Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water

Isaiah Kiprono Mutai; Kristof Van Laerhoven; Nancy Wangechi Karuri; Robert Kimutai Tewo; Isaiah Kiprono Mutai; Kristof Van Laerhoven; Nancy Wangechi Karuri; Robert Kimutai Tewo

doi:10.3934/aci.2024008

Applied Computing and Intelligence

2024, Volume 4, Issue 2: 125-137. doi: 10.3934/aci.2024008

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Research article

Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water

1.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Private bag 10143, Dedan Kimathi, Nyeri, Kenya
2.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Private bag 10143, Dedan Kimathi, Nyeri, Kenya
3.
Department of Ubiquitous Computing, University of Siegen, H-A 8110, Holderlin Str., Siegen, 57076, Germany

Academic Editor: Azlan Ismail

Received: 21 May 2024 Revised: 15 October 2024 Accepted: 16 October 2024 Published: 22 October 2024

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an important water quality measurement but takes five days or more to obtain. This may result in delays in taking corrective action in water treatment. Our goal was to develop a BOD predictive model that uses other water quality measurements that are quicker than BOD to obtain; namely pH, temperature, nitrogen, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, and total coliform. Principal component analysis showed that the data spread was in the direction of the BOD eigenvector. The vectors for pH, temperature, and fecal coliform contributed the greatest to data variation, and dissolved oxygen negatively correlated to BOD. K-means clustering suggested three clusters, and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding showed that BOD had a strong influence on variation in the data. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the strongest positive correlations were between BOD, and fecal and total coliform, as well as nitrogen. The largest negative correlation was between dissolved oxygen, and BOD. Multiple linear regression (MLR) using fecal, and total coliform, dissolved oxygen, and nitrogen to predict BOD, and training/test data of 80%/20% and 90%/10% had performance indices of RMSE = 2.21 mg/L, r = 0.48 and accuracy of 50.1%, and RMSE = 2.18 mg/L, r = 0.54 and an accuracy of 55.5%, respectively. BOD prediction was better than previous MLR models. Increasing the percentage of the training set above 80% improved the model accuracy but did not significantly impact its prediction. Thus, MLR can be used successfully to estimate BOD in water using other water quality measurements that are quicker to obtain.

Keywords:

Citation: Isaiah Kiprono Mutai, Kristof Van Laerhoven, Nancy Wangechi Karuri, Robert Kimutai Tewo. Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water[J]. Applied Computing and Intelligence, 2024, 4(2): 125-137. doi: 10.3934/aci.2024008

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Abstract

1. Introduction

We will derive integrals as indicated in the abstract in terms of special functions. Some special cases of these integrals have been reported in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik ^[5]. In 1867 David Bierens de Haan derived hyperbolic integrals of the form

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\left((\log (a)-i x)^k+(\log (a)+i x)^k\right) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)dx \end{equation}$

(1.1)

In our case the constants in the formulas are general complex numbers subject to the restrictions given below. The derivations follow the method used by us in ^[6]. The generalized Cauchy's integral formula is given by

$\begin{equation} \frac{y^k}{k!} = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\frac{e^{wy}}{w^{k+1}}dw. \end{equation}$

(1.2)

2. Definite integral of the contour integral

We use the method in ^[6]. Here the contour is in the upper left quadrant with $\Re(w) < 0$ and going round the origin with zero radius. Using a generalization of Cauchy's integral formula we first replace $y$ by $ix+\log(a)$ for the first equation and then $y$ by $-ix+\log(a)$ to get the second equation. Then we add these two equations, followed by multiplying both sides by $\frac{1}{2} \log (\cos (\alpha) \text{sech}(x)+1)$ to get

$\begin{multline} \frac{\left((\log (a)-i x)^k+(\log (a)+i x)^k\right) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)}{2 k!}\\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}a^w w^{-k-1} \cos (w x) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)dw \end{multline}$

(2.1)

where the logarithmic function is defined in Eq (4.1.2) in ^[2]. We then take the definite integral over $x \in [0, \infty)$ of both sides to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\left((\log (a)-i x)^k+(\log (a)+i x)^k\right) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)}{2 k!}dx \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{0}^{\infty}\int_{C}a^w w^{-k-1} \cos (w x) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)dwdx \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\int_{0}^{\infty}a^w w^{-k-1} \cos (w x) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)dxdw \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\pi a^w w^{-k-2} \cosh \left(\frac{\pi w}{2}\right) \text{csch}(\pi w)dw -\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\pi a^w w^{-k-2} \text{csch}(\pi w) \cosh (\alpha w)dw \end{equation}$

(2.2)

from Eq (1.7.7.120) in ^[1] and the integral is valid for $\alpha$ , $a$ , and $k$ complex and $|\Re(\alpha)| < \pi$ .

