Review Special Issues

One world, no longer: the past, the present, and the future of global value chains

  • Received: 05 October 2020 Accepted: 06 January 2021 Published: 11 January 2021
  • JEL Codes: B27, D24, F15, F23, F54, F63

  • Global value chains (GVCs) are both a product and a facilitator of the model of globalization that dominated for almost two decades following Soviet collapse in 1991. The North Atlantic Financial Crisis of 2007 onwards undermined that dominance, as did the subsequent economic stagnation and associated rising political and social discord. The reversion to more nationalist modes of discourse and policy marks the return of a more visibly geopolitical dimension to the global political economy. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated and accentuated these trends. This paper charts the emergence and consolidation of the era of "one world, ready or not", and employs the work of various critical authors, most prominently William Greider. Greider's extensive critique of US-led globalization, offshoring, and what has since become known as "supply chain capitalism" not only appears prescient by comparison with the work of contemporaneous, high profile representatives of the economics discipline who were its champions, but helps us to locate the sources of its unravelling. The implications of this for GVCs are outlined in the final section, which foresees a fragmentation of the world into spheres of influence dominated by regional powers, each of varying strength and cohesion. This will most likely result in the reconfiguration of many GVCs along more regional lines, as the dictates of efficiency clash with the requirements of supply chain resilience and the associated prerogatives of national security, as defined by those states at the centre of the new regional power blocs. Common to all phases of development discussed in this paper is the subordination of the peoples of the Global South, as the mechanisms of imperialism are adjusted and adapted to the changing conditions arising from the irreconcilable contradictions of global capitalism.

    Citation: Michael Keaney. One world, no longer: the past, the present, and the future of global value chains[J]. National Accounting Review, 2021, 3(1): 1-49. doi: 10.3934/NAR.2021001

    Related Papers:

  • Global value chains (GVCs) are both a product and a facilitator of the model of globalization that dominated for almost two decades following Soviet collapse in 1991. The North Atlantic Financial Crisis of 2007 onwards undermined that dominance, as did the subsequent economic stagnation and associated rising political and social discord. The reversion to more nationalist modes of discourse and policy marks the return of a more visibly geopolitical dimension to the global political economy. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated and accentuated these trends. This paper charts the emergence and consolidation of the era of "one world, ready or not", and employs the work of various critical authors, most prominently William Greider. Greider's extensive critique of US-led globalization, offshoring, and what has since become known as "supply chain capitalism" not only appears prescient by comparison with the work of contemporaneous, high profile representatives of the economics discipline who were its champions, but helps us to locate the sources of its unravelling. The implications of this for GVCs are outlined in the final section, which foresees a fragmentation of the world into spheres of influence dominated by regional powers, each of varying strength and cohesion. This will most likely result in the reconfiguration of many GVCs along more regional lines, as the dictates of efficiency clash with the requirements of supply chain resilience and the associated prerogatives of national security, as defined by those states at the centre of the new regional power blocs. Common to all phases of development discussed in this paper is the subordination of the peoples of the Global South, as the mechanisms of imperialism are adjusted and adapted to the changing conditions arising from the irreconcilable contradictions of global capitalism.


    加载中


    [1] Abel JR, Deitz R (2019) Why are some places so much more unequal than others? Fed Reserve Bank New York Econ Policy Rev 25: 58–75.
    [2] Adkins L (2015) What are post-Fordist wages? Simmel, labor money, and the problem of value. South Atl Q 114: 331–353. doi: 10.1215/00382876-2862740
    [3] Adler D, Breznitz D (2020) Reshoring supply chains: a practical policy agenda. Am Aff Summer: 6–18.
    [4] Allchin D (1992) Phlogiston after oxygen. Ambix 39: 110–116. doi: 10.1179/amb.1992.39.3.110
    [5] Amin S (1977) Imperialism and Unequal Development, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
    [6] Anderson P (2020) Ukania perpetua? New Left Rev 125: 35–107.
