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AIMS Bioengineering

2026, Volume 13, Issue 1: 62-95. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2026004
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Review

Black gold - biochar: transforming agro-based biomasses into sustainable environmental solutions

  • 1.
    Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • 2.
    School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
  • 3.
    Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  • Published: 24 February 2026

  • The escalating waste generated from agriculture, forestry, aquatic, and industrial sectors poses significant challenges, including environmental pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and depletion of valuable resources. In response to these pressing issues, biochar has emerged as a renewable and sustainable biotechnological approach. Biochar, known as the Black Gold, is derived from the pyrolysis of various organic waste materials, reducing waste and creating a useful product for protecting the environment. Agriculture, forestry waste, food and fiber processing residues, and grassland biomass are the main sources for biochar production. Lignocellulosic materials with low moisture content are the preferred feedstock for biochar production. Biochar has diverse applications in carbon sequestration, soil remediation, and water and air purification, including toxic heavy metals (HMs) removal (e.g., chromium, arsenic, and lead). Biochar applications vary depending on the composition of the feedstocks used in the pyrolysis process. Chemically modified pristine biochar exhibits enhanced adsorption capacities for HMs, making it particularly effective for soil and water decontamination applications. This review highlights the important roles of biochar material for sustainable environmental applications, particularly in HMs removal from contaminated water systems. Innovations in biochar technologies are beneficial bioengineering activities to address the intertwined challenges of waste management toward environmental sustainability.

    Citation: Ayesha Mulla, Riddhi Chakraborty, Gaurav Rai, Bhawna Kandwal, Twisampati Das, Shrikant Hulkane, Ibrahim M. Banat, Sanket J. Joshi, Surekha K. Satpute. Black gold - biochar: transforming agro-based biomasses into sustainable environmental solutions[J]. AIMS Bioengineering, 2026, 13(1): 62-95. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2026004

    Related Papers:

  • The escalating waste generated from agriculture, forestry, aquatic, and industrial sectors poses significant challenges, including environmental pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and depletion of valuable resources. In response to these pressing issues, biochar has emerged as a renewable and sustainable biotechnological approach. Biochar, known as the Black Gold, is derived from the pyrolysis of various organic waste materials, reducing waste and creating a useful product for protecting the environment. Agriculture, forestry waste, food and fiber processing residues, and grassland biomass are the main sources for biochar production. Lignocellulosic materials with low moisture content are the preferred feedstock for biochar production. Biochar has diverse applications in carbon sequestration, soil remediation, and water and air purification, including toxic heavy metals (HMs) removal (e.g., chromium, arsenic, and lead). Biochar applications vary depending on the composition of the feedstocks used in the pyrolysis process. Chemically modified pristine biochar exhibits enhanced adsorption capacities for HMs, making it particularly effective for soil and water decontamination applications. This review highlights the important roles of biochar material for sustainable environmental applications, particularly in HMs removal from contaminated water systems. Innovations in biochar technologies are beneficial bioengineering activities to address the intertwined challenges of waste management toward environmental sustainability.



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    Acknowledgments


    Funding: Financial support from Savitribai Phule Pune University is acknowledged. Surekha K. Satpute also expresses gratitude towards Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), New Delhi ANRF/PAIR/2025/000015/PAIR-B.

    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    Author contributions


    Ayesha Mulla, Riddhi Chakraborty, Gaurav Rai, Bhawna Khandwal, Twisampati Das, Shrikant Hulkane were involved in writing the preliminary original draft and visualization. Ibrahim M. Banat, Sanket Joshi, and Surekha K. Satpute carried out formal analysis and writing–original draft, visualization, and editing of the original draft. Construction of images: Images were created using a licensed copy of ‘BioRender software’ (Professional Science Figure creator, BioRender, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) purchased by the Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

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