3. Infinite sums of the contour integral

In this section we will again use the generalized Cauchy's integral formula to derive equivalent contour integrals. First we replace $y$ by $y-\pi/2$ for the first equation and $y$ by $y+\pi/2$ for second then add these two equations to get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\left(y-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)^k+\left(y+\frac{\pi }{2}\right)^k}{k!} = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}2 w^{-k-1} e^{w y} \cosh \left(\frac{\pi w}{2}\right)dw \end{equation}$

(3.1)

Next we replace $y$ by $\log(a)+\pi(2p+1)$ then we take the infinite sum over $p\in[0, \infty)$ to get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\frac{2 \pi \left(\left(\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1)-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)^k+\left(\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1)+\frac{\pi }{2}\right)^k\;\;\;\right)}{k!} \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\int_{C}4 \pi w^{-k-1} \cosh \left(\frac{\pi w}{2}\right)e^{w (\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))}\;\;dw \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}4 \pi w^{-k-1} \cosh \left(\frac{\pi w}{2}\right)e^{w (\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))}\;\;dw \end{equation}$

(3.2)

where $\Re(w) < 0$ according to (1.232.3) in ^[5]. Then we simplify the left-hand side to get the Hurwitz zeta function

$\begin{equation} -\frac{2^{k+1} \pi ^{k+2} }{(k+1)!}\left(\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{2 \log (a)+\pi }{4 \pi }\right)+\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{2\log (a)+3\pi}{4 \pi }\right)\right) \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\pi a^w w^{-k-2} \cosh\left(\frac{\pi w}{2}\right) \text{csch}(\pi w)dw \end{equation}$

(3.3)

Then following the procedure of (3.1) and (3.2) we replace $y$ by $y+\alpha$ and $y-\alpha$ to get the second equation for the contour integral given by

$\begin{equation} \frac{(y-\alpha )^k+(\alpha +y)^k}{k!} = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}2 w^{-k-1} e^{w y} \cosh (\alpha w)dw \end{equation}$

(3.4)

next we replace $y$ by $\log(a)+\pi(2p+1)$ and take the infinite sum over $p\in[0, \infty)$ to get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\frac{(-\alpha +\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))^k+(\alpha +\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))^k}{k!} \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\int_{C}2 w^{-k-1} \cosh (\alpha w) e^{w (\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))}\;\;dw \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}2 w^{-k-1} \cosh (\alpha w) e^{w (\log (a)+\pi (2 p+1))}\;\;dw \end{equation}$

(3.5)

Then we simplify to get

$\begin{equation} \frac{2^{k+1} \pi ^{k+2} }{(k+1)!}\left(\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{-\alpha +\log (a)+\pi }{2 \pi }\right)+\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{\alpha +\log (a)+\pi }{2 \pi }\right)\right) \\ = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C}\pi \left(-a^w\right)w^{-k-2} \text{csch}(\pi w) \cosh (\alpha w)dw \end{equation}$

(3.6)

4. Definite integral in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function

Since the right-hand sides of Eqs (2.2), (3.3) and (3.5) are equivalent we can equate the left-hand sides to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\left((\log (a)-i x)^k+(\log (a)+i x)^k\right) \log (\cos (\alpha ) \text{sech}(x)+1)dx \\ = 2 \left(\frac{2^{k+1} \pi ^{k+2} \left(\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{-\alpha +\log (a)+\pi }{2 \pi }\right)+\zeta\left(-k-1,\frac{\alpha +\log (a)+\pi }{2 \pi }\right)\;\;\right)}{k+1}\;\;\;\;\right) \\ -2\left(\frac{2^{k+1} \pi ^{k+2} \left(\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{2 \log (a)+\pi }{4 \pi }\right)+\zeta \left(-k-1,\frac{2\log (a)+3\pi}{4 \pi}\right)\;\;\right)}{k+1}\;\;\;\;\right) \end{equation}$

