)dt(x>a;(α)>0) (1.5)

    and

    Jαbf(x):=1Γ(α)bx(tx)α1f(t)dt(x<b;(α)>0) (1.6)

    where Γ(t)=0exxt1dx is an Euler Gamma function.

    We recall Beta function (see, e.g., [28, Section 1.1])

    B(α,β)={10tα1(1t)β1dt((α)>0;(β)>0)Γ(α)Γ(β)Γ(α+β)             (α,βCZ0). (1.7)

    and the incomplete gamma function, defined for real numbers a>0 and x0 by

    Γ(a,x)=xetta1dt.

    For more details and properties concerning the fractional integral operators (1.5) and (1.6), we refer the reader, for example, to the works [3,5,6,7,8,9,14,17] and the references therein. Also, several new and recent results of fractional derivatives can be found in the papers [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42].

    In [27], Set gave some Ostrowski type results involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals, as follows:

    Lemma 1.1. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with a<b. If fL[a,b], then for all x[a,b] and α>0 we have:

    (xa)α+(bx)αbaf(x)Γ(α+1)ba[Jαxf(a)+Jαx+f(b)]=(xa)α+1ba10tαf(tx+(1t)a)dt(bx)α+1ba10tαf(tx+(1t)b)dt

    where Γ(α) is Euler gamma function.

    By using the above lemma, he obtained some new Ostrowski type results involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operators, which will generalized via new fractional integral operators in this paper.

    Theorem 1.2. Let f:[a,b][0,)R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with a<b such that fL[a,b]. If |f| is sconvex in the second sense on [a,b] for some fixed s(0,1] and |f(x)|M, x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional integrals with α>0 holds:

    |(xa)α+(bx)αbaf(x)Γ(α+1)ba[Jαxf(a)+Jαx+f(b)]|Mba(1+Γ(α+1)Γ(s+1)Γ(α+s+1))[(xa)α+1+(bx)α+1α+s+1]

    where Γ is Euler gamma function.

    Theorem 1.3. Let f:[a,b][0,)R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with a<b such that fL[a,b]. If |f|q is sconvex in the second sense on [a,b] for some fixed s(0,1],p,q>1 and |f(x)|M, x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional integrals holds:

    |(xa)α+(bx)αbaf(x)Γ(α+1)ba[Jαxf(a)+Jαx+f(b)]|M(1+pα)1p(2s+1)1q[(xa)α+1+(bx)α+1ba]

    where 1p+1q=1, α>0 and Γ is Euler gamma function.

    Theorem 1.4. Let f:[a,b][0,)R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with a<b such that fL[a,b]. If |f|q is sconvex in the second sense on [a,b] for some fixed s(0,1],q1 and |f(x)|M, x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional integrals holds:

    |(xa)α+(bx)αbaf(x)Γ(α+1)ba[Jαxf(a)+Jαx+f(b)]|M(1+α)11q(1+Γ(α+1)Γ(s+1)Γ(α+s+1))1q[(xa)α+1+(bx)α+1ba]

    where α>0 and Γ is Euler gamma function.

    Theorem 1.5. Let f:[a,b][0,)R be a differentiable mapping on (a,b) with a<b such that fL[a,b]. If |f|q is sconcave in the second sense on [a,b] for some fixed s(0,1],p,q>1, x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional integrals holds:

    |(xa)α+(bx)αbaf(x)Γ(α+1)ba[Jαxf(a)+Jαx+f(b)]|2s1q(1+pα)1p(ba)[(xa)α+1|f(x+a2)|+(bx)α+1|f(b+x2)|]

    where 1p+1q=1, α>0 and Γ is Euler gamma function.

    Some fractional integral operators generalize the some other fractional integrals, in special cases, as in the following integral operator. Jarad et. al. [13] has defined a new fractional integral operator. Also, they gave some properties and relations between the some other fractional integral operators, as Riemann-Liouville fractional integral, Hadamard fractional integrals, generalized fractional integral operators etc., with this operator.

    Let βC,Re(β)>0, then the left and right sided fractional conformable integral operators has defined respectively, as follows;

    βaJαf(x)=1Γ(β)xa((xa)α(ta)αα)β1f(t)(ta)1αdt; (1.8)
    βJαbf(x)=1Γ(β)bx((bx)α(bt)αα)β1f(t)(bt)1αdt. (1.9)

    The results presented here, being general, can be reduced to yield many relatively simple inequalities and identities for functions associated with certain fractional integral operators. For example, the case α=1 in the obtained results are found to yield the same results involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals, given before, in literatures. Further, getting more knowledge, see the paper given in [12]. Recently, some studies on this integral operators appeared in literature. Gözpınar [13] obtained Hermite-Hadamard type results for differentiable convex functions. Also, Set et. al. obtained some new results for quasiconvex, some different type convex functions and differentiable convex functions involving this new operator, see [24,25,26]. Motivating the new definition of fractional conformable integral operator and the studies given above, first aim of this study is obtaining new generalizations.