    [7] Appelbaum B (2019) The Economists' Hour: False Prophets, Free Markets, and the Fracture of Society, New York: Little, Brown.
    [8] Armstrong R (2020) Business is squeezed in the US-China fight. Financial Times, 28 May.
    [9] Arrighi G, Drangel J (1986) The stratification of the world-economy. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 10: 9–74.
    [10] Asea PK, Corden WM (1994) The Balassa-Samuelson model: an overview. Rev Int Econ 2: 191–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9396.1994.tb00040.x
    [11] Ashford DE (1989) The Whig interpretation of the welfare state. J Policy Hist 1: 24–43. doi: 10.1017/S0898030600004589
    [12] Auerback M, Ritch-Frel J (2020) New fault lines in a post-globalized world. Am Aff. Available from: https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2020/11/new-fault-lines-in-a-post-globalized-world/.
    [13] Bair J (2005) Global capitalism and commodity chains: looking back, going forward. Competition Change 9: 153–180. doi: 10.1179/102452905X45382
    [14] Bair J (2009) Global commodity chains: genealogy and review, In: Bair J, ed. Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1–34.
    [15] Baran PA (1957) The Political Economy of Growth, New York: Monthly Review Press.
    [16] Baran PA, Sweezy PM (1966) Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order, New York: Monthly Review Press.
    [17] Bello W (2017) Asia and finance capital: From the Japanese bubble to China's financial time bomb. Transnational Institute, Finance Working Paper 3. Available from: https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/tni-asia-finance-and-capital-working-paper.pdf (Accessed 17 August 2020).
    [18] Benanav A (2019) Automation and the future of work I. New Left Rev 119: 5–38.
    [19] Benanav A (2020) World asymmetries. New Left Rev 125: 138–149.
    [20] Bhagwati J, Panagariya A, Srinivasan TN (2004) The muddles over outsourcing. J Econ Perspect 18: 93–114. doi: 10.1257/0895330042632753
    [21] Blecker RA (2005) Financial globalization, exchange rates and international trade, In: Epstein GA, Financialization and the World Economy, ed., Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 183–209.
    [22] Boehmer-Christiansen SA, Merten D, Meissner J, et al. (1993) Ecological restructuring or environment friendly deindustrialization: the fate of the East German energy sector and society since 1990. Energ Policy 21: 355–373. doi: 10.1016/0301-4215(93)90276-L
    [23] Boot M (2019) Trump is deconstructing the government, one agency at a time. Washington Post, 2 December.
    [24] Boulding K (1966) The economics of the coming spaceship Earth, In: Jarrett H, Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, ed., Baltimore, MD: Resources for the Future/Johns Hopkins University Press, 3–14.
    [25] Bovcon M (2011) Françafrique and regime theory. Eur J Int Relations 19: 5–26.
    [26] Brazelton WR (1989) Alvin Harvey Hansen: economic growth and a more perfect society. Am J Econ Sociol 48: 427–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1989.tb02131.x
    [27] Bruszt L, McDermott GA (2009) Transnational integration regimes as development programmes, In: Bruszt L, Holzhacker R, The Transnationalization of Economies, States, and Civil Societies: New Challenges for Governance in Europe, eds., New York: Springer, 23–60.
    [28] Bulmer S, Joseph J (2016) European integration in crisis? Of supranational integration, hegemonic projects and domestic politics. Eur J Int Relations 22: 725–748. doi: 10.1177/1354066115612558
    [29] Caldwell R (2011) HR directors in UK boardrooms: a search for strategic influence or symbolic capital? Employee Relations 33: 40–63. doi: 10.1108/01425451111091645
    [30] Campbell P (2016) Tariffs likely to hit Channel-hopping car parts. Financial Times, 17 October.
    [31] Cashore B (2002) Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how non-state market-driven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule-making authority. Governance 15: 503–529. doi: 10.1111/1468-0491.00199
    [32] Chaffin J (2020) Fear of a post-pandemic exodus. Financial Times, 27 May.