(4.1)

from (9.521) in ^[5] where $\zeta(z, q)$ is the Hurwitz zeta function. Note the left-hand side of Eq (4.1) converges for all finite $k$ . The integral in Eq (4.1) can be used as an alternative method to evaluating the Hurwitz zeta function. The Hurwitz zeta function has a series representation given by

$\begin{equation} \zeta(z,q) = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(q+n)^z} \end{equation}$

(4.2)

where $\Re(z) > 1, q \neq 0, -1, ..$ and is continued analytically by (9.541.1) in ^[5] where $z = 1$ is the only singular point.

5. Derivation of special cases

In this section we have evaluated integrals and extended the range of the parameters over which the integrals are valid. The aim of this section is to derive a few integrals in ^[5] in terms of the Lerch function. We also present errata for one of the integrals and faster converging closed form solutions.

5.1. Derivation of entry 3.531.7 in ^[5]

Using Eq (4.1) and taking the first partial derivative with respect to $\alpha$ and setting $a = 1$ and simplifying the left-hand side we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{x^k}{\cos (\alpha )+\cosh (x)}dx = 2^k \pi ^{k+1} \csc (\alpha ) \sec \left(\frac{\pi k}{2}\right) \left(\zeta \left(-k,\frac{\pi -\alpha }{2 \pi }\right)-\zeta \left(-k,\frac{\alpha +\pi }{2 \pi }\right)\right) \end{equation}$

(5.1)

from Eq (7.102) in ^[3].

5.2. Derivation of entry 4.371.2 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.1) and taking the first partial derivative with respect to $k$ and setting $k = 0$ and simplifying the left-hand side we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\log (x)}{\cos (\alpha )+\cosh (x)}dx = \csc (\alpha ) \left(\alpha \log (2 \pi )-\pi \log (-\alpha -\pi )+\pi \log (\alpha -\pi )-\pi \text{log$\Gamma $}\left(-\frac{\alpha +\pi }{2 \pi }\right) \\ +\pi \text{log$\Gamma $}\left(-\frac{\pi-\alpha }{2\pi }\right)\right)) \\ = \csc (\alpha ) \left(\alpha \log (2 \pi )+\pi \log \left(\frac{\Gamma \left(\frac{\alpha +\pi }{2 \pi }\right)}{\Gamma \left(\frac{\pi -\alpha }{2 \pi }\right)}\right)\right) \end{equation}$

(5.2)

from (7.105) in ^[3].

5.3. Derivation of entry 4.371.1 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.2) and setting $\alpha = \pi/2$ and simplifying we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\log (x) \text{sech}(x)dx = \pi \log \left(\frac{\sqrt{2 \pi } \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)}{\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)}\right) \end{equation}$

(5.3)

5.4. Derivation of entry 4.371.3 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.2) and taking the first derivative with respect to $\alpha$ and setting $\alpha = \pi/2$ and simplifying we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\log (x) \text{sech}^2(x)dx = \log \left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)-\gamma \end{equation}$

(5.4)

where $\gamma$ is Euler's constant.

5.5. Derivation of entry 4.376.1 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.1) and taking the first partial derivative with respect to $k$ then setting $k = -1/2$ and $\alpha = \pi/2$ and simplifying we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\log (x) \text{sech}(x)}{\sqrt{x}}dx = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\pi } \left(-2 \zeta'\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{4}\right)+2 \zeta'\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{4}\right)+\left(\zeta \left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{4}\right)-\zeta \left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{4}\right)\right) \left(\pi +\log \left(\frac{1}{4 \pi ^2}\right)\right)\right) \end{equation}$

(5.5)

The expression in ^[4] is correct but converges much slower than Eq (5.5).