    Lemma 2.1. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. Then the following equality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    (xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]=(xa)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)a)dt+(bx)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)b)dt.

    where α,β>0 and Γ is Euler Gamma function.

    Proof. Using the definition as in (1.8) and (1.9), integrating by parts and and changing variables with u=tx+(1t)a and u=tx+(1t)b in

    I1=10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)a)dt,I2=10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)b)dt

    respectively, then we have

    I1=10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)a)dt=(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)a)xa|10β10(1(1t)αα)β1(1t)α1f(tx+(1t)a)xadt=f(x)αβ(xa)βxa(1(xuxa)αα)β1(xuxa)α1f(u)xaduxa=f(x)αβ(xa)β(xa)αβ+1xa((xa)α(xu)αα)β1(xu)α1f(u)du=f(x)αβ(xa)Γ(β+1)(xa)αβ+1βJαxf(a),

    similarly

    I2=10(1(1t)αα)βf(tx+(1t)b)dt=f(x)αβ(bx)+Γ(β+1)(bx)αβ+1βxJαf(b)

    By multiplying I1 with (xa)αβ+1ba and I2 with (bx)αβ+1ba we get desired result.

    Remark 2.1. Taking α=1 in Lemma 2.1 is found to yield the same result as Lemma 1.1.

    Theorem 2.1. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f| is convex on [a,b] and |f(x)|M with x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|Mαβ+1B(1α,β+1)[(xa)αβ+1ba+(bx)αβ+1ba] (2.1)

    where α,β>0, B(x,y) and Γ are Euler beta and Euler gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. From Lemma 2.1 we can write

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)a)|dt+(bx)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)b)|dt(xa)αβ+1ba[10(1(1t)αα)βt|f(x)|dt+10(1(1t)αα)β(1t)|f(a)|dt]+(bx)αβ+1ba[10(1(1t)αα)βt|f(x)|dt+10(1(1t)αα)β(1t)|f(b)|dt]. (2.2)

    Notice that

    10(1(1t)αα)βtdt=1αβ+1[B(1α,β+1)B(2α,β+1)],10(1(1t)αα)β(1t)dt=B(2α,β+1)αβ+1. (2.3)

    Using the fact that, |f(x)|M for x[a,b] and combining (2.3) with (2.2), we get desired result.

    Remark 2.2. Taking α=1 in Theorem 3.1 and s=1 in Theorem 1.2 are found to yield the same results.

    Theorem 2.2. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f|q is convex on [a,b], p,q>1 and |f(x)|M with x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|M[B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1]1p[(xa)αβ+1ba+(bx)αβ+1ba] (2.4)

    where 1p+1q=1, α,β>0, B(x,y) and Γ are Euler beta and Euler gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. By using Lemma 2.1, convexity of |f|q and well-known Hölder's inequality, we have

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(10|f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt)1q]+(bx)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(10|f(tx+(1t)b)|qdt)1q]. (2.5)

    Notice that, changing variables with x=1(1t)α, we get

    10(1(1t)αα)βp=B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1. (2.6)

    Since |f|q is convex on [a,b] and |f|qMq, we can easily observe that,

    10|f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt10t|f(x)|qdt+10(1t)|f(a)|qdtMq. (2.7)

    As a consequence, combining the equality (2.6) and inequality (2.7) with the inequality (2.5), the desired result is obtained.

    Remark 2.3. Taking α=1 in Theorem 3.2 and s=1 in Theorem 1.3 are found to yield the same results.

    Theorem 2.3. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f|q is convex on [a,b], q1 and |f(x)|M with x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|Mαβ+1B(1α,β+1)[(xa)αβ+1ba+(bx)αβ+1ba] (2.8)

    where α,β>0, B(x,y) and Γ are Euler Beta and Euler Gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. By using Lemma 2.1, convexity of |f|q and well-known power-mean inequality, we have

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba(10(1(1t)αα)βdt)11q(10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt)1q+(bx)αβ+1ba(10(1(1t)αα)βdt)11q(10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)b)|qdt)1q. (2.9)

    Since |f|q is convex and |f|qMq, by using (2.3) we can easily observe that,

    10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt10(1(1t)αα)β[t|f(x)|q+(1t)|f(a)|q]dtMqαβ+1B(1α,β+1). (2.10)

    As a consequence,

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba(1αβ+1B(1α,β+1))11q(Mqαβ+1B(1α,β+1))1q+(bx)αβ+1ba(1αβ+1B(1α,β+1))11q(Mqαβ+1B(1α,β+1))1q=Mαβ+1B(1α,β+1)[(xa)αβ+1ba+(bx)αβ+1ba]. (2.11)

    This means that, the desired result is obtained.