    [33] Chen H, Kondratowicz M, Yi KM (2005) Vertical specialization and three facts about U.S. international trade. North Am J Econ Financ 16: 35–59.
    [34] Chester L (2013) The failure of market fundamentalism: how electricity sector restructuring is threatening the economic and social fabric. Rev Radical Polit Econ 45: 315–322. doi: 10.1177/0486613413487163
    [35] Christensen J (2017) The Power of Economists within the State, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    [36] Cilliers J (2001) Still … France versus the rest in Africa? Afr Secur Stud 10: 123–126.
    [37] Cobb C, Halstead T, Rowe J (1995) If GDP is up, why is America down? Atl Monthly 276: 59–78.
    [38] Cohen MJ (1997) Risk society and ecological modernisation: alternative visions for post-industrial nations. Futures 29: 105–119. doi: 10.1016/S0016-3287(96)00071-7
    [39] Cowen D (2014) The Deadly Life of Logistics: Mapping Violence in Global Trade, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
    [40] Cox J (2019a) Real US debt levels could be 2,000% of economy, a Wall Street report suggests. CNBC.com, 9 September. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/09/real-us-debt-levels-could-be-a-shocking-2000percent-of-gdp-report-suggests.html (accessed 17 August 2020).
    [41] Cox J (2019b) Shadow banking is now a $52 trillion industry, posing a big risk to the financial system. CNBC.com, 11 April. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/11/shadow-banking-is-now-a-52-trillion-industry-and-posing-risks.html (accessed 18 August 2020).
    [42] Craig D, Porter D (2004) The third way and the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of 'inclusive' liberalism. Rev Int Polit Economy 11: 387–423. doi: 10.1080/09692290420001672881
    [43] Desai R (2013) Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire, London: Pluto Press.
    [44] Dixit A, Grossman G (2005) The limits of free trade. J Econ Perspect 19: 241–244. doi: 10.1257/089533005774357789
    [45] Donoghue M (2020) Adam Smith and the Honourable East India Company. Hist Econ Rev 77: 1–19. doi: 10.1080/10370196.2020.1794559
    [46] Dornbusch R, Krugman P (1976) Flexible exchange rates in the short run. Brookings Pap Econ Act 3: 537–584. doi: 10.2307/2534369
    [47] Drucker PF (1962) The economy's dark continent. Fortune 72: 265–270.
    [48] Edgecliffe-Johnson A (2020) Global threats spark rethink on company supply chains. Financial Times, 10 August.
    [49] Editorial Board (2020) Stranded crews pose a risk to supply chains. Financial Times, 29 September.
    [50] Emmanuel A (1973) Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade, New York: Monthly Review Press.
    [51] Fallows J (2020) The 3 weeks that changed everything. The Atlantic, 29 June. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/how-white-house-coronavirus-response-went-wrong/613591/ (accessed 17 August 2020).
    [52] Ferguson C (2014) Inside Job: The Financiers Who Pulled Off the Heist of the Century, London: Oneworld.
    [53] Flanagan K, Uyarra E (2016) Four dangers in innovation policy studies—and how to avoid them. Ind Innovation 23: 177–188. doi: 10.1080/13662716.2016.1146126
    [54] Fleming S, Peel M (2020) EU urged to build up supply chains. Financial Times, 6 May.
    [55] Foroohar R (2016) Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business, New York: Crown Business.
    [56] Foroohar R (2020a) Coronavirus speeds up global decoupling. Financial Times, 24 February.
    [57] Foroohar R (2020b) The great global trade unwinding. Financial Times, 10 August.
    [58] Foster JB, Holleman H (2014) The theory of unequal ecological exchange: a Marx-Odum dialectic. J Peasant Stud 41: 199–233. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2014.889687
    [59] Fraser D (2017) The Evolution of the British Welfare State, 5th ed, London: Palgrave.