5.6. Derivation of Eq (8) Table 257 in ^[4]

Using Eq (5.1) and taking the first partial derivative with respect to $\alpha$ we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{x^k}{(\cos (\alpha )+\cosh (x))^2}\;\;dx = -2^{k-1} \pi ^k \csc ^2(\alpha ) \sec \left(\frac{\pi k}{2}\right) \left(k \left(\zeta \left(1-k,\frac{\pi -\alpha }{2 \pi }\right)+\zeta \left(1-k,\frac{\alpha +\pi }{2 \pi }\right)\right)\right) \\ -2^{k-1} \pi ^k \csc ^2(\alpha ) \sec \left(\frac{\pi k}{2}\right) \left(2 \pi \cot (\alpha ) \left(\zeta \left(-k,\frac{\pi -\alpha }{2 \pi }\right)-\zeta \left(-k,\frac{\alpha +\pi }{2 \pi }\right)\right)\right) \end{equation}$

(5.6)

from (7.102) in ^[3]. Next we use L'Hopital's rule and take the limit as $\alpha \to 0$ to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{x^k}{(\cosh (x)+1)^2}\;\;dx = -\frac{1}{3} 2^{1-k} \left(\left(2^k-8\right) \zeta (k-2)-\left(2^k-2\right) \zeta (k)\right) \Gamma (k+1) \end{equation}$

(5.7)

Then we take the first partial derivative with respect to $k$ to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{x^k \log (x)}{(\cosh (x)+1)^2}\;\;dx = \frac{1}{3} 2^{4-k} k \Gamma (k) \zeta '(k-2)-\frac{2}{3} k \Gamma (k) \zeta '(k-2) -\frac{1}{3} 2^{2-k} k \Gamma (k) \zeta '(k) \\ +\frac{2}{3} k \Gamma (k)\zeta '(k)-\frac{1}{3} 2^{1-k} k \log (256) \zeta (k-2) \Gamma (k)+\frac{1}{3} 2^{1-k} k \log (4) \zeta (k) \Gamma (k) \\ +\frac{1}{3} 2^{4-k} k \zeta (k-2) \Gamma (k) \psi ^{(0)}(k+1) -\frac{2}{3} k\zeta (k-2) \Gamma (k) \psi ^{(0)}(k+1) \\ -\frac{1}{3} 2^{2-k} k \zeta (k) \Gamma (k) \psi ^{(0)}(k+1) +\frac{2}{3} k \zeta (k) \Gamma (k) \psi ^{(0)}(k+1) \end{equation}$

(5.8)

Finally we set $k = 0$ to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\log (x)}{(\cosh (x)+1)^2}\;\;dx = \frac{1}{3} \left(14 \zeta '(-2)-\gamma +\log \left(\frac{\pi }{2}\right)\right) \end{equation}$

(5.9)

The integral listed in ^[4] appears with an error in the integrand.

5.7. Derivation of entry 3.522.6 in ^[5]

Using Eq (4.1) we first take the limit as $k\to-1$ by applying L'Hopital's rule and using (7.105) in ^[3] and simplifying the right-hand side we get

$\int_0^\infty {\frac{{\log (\cos (\alpha ){\rm{sech}}(x) + 1)}}{{{a^2} + {x^2}}}\;\;} dx = \frac{\pi }{a}\log \left( {\frac{{\sqrt \pi {2^{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{a}{\pi }}}\;\;\Gamma \left( {\frac{a}{\pi } + \frac{1}{2}} \right)}}{{\Gamma \left( {\frac{{a - \alpha + \pi }}{{2\pi }}\;\;} \right)\Gamma \left( {\frac{{a + \alpha + \pi }}{{2\pi }}} \right)}}} \right)$

(5.10)

Next we take the first partial derivative with respect to $\alpha$ and set $\alpha = 0$ to get

$\int_0^\infty {\frac{{{\rm{sech}}(x)}}{{{a^2} + {x^2}}}} \;dx = - \frac{{{\psi ^{(0)}}\left( {\frac{{2a + \pi }}{{4\pi }}\;\;} \right) - {\psi ^{(0)}}\left( {\frac{{2a + 3\pi \;\;}}{{4\pi }}} \right)}}{{2a}}$

(5.11)

from Eq (8.360.1) in ^[5] where $\Re(a) > 0$ , next we replace $x$ with $bx$ to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\text{sech}(b x)}{a^2+b^2 x^2}dx = -\frac{\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{2 a+\pi }{4 \pi }\right)-\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{2a+3\pi}{4 \pi }\right)}{2 a b} \end{equation}$

(5.12)

Next we set $a = b = \pi$ to get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\text{sech}(\pi x)}{x^2+1}dx = \frac{1}{2} \left(\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{5}{4}\right)-\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)\right) = 2-\frac{\pi }{2} \end{equation}$

(5.13)

from Eq (8.363.8) in ^[5].