    Remark 2.4. Taking α=1 in Theorem 3.2 and s=1 in Theorem 1.4 are found to yield the same results.

    Theorem 2.4. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f|q is concave on [a,b], p,q>1 and |f(x)|M with x[a,b], then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|[B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1]1p[(xa)αβ+1ba|f(x+a2)|+(bx)αβ+1ba|f(x+b2)|] (2.12)

    where 1p+1q=1, α,β>0, B(x,y) and Γ are Euler Beta and Gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. By using Lemma 2.1 and well-known Hölder's inequality, we have

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(10|f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt)1q]+(bx)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(10|f(tx+(1t)b)|qdt)1q]. (2.13)

    Since |f|q is concave, it can be easily observe that,

    |f(tx+(1t)a)|qdt|f(x+a2)|,|f(tx+(1t)b)|qdt|f(b+x2)|. (2.14)

    Notice that, changing variables with x=1(1t)α, as in (2.6), we get,

    10(1(1t)αα)βp=B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1. (2.15)

    As a consequence, substituting (2.14) and (2.15) in (2.13), the desired result is obtained.

    Remark 2.5. Taking α=1 in Theorem 3.2 and s=1 in Theorem 1.5 are found to yield the same results.

    Some new inequalities for AG-convex functions has obtained in this chapter. For the simplicity, we will denote |f(x)||f(a)|=ω and |f(x)||f(b)|=ψ.

    Theorem 3.1. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f| is AGconvex on [a,b], then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]||f(a)|(xa)αβ+1αβ(ba)[ω1lnω(ωlnαβ1(ω)(Γ(αβ+1)Γ(αβ+1,lnω)))]+|f(b)|(bx)αβ+1αβ(ba)[ψ1lnψ(ψlnαβ1(ψ)(Γ(αβ+1)Γ(αβ+1,lnψ)))]

    where α>0,β>1, Re(lnω)<0Re(lnψ)<0Re(αβ)>1,B(x,y),Γ(x,y) and Γ are Euler Beta, Euler incomplete Gamma and Euler Gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. From Lemma 2.1 and definition of AGconvexity, we have

    (xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)](xa)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)a)|dt+(bx)αβ+1ba10(1(1t)αα)β|f(tx+(1t)b)|dt(xa)αβ+1ba[10(1(1t)αα)β|f(a)|(|f(x)||f(a)|)tdt]+(bx)αβ+1ba[10(1(1t)αα)β|f(b)|(|f(x)||f(b)|)tdt]. (3.1)

    By using the fact that |1(1t)α|β1|1t|αβ for α>0,β>1, we can write

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1αβ(ba)[10(1|1t|αβ)|f(a)|(|f(x)||f(a)|)tdt]+(bx)αβ+1αβ(ba)[10(1|1t|αβ)|f(b)|(|f(x)||f(b)|)tdt].

    By computing the above integrals, we get the desired result.

    Theorem 3.2. Let f:[a,b]R be a differentiable function on (a,b) with a<b and fL[a,b]. If |f|q is AGconvex on [a,b] and p,q>1, then the following inequality for fractional conformable integrals holds:

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1)1p[|f(a)|(xa)αβ+1ba(ωq1qlnω)1q+|f(b)|(bx)αβ+1ba(ψq1qlnψ)1q].

    where 1p+1q=1, α,β>0, B(x,y) and Γ are Euler beta and Euler gamma functions respectively.

    Proof. By using Lemma 2.1, AGconvexity of |f|q and well-known Hölder's inequality, we can write

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(xa)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(|f(a)|q10(|f(x)||f(a)|)qtdt)1q]+(bx)αβ+1ba[(10(1(1t)αα)βp)1p(|f(b)|q10(|f(x)||f(b)|)qtdt)1q].

    By a simple computation, one can obtain

    |(xa)αβ+(bx)αβ(ba)αβf(x)Γ(β+1)ba[βxJαf(b)+βJαxf(a)]|(B(βp+1,1α)αβ+1)1p×[|f(a)|(xa)αβ+1ba(ωq1qlnω)1q+|f(b)|(bx)αβ+1ba(ψq1qlnψ)1q].

    This completes the proof.

    Corollary 3.1. In our results, some new Ostrowski type inequalities can be derived by choosing |f|M. We omit the details.

    The authors declare that no conflicts of interest in this paper.



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