    [60] Galeano E (1973) Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent, New York: Monthly Review Press.
    [61] Gallagher J, Robinson R (1953) The imperialism of free trade. Econ Hist Rev 6: 1–15. doi: 10.2307/2591017
    [62] Garten JE (1997a) Can the world survive the triumph of capitalism? Harv Bus Rev 75: 144–148.
    [63] Garten JE (1997b) Business and foreign policy. Foreign Aff 76: 67–79.
    [64] Gassebner M, Gaston N, Lamla M (2008) Relief for the environment? The importance of an increasingly unimportant industrial sector. Econ Inq 46: 160–178. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00086.x
    [65] Georgescu-Roegen N (1971) The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [66] Gereffi G (1983) The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [67] Gereffi G (1994) The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: how US retailers shape overseas production networks, In: Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M, Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, 95–122.
    [68] Gereffi G (1995) Global production systems and third world development, In: Stallings B, Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 100–142.
    [69] Gereffi G (2014) Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Rev Int Polit Econ 21: 9–37. doi: 10.1080/09692290.2012.756414
    [70] Gereffi G (2018) Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st Century Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [71] Gereffi G (2020) What does the COVID-19 pandemic teach us about global value chains? The case of medical supplies. J Int Bus Policy 3: 287–301. doi: 10.1057/s42214-020-00062-w
    [72] Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Kaplinsky R, et al. (2001) Introduction: Globalisation, value chains and development. IDS B 32: 1–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32003001.x
    [73] Gettleman ME (1974) The Whig interpretation of social welfare history. Smith College Stud Soc Work 54: 149–157.
    [74] Gilpin R (1975) U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment, New York: Basic Books.
    [75] Gilpin R (2001) Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [76] Grahl J (2011) A capitalist contrarian. New Left Rev 69: 35–59.
    [77] Gréau JL (1998) Le Capitalisme Malade de sa Finance, Paris: Gallimard.
    [78] Gréau JL (2005) L'Avenir du Capitalisme, Paris: Gallimard.
    [79] Gréau JL (2008) La Trahison des Economistes, Paris: Gallimard.
    [80] Greider W (1997) One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, London: Penguin.
    [81] Güney-Frahm I (2018) Agenda 2030: haunted by the ghost of the Third Way? J Dev Soc 34: 56–76.
    [82] Haas T (2020) From green energy to green car state? The political economy of ecological modernisation in Germany. New Polit Econ, forthcoming.
    [83] Hall B (2020) Brussels treads tricky path between 'resilience' and protectionism. Financial Times, 4 June.
    [84] Hansen A (1939) Economic progress and declining population growth. Am Econ Rev 29: 1–15.
    [85] Harvey D (2003) The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [86] Helleiner GK (1973a) Manufactured exports from less-developed countries and multinational firms. Econ J 83: 21–47. doi: 10.2307/2231098
    [87] Helleiner GK (1973b) Manufacturing for export, multinational firms and economic development. World Dev 1: 13–21.
    [88] Hille K (2020a) Taiwan plans greater state say on future of industrial development. Financial Times, 26 May.
    [89] Hille K (2020b) Why US pressure will multiply supply chains. Financial Times, 7 October.
    [90] Hirsh M (2010) Capital Offense: How Washington's Wise Men Turned America's Future Over to Wall Street, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
    [91] Hirsh M (2019) Economists on the run. Foreign Policy 22 October. Available from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/22/economists-globalization-trade-paul-krugman-china/ (accessed 17 August 2020).
    [92] Hopkin J (2017) When Polanyi met Farage: market fundamentalism, economic nationalism, and Britain's exit from the European Union. Br J Polit Int Relations 19: 465–478. doi: 10.1177/1369148117710894
    [93] Hopkins TK, Wallerstein I (1977) Patterns of development of the modern world-system. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 1: 111–145.
