Biological properties of the HIV-1 Tat protein and its regulatory mechanisms on immune cells

Yang Weiling; Xiao Na; Jiang Yan; Zeng Yi; Yang Weiling; Xiao Na; Jiang Yan; Zeng Yi

doi:10.3934/Allergy.2025018

AIMS Allergy and Immunology

2025, Volume 9, Issue 4: 238-256. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2025018

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Review

Biological properties of the HIV-1 Tat protein and its regulatory mechanisms on immune cells

1.
Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No.98 Chengxiang Road, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
2.
Basic Medical School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No.98 Chengxiang Road, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Transformation of Tumor Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No.98 Chengxiang Road, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
4.
General Practitioners School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No.98 Chengxiang Road, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China

Received: 19 May 2025 Revised: 29 October 2025 Accepted: 04 November 2025 Published: 10 November 2025

The transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is a transactivative transcription factor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) that contains multiple functional domains and exhibits diverse biological activities, including the activation of viral gene expression and the regulation of host cellular pathways. In immune cells, Tat profoundly affects the function of immune cells by inducing apoptosis, modulating immune responses, promoting inflammation, and impairing antigen presentation. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of Tat's molecular structure, its function, and its impact on the gene transcription of hose cells. Furthermore, the multidimensional mechanisms by which immune cells T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are impacted by Tat were also reviewed. We state that Tat is potentially regarded as a therapeutic target, emphasizing the importance of developing targeted intervention strategies.
- HIV-1 Tat,
- T cell,
- B cell,
- macrophage,
- dendritic cell
Citation: Yang Weiling, Xiao Na, Jiang Yan, Zeng Yi. Biological properties of the HIV-1 Tat protein and its regulatory mechanisms on immune cells[J]. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2025, 9(4): 238-256. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2025018

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Abstract

The transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is a transactivative transcription factor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) that contains multiple functional domains and exhibits diverse biological activities, including the activation of viral gene expression and the regulation of host cellular pathways. In immune cells, Tat profoundly affects the function of immune cells by inducing apoptosis, modulating immune responses, promoting inflammation, and impairing antigen presentation. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of Tat's molecular structure, its function, and its impact on the gene transcription of hose cells. Furthermore, the multidimensional mechanisms by which immune cells T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are impacted by Tat were also reviewed. We state that Tat is potentially regarded as a therapeutic target, emphasizing the importance of developing targeted intervention strategies.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Yang Wei-ling performed data analysis and drafted the work. Xiao Na performed the literature search. Zeng Yi had the idea for the article. Jiang Yan supported and revised the work. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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