Recent advances in nucleic acid biosensing for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and disease biomarkers

Zuanguang Chen; Zhixian Liang; Yiting Huang; Yifei Sun; Zuanguang Chen; Zhixian Liang; Yiting Huang; Yifei Sun

doi:10.3934/biophy.2025019

AIMS Biophysics

2025, Volume 12, Issue 3: 375-411. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2025019

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Review

Recent advances in nucleic acid biosensing for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and disease biomarkers

1.
School of Health Medicine, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou 511300, China
2.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
3.
National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Materials, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, PR China

Received: 08 June 2025 Revised: 24 July 2025 Accepted: 05 August 2025 Published: 18 August 2025

Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is widely used in disease screening and diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and strong specificity. In addition, whole blood circulation analysis has become a promising non-invasive strategy for cancer diagnosis and surveillance. With the growing testing demand and the advancement of new amplification technologies, nucleic acid detection methods are evolving toward simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. As the gold standard in nucleic acid detection, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) relies on expensive fluorescence reading equipment and professional operators and is not suitable for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and other diseases. Biosensors have attracted the attention of scientists due to their advantages of rapidity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. They have been widely applied in medical diagnosis, including point-of-care testing, forensic science, and biomedical research. This paper reviews the recent research progress of NAT methods for pathogenic microorganisms and disease markers and points out future prospects of point-of-care testing, with great significance in improving health care and disease surveillance in resource-constrained areas.
- nucleic acid detection,
- pathogenic microorganisms,
- disease markers,
- biosensors
Citation: Zuanguang Chen, Zhixian Liang, Yiting Huang, Yifei Sun. Recent advances in nucleic acid biosensing for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and disease biomarkers[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2025, 12(3): 375-411. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2025019

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Abstract

Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is widely used in disease screening and diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and strong specificity. In addition, whole blood circulation analysis has become a promising non-invasive strategy for cancer diagnosis and surveillance. With the growing testing demand and the advancement of new amplification technologies, nucleic acid detection methods are evolving toward simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. As the gold standard in nucleic acid detection, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) relies on expensive fluorescence reading equipment and professional operators and is not suitable for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and other diseases. Biosensors have attracted the attention of scientists due to their advantages of rapidity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. They have been widely applied in medical diagnosis, including point-of-care testing, forensic science, and biomedical research. This paper reviews the recent research progress of NAT methods for pathogenic microorganisms and disease markers and points out future prospects of point-of-care testing, with great significance in improving health care and disease surveillance in resource-constrained areas.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for financial support from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (No. 202002020084, 2025A04J4037), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2023A1515110638, 2025A1515011683) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21675177).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Zuanguang Chen: Writing–review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Conceptualization. Zhixian Liang: Writing–review & editing, Project administration. Yiting Huang: Writing–review & editing. Yunfei Sun: Writing–review & editing.

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