    [94] Hopkins TK, Wallerstein I (1986) Commodity chains in the world-economy prior to 1800. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 10: 157–170.
    [95] Hornborg A (1998) Towards an ecological theory of unequal exchange: articulating world system theory and ecological economics. Ecol Econ 25: 127–136. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6
    [96] Hornborg A (2001) The Power of the Machine: Inequalities of Economy, Technology, and Environment, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
    [97] Hornborg A (2009) Zero-sum world: challenges in conceptualizing environmental load displacement and ecologically unequal exchange in the world-system. Int J Comp Soc 50: 237–262. doi: 10.1177/0020715209105141
    [98] Hudson M (2004) Global Fracture: The New International Economic Order, new edition, London: Pluto Press.
    [99] Hummels D, Ishii J, Yo KM (2001) The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. J Int Econ 54: 75–96. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
    [100] Hutton W (1995) The State We're In, London: Jonathan Cape.
    [101] Hyun S, Paradise JF (2019) Why is there no Asian Monetary Fund? ADBI Working Paper 1061. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
    [102] Information Services Group (2020) Managed Services and As-a-Service Market Insights. ISG Index, Fourth Quarter 2019. 14 January. Available from: https://isg-one.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/4q19-global-isg-index.pdf?sfvrsn=53cc631_4 (accessed 11 August 2020).
    [103] Jack A (2020) "Business schools overhaul courses post-Covid." Financial Times, 20 July.
    [104] Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, et al. (2013) Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet 382: 1898–1955. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62105-4
    [105] Jessop B (2002) The Future of the Capitalist State, Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [106] Jessop B (2015a) Crisis construal in the North Atlantic Financial Crisis and the Eurozone crisis. Competition Change 19: 95–112. doi: 10.1177/1024529415571866
    [107] Jessop B (2015b) Comparative capitalisms and/or variegated capitalism, In: Ebenau M, Bruff I, May C, New Directions in Comparative Capitalisms Research: Critical and Global Perspectives, eds., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 65–82.
    [108] Johnson C (2000) Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, New York: Metropolitan Books.
    [109] Johnson HG (1970) The efficiency and welfare implications of the international corporation, In: Kindleberger CP, The International Corporation: A Symposium, ed., Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 35–56.
    [110] Kaplinsky R (2000) Globalisation and unequalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis? J Dev Stud 37: 117–146.
    [111] Karabarbounis L, Neiman B (2014) The global decline of the labor share. Q J Econ 129: 61–103. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjt032
    [112] Kay C (1989) Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment, London: Routledge.
    [113] Keaney M (2011) Picking the entrails of the Washington Consensus. World Rev Polit Econ 2: 134–158.
    [114] Kim YK (2020) Household debt accumulation and the Great Recession of the United States: a comparative perspective. Rev Radical Polit Econ 52: 26–49. doi: 10.1177/0486613419868031
    [115] Kirshner J (2014) American Power after the Financial Crisis, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    [116] Konings M (2011) The Development of American Finance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [117] Krugman P (n.d.a) Review of One World, Ready or Not, by William Greider. Available from: http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/greider.html (accessed 23 September 2020).
    [118] Krugman P (n.d. b) How I work. Available from: http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/howiwork.html (accessed 18 August 2020).
    [119] Krugman P (1997) The accidental theorist. Available from: https://slate.com/business/1997/01/the-accidental-theorist.html (accessed 13 August 2020).
    [120] Krugman P (2019) What economists (including me) got wrong about globalization. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-10-10/inequality-globalization-and-the-missteps-of-1990s-economics (accessed 13 August 2020).
    [121] Lazonick W (1991) Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [122] Lewis J (2011) The British Empire and world history: welfare imperialism and 'soft' power in the rise and fall of colonial rule, In: Midgley J, Piachaud D, Colonialism and Welfare: Social Policy and the British Imperial Legacy, eds., Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 17–35.
    [123] Lewis L (2020) A new look for national security. Financial Times, 14 May.