5.8. Derivation of entry 3.522.8 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.12) and setting $a = b = \pi/2$ we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\text{sech}\left(\frac{\pi x}{2}\right)}{x^2+1}dx = \frac{1}{2} \left(-\gamma -\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) = \log (2) \end{equation}$

(5.14)

from Eq (8.363.8) in ^[5].

5.9. Derivation of entry 3.522.10 in ^[5]

Using Eq (5.12) and setting $a = b = \pi/4$ we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\text{sech}\left(\frac{\pi x}{4}\right)}{x^2+1}dx = \frac{1}{2} \left(\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{7}{8}\right)-\psi ^{(0)}\left(\frac{3}{8}\right)\right) = \frac{\pi -2 \coth ^{-1}\left(\sqrt{2}\right)}{\sqrt{2}} \end{equation}$

(5.15)

from Eq (8.363.8) in ^[5].

5.10. Derivation of a definite integral in terms of the trigamma function

Using Eq (5.10) and taking the second partial derivative with respect to $\alpha$ we get

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\text{sech}^2(x)}{a^2+x^2}dx = \frac{\psi ^{(1)}\left(\frac{a}{\pi }+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\pi a} \end{equation}$

(5.16)

from Eq (8.363.8) in ^[5] where $\Re(a) > 0$ .

6. Discussion

In this paper we were able to present errata and express our closed form solutions in terms of special functions and fundamental constants such $\pi$ , Euler's constant and $\log(2)$ . The use of the trigamma function is quite often necessary in statistical problems involving beta or gamma distributions. This work provides both an accurate and extended range for the solutions of the integrals derived.

7. Conclusion

We have presented a novel method for deriving some interesting definite integrals by Bierens de Haan using contour integration. The results presented were numerically verified for both real and imaginary and complex values of the parameters in the integrals using Mathematica by Wolfram.

Acknowledgments

This research is supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada NSERC Canada under Grant 504070.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Applied Computing and Intelligence

Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Definite integral of the contour integral

3. Infinite sums of the contour integral

4. Definite integral in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function

5. Derivation of special cases

5.1. Derivation of entry 3.531.7 in ^[5]

5.2. Derivation of entry 4.371.2 in ^[5]

5.3. Derivation of entry 4.371.1 in ^[5]

5.4. Derivation of entry 4.371.3 in ^[5]

5.5. Derivation of entry 4.376.1 in ^[5]

5.6. Derivation of Eq (8) Table 257 in ^[4]

5.7. Derivation of entry 3.522.6 in ^[5]

5.8. Derivation of entry 3.522.8 in ^[5]

5.9. Derivation of entry 3.522.10 in ^[5]

5.10. Derivation of a definite integral in terms of the trigamma function

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Applied Computing and Intelligence

Using multiple linear regression for biochemical oxygen demand prediction in water

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Definite integral of the contour integral

3. Infinite sums of the contour integral

4. Definite integral in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function

5. Derivation of special cases

5.1. Derivation of entry 3.531.7 in [5]

5.2. Derivation of entry 4.371.2 in [5]

5.3. Derivation of entry 4.371.1 in [5]

5.4. Derivation of entry 4.371.3 in [5]

5.5. Derivation of entry 4.376.1 in [5]

5.6. Derivation of Eq (8) Table 257 in [4]

5.7. Derivation of entry 3.522.6 in [5]

5.8. Derivation of entry 3.522.8 in [5]

5.9. Derivation of entry 3.522.10 in [5]

5.10. Derivation of a definite integral in terms of the trigamma function

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Reader Comments

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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5.1. Derivation of entry 3.531.7 in ^[5]

5.2. Derivation of entry 4.371.2 in ^[5]

5.3. Derivation of entry 4.371.1 in ^[5]

5.4. Derivation of entry 4.371.3 in ^[5]

5.5. Derivation of entry 4.376.1 in ^[5]

5.6. Derivation of Eq (8) Table 257 in ^[4]

5.7. Derivation of entry 3.522.6 in ^[5]

5.8. Derivation of entry 3.522.8 in ^[5]

5.9. Derivation of entry 3.522.10 in ^[5]