    [124] Lewis M (2018) The Fifth Risk, New York: W. W. Norton.
    [125] Lindahl H (2013) Fault Lines of Globalization: Legal Order and the Politics of A-legality, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [126] Locke RM (2012) The promise and perils of globalization: the case of Nike. MIT Industrial Performance Center Working Paper Series IPC-02-007, July.
    [127] López Gonzalez J, Munro L, Gourdon J, et al. (2019) Participation and benefits of SMEs in GVCs in Southeast Asia. OECD Trade Policy Paper, No. 231. Paris: OECD.
    [128] Lowe L (2015) The Intimicacies of Four Continents, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    [129] MacDonald M, Paul DE (2011) Killing the goose that lays the golden egg: the politics of Milton Friedman's economics. Polit Soc 39: 565–588. doi: 10.1177/0032329211420045
    [130] Macron E (2019) For European renewal. Élysée, 4 March. Available from: https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2019/03/04/for-european-renewal.en (accessed 20 August 2020).
    [131] Mallet V (2020) France pours €8bn into motor industry. Financial Times, 27 May.
    [132] Mankiw NG, Swagel P (2006) The politics and economics of offshore outsourcing. J Monetary Econ 53: 1027–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2006.05.009
    [133] Martin R (2002) Financialization of Everyday Life, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
    [134] Maurer SM (2017) The new self-governance: a theoretical framework. Bus Polit 19: 41–67. doi: 10.1017/bap.2016.4
    [135] Mayer F, Gereffi G (2010) Regulation and economic globalization: prospects and limits of private governance. Bus Polit 12: 1–25. doi: 10.2202/1469-3569.1325
    [136] Mazzucato M (2013) The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths, London: Anthem Press.
    [137] McCarthy K (2020) Pandemic shows US must make vital products at home. Financial Times, 24 August.
    [138] Melnyk SA, Stank TP, Closs DJ (2000) Supply chain management at Michigan State University: the journey and the lessons learned. Prod Inventory Manage J 41: 13–18.
    [139] Mezzadra S, Neilson B (2019) The Politics of Operations: Excavating Contemporary Capitalism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    [140] Milberg W, Winkler D (2013) Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [141] Miller J (2020) Volkswagen warns over rising cost of parts as carmaking enters recession. Financial Times, 6 May.
    [142] Milne R (2007) Share options put Porsche on faster path to profit. Financial Times, 13 November.
    [143] Mooney A, Nilsson P (2020) Boohoo debacle breeds doubts on ESG ratings. Financial Times, 27 July.
    [144] National Academy of Medicine (2016) The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
    [145] Nye JS (2010) An alliance larger than one issue. New York Times, 6 January.
    [146] Nye JS (2018) Time will tell. Foreign Aff August: 190–192.
    [147] O'Connor J (1973) The Fiscal Crisis of the State, New York: St. Martin's Press.
    [148] O'Connor S (2018) Dark factories: the real price of fast fashion. Financial Times, 19 May.
    [149] O'Connor S (2020) Leicester's dark factories show up a diseased system. Financial Times, 4–5 July.
    [150] Osterholm MT, Olshaker M (2020) Deadliest Enemy: Our War Against Killer Germs, new ed., New York: Little, Brown Spark.
    [151] Palley T (2012) From Financial Crisis to Stagnation: The Destruction of Shared Prosperity and the Role of Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [152] Panitch L (1998) The State in a Changing World': Social-democratizing global capitalism? Monthly Rev October: 11–22.
    [153] Pattberg P (2005) The institutionalization of private governance: how business and nonprofit organizations agree on transnational rules. Governance 18: 589–610. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00293.x
    [154] Payne S, Manson K (2020) 'Apoplectic' Trump vented fury at UK leader for Huawei decision. Financial Times, 7 February.
    [155] Peck J (2017) Offshore: Exploring the Worlds of Global Outsourcing, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [156] Pender J (2001) From 'structural adjustment' to 'comprehensive development framework': conditionality transformed? Third World Q 22: 397–411.
    [157] Peng S, Zhang W, Sun C (2016) 'Environmental load displacement' from the North to the South: a consumption–based perspective with a focus on China. Ecol Econ 128: 147–158. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.020
    [158] Pincus J, Ramli R (2001) Indonesia: from showcase to basket case. In Chang H-J, Palma G, Whittaker DH, Financial Liberalization and the Asian Crisis, eds., Basingstoke: Palgrave, 124–139.
    [159] Porter ME (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: Free Press.
    [160] Prebisch R (1950) The economic development of Latin America and its principal problems. ECLAC Paper No. E/CN.12/89/Rev.1, New York: United Nations.
    [161] Protts J (2017) Supporting industry post-Brexit: supply chains and the automotive industry, Briefing Note, May. London: Civitas.
    [162] Reuters (2020) U.S., Colombia to bring $5 billion in investment to rural areas. 18 August. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-usa-idUSKCN25D2PB (accessed 28 September 2020).
    [163] Samuelson PA (2004) Where Ricardo and Mill rebut and confirm arguments of mainstream economists supporting globalization. J Econ Perspect 18: 135–146.
    [164] Sanderson H (2020) Tesla aims to energise battery supply chain with lithium mining venture. Financial Times, 22 October.
    [165] Sassen S (2007) A Sociology of Globalization, New York: W. W. Norton.
    [166] Scheyvens R, Banks G, Hughes E (2018) The private sector and the SDGs: the need to move beyond 'business as usual'. Sustainability 24: 371–384.
    [167] Schouten G, Glasbergen P (2011) Creating legitimacy in global private governance: the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. Ecol Econ 70: 1891–1899. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.012
    [168] Schäfer D (2008) Porsche makes €6.8bn from VW trades. Financial Times, 8 November.
    [169] Schäfer D (2009) Porsche counts cost of bid fiasco. Financial Times, 26 November.
    [170] Setterfield M (2005) Worker insecurity and U.S. macroeconomic performance during the 1990s. Rev Radical Polit Econ 37: 155–177.
    [171] Sevastopulo D, Williams A (2020) US trade deficit with China undermines Trump strategy. Financial Times, 2 September.
    [172] Shalal A, Garrison C (2020) Exclusive: White House to lure U.S. firms to Latam from Asia in nearshoring drive, senior adviser says. Reuters.com, 30 July. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-usa-idb-exclusive-idUSKCN24U39E (accessed 23 September 2020).
    [173] Singer HW (1949) Economic progress in under-developed countries. Soc Res 16: 236–266.
    [174] Singer HW (1950) The distribution of gains between investing and borrowing countries. Am Econ Rev 40: 473–485.
    [175] Smith J (2016) Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Super-Exploitation, and Capitalism's Final Crisis, New York/New Delhi: Monthly Review Press/Dev Publishers.
    [176] Smithers A (2019) Productivity and the Bonus Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [177] Smithers A (2020) Investment, productivity, and the bonus culture. Am Aff Summer: 18–31.
    [178] Smyth J (2020) Can the US compete in rare earths? Financial Times, 15 September.
    [179] Stephens P (2020) Cold war is the wrong way to challenge China. Financial Times, 31 July.
    [180] Stern PJ (2011) The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [181] Stockhammer E (2004) Financialisation and the slowdown of accumulation. Cambridge J Econ 28: 719–741. doi: 10.1093/cje/beh032
    [182] Stockhammer E (2013) Why have wage shares fallen? A panel analysis of the determinants of functional income distribution. Conditions of Work and Employment Series, No. 35. Geneva: International Labour Office.
    [183] Stott M (2020) Costa Rica's debt woes echo across region. Financial Times, 28 October.
    [184] Stratton A (2008) Mandelson calls for 'industrial activism' to revitalise Britain after the recession. The Guardian, 3 December.
    [185] Stringham EP (2015) Private Governance: Creating Order in Economic and Social Life, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [186] Suarez-Villa L (2009) Technocapitalism: A Critical Perspective on Technological Innovation and Corporatism, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
    [187] Summers LH (2020) Accepting the reality of secular stagnation. IMF Financ Dev 57: 17–19.
    [188] Suskind R (2011) Confidence Men: Wall Street, Washington, and the Education of a President, New York: HarperCollins.
    [189] Suwandi I (2019) Value Chains: The New Economic Imperialism, New York: Monthly Review Press.
    [190] Swaney J (1994) So What's Wrong with Dumping on Africa? J Econ Issues 28: 367–377. doi: 10.1080/00213624.1994.11505552
    [191] Ter Wengel J, Rodriguez E (2006) SME export performance in Indonesia after the crisis. Small Bus Econ 26: 25–37. doi: 10.1007/s11187-004-6491-y
    [192] Timothy N (2020) Remaking One Nation: The Future of Conservatism, Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [193] Toia P (2020) EU industrial strategy: more ambition, faster implementation. The Parliament Magazine, 9 April. Available from: https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/eu-industrial-strategy-more-ambition-faster-implementation (accessed 20 August 2020).
    [194] Toye R (2002) 'The gentleman in Whitehall' reconsidered: the evolution of Douglas Jay's views on economic planning and consumer choice, 1937–47. Labour Hist Rev 67: 187–204. doi: 10.3828/lhr.67.2.187
    [195] Tsing A (2012) Ordinary catastrophe: outsourcing risk in supply-chain capitalism, In: Heinlein M, Kropp C, Neumer J, Poferl A, Rö mhild R, Futures of Modernity: Challenges for Cosmopolitical Thought and Practice, eds., Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 51–64.
    [196] van Apeldoorn B (2002) Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle over European Integration, London, Routledge.
    [197] van der Pijl K (2006) Global Rivalries: From the Cold War to Iraq, London: Pluto Press.
    [198] Verbeke A (2020) Will the COVID-19 pandemic really change the governance of global value chains? Br J Manage 31: 444–446.
    [199] Vernon R (1966) International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Q J Econ 80: 190–207. doi: 10.2307/1880689
    [200] Vernon R (1971) Foreign trade and foreign investment: hard choices for developing countries. Foreign Trade Rev 5: 498–509. doi: 10.1177/0015732515710411
    [201] Vernon R (1993) Sovereignty at bay: twenty years after, In: L. Eden & E.H. Potter, Multinationals in the Global Political Economy, eds., Basingstoke: Macmillan, 19–24.
    [202] Vernon R (1994) Contributing to an international business curriculum: an approach from the flank. J Int Bus Stud 25: 215–227. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490198
    [203] vom Hofe R, Chen K (2006) Whither or not industrial cluster: conclusions or confusions? Ind Geographer 4: 2–28.
    [204] Wade R, Veneroso F (1998) The Asian Crisis: the high debt model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF complex. New Left Rev 228: 3–22.
    [205] Weiss L (2014) America Inc? Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    [206] Wolf M (2020) Covid exposes society's dysfunctions. Financial Times, 15 July.
    [207] Wolff EN (2004) What has happened to the Leontief paradox? In: Dietzenbacher E, Lahr ML, Wassily Leontief and Input-Output Economics, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 166–187.
    [208] Wood EM (2005) Empire of Capital, London: Verso.
    [209] Yao Y (2020) China's economic growth in retrospect, In: Dollar D, Huang Y, Yao Y, China 2049: Economic Challenges of a Rising Global Power, eds., Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 3–28.
    [210] Zimmer R (2011) Labour market politics through jurisprudence: the influence of the judgements of the European Court of Justice (Viking, Laval, Rüffert, Luxembourg) on labour market policies. Ger Policy Stud 7: 211–234.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2021 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(5413) PDF downloads(403) Cited by(0)

Article outline

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog