| Industry Working Experience | Using ERP Experience | ||||
| Expert ID | ERP System Experience (Y/N) | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years |
| Expert A | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert B | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert C | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert D | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert E | Y | Y | Y | ||
Citation: Mary Thornbush. Urban agriculture in the transition to low carbon cities through urban greening[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2015, 2(3): 852-867. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2015.3.852
| [1] | Titin Siswantining, Alhadi Bustamam, Devvi Sarwinda, Saskya Mary Soemartojo, Moh. Abdul Latief, Elke Annisa Octaria, Anggrainy Togi Marito Siregar, Oon Septa, Herley Shaori Al-Ash, Noval Saputra . Correction: Triclustering method for finding biomarkers in human immunodeficiency virus-1 gene expression data. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(4): 7298-7301. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023316 |
| [2] | Saskya Mary Soemartojo, Titin Siswantining, Yoel Fernando, Devvi Sarwinda, Herley Shaori Al-Ash, Sarah Syarofina, Noval Saputra . Iterative bicluster-based Bayesian principal component analysis and least squares for missing-value imputation in microarray and RNA-sequencing data. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(9): 8741-8759. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022405 |
| [3] | Wei Kong, Feifan Xu, Shuaiqun Wang, Kai Wei, Gen Wen, Yaling Yu . Application of orthogonal sparse joint non-negative matrix factorization based on connectivity in Alzheimer's disease research. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(6): 9923-9947. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023435 |
| [4] | Ahmed Hammad, Mohamed Elshaer, Xiuwen Tang . Identification of potential biomarkers with colorectal cancer based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(6): 8997-9015. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021443 |
| [5] | Fang Niu, Zongwei Liu, Peidong Liu, Hongrui Pan, Jiaxue Bi, Peng Li, Guangze Luo, Yonghui Chen, Xiaoxing Zhang, Xiangchen Dai . Identification of novel genetic biomarkers and treatment targets for arteriosclerosis-related abdominal aortic aneurysm using bioinformatic tools. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(6): 9761-9774. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021478 |
| [6] | Sijie Lu, Juan Xie, Yang Li, Bin Yu, Qin Ma, Bingqiang Liu . Identification of lncRNAs-gene interactions in transcription regulation based on co-expression analysis of RNA-seq data. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(6): 7112-7125. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019357 |
| [7] | Yu Jin, Zhe Ren, Wenjie Wang, Yulei Zhang, Liang Zhou, Xufeng Yao, Tao Wu . Classification of Alzheimer's disease using robust TabNet neural networks on genetic data. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(5): 8358-8374. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023366 |
| [8] | Youlong Lv, Jie Zhang . A genetic regulatory network based method for multi-objective sequencing problem in mixed-model assembly lines. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(3): 1228-1243. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019059 |
| [9] | Ming-Xi Zhu, Tian-Yang Zhao, Yan Li . Insight into the mechanism of DNA methylation and miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in ischemic stroke. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(6): 10264-10283. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023450 |
| [10] | Shuaiqun Wang, Tianshun Zhang, Wei Kong, Gen Wen, Yaling Yu . An improved MOPSO approach with adaptive strategy for identifying biomarkers from gene expression dataset. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(2): 1580-1598. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023072 |
Abbreviations: ERP: Enterprise resource planning; AHP: Analytic hierarchy process
It is well documented that ERP systems are beneficial to business operations (Ragowsky & Somers, 2002; Beatty & Williams, 2006); however, the implementation of ERP systems can be costly and time-consuming. Likewise, the software installation and system operating costs can be translated into a real financial burden for a company. The human resources and staffing are also expensive, and the training of staff for the complex system is tedious. Moreover, if any component of an ERP system is not implemented correctly or the technology is incompatible or inefficient for the business structure, the huge capital expenditure and human cost will become a receipt of disaster which may lead to the demise of some companies (Davenport, 1998; Martin, 1998; Parr & Shanks, 2000; Olson, et al. 2013). In practice, the implementation of ERP systems is overly complex, with a highly technical architecture and high operating cost; the enormous amount of time is spent on integrating the system to fit into the organization, and these factors are suggested to be the main reasons for a successful rate when implementing an ERP system (Davenport, 1998; Martin, 1998). Previous studies of ERP systems have focused on understanding the factors leading to either the success or failure of ERP implementation, and the aim is usually to assist those enterprises which currently have an ERP system in place or are planning to change to this system to achieve greater success and less failure (Bradley, 2008; Kim et al., 2005; Morteza & Zare, 2013; Olson & Staley, 2012; Sumner, 2006). Even after spending millions of dollars on investing in ERP systems, some companies are still facing ongoing challenges (Parr & Shanks, 2000; Olson et al., 2013). Olson and Zhao (2007) pointed out that 70% of the companies had failed to achieve the objectives after implementing ERP. Moreover, the implementation of ERP involves different phases, and each phase embeds the crucial factors affecting the ERP implementation success and failure. These crucial factors include top management support, consultant experience, vendor capacity, staff feedback and evaluation, organizational process and reengineering, etc; and, beyond all of these factors, the managers' ability to control these issues is the key to the success of ERP implementation. Kwahk & Lee (2008) argued that, in fact, ERP systems were still experiencing higher failure rates, with approximately 60% to 90% of the companies failing to implement the ERP systems. While some companies understand the importance of those key success factors, they failed in the ground operation and execution (Basoglu et al., 2007; Kwahk & Lee, 2008).
In a local context, Taiwanese businesses that have been successful in ERP implementation show some influential findings. For instance, the electronics industry has focused on, for example, information sharing, project organization and management (Cai, 1999); the organizational structure, project management, information technology and business management (Zhang, 2000); or organizational and personnel factors, and ERP software configuration (Dai, 2007). The traditional manufacturing sector has focused on an organization's internal environment, the ERP user and consultant support (Zhang et al., 2013). The telecommunication sector emphasizes the organizational structure, technology and external environment (Bai, 2007). The construction sector focuses on four key issues, including the internal environment, software vendor characteristics, system configuration and implementation outcomes (Huang, 2006). The review of these studies indicates that each industry will have its unique success factors in the ERP selection and implementation process. According to the white paper on small- and medium-sized enterprise research (2010), Taiwanese industries are classified into nine major sectors: garments, underwear, bags and suitcases, sweaters, towels, hosiery, swimwear, bedding and shoes. Each industry is further divided into small sub-sectors. For example, the garment industry has a wide range of sub-sectors, including upstream and downstream industries such as fiber manufacturing, spinning, weaving, dyeing, finishing, clothing and apparel. In a global supply chain, the garment exporting companies often experience an overwhelmingly high demand. The clothing specifications and requirements of fabrics, accessories, materials and styles are often complex and change from time to time; and, the clients demand just-in-time delivery and high-quality products. As such, the smooth and efficient operation of handling the complexity and competition existing in the garment industry will, to some extent, rely on an integrated and effective information system. However, the white paper on small- and medium-sized enterprise research (2019) reported that ERP implementation in the over 50 workers' businesses was roughly 80% in the manufacturing industry and 50% only in the service industry.
This case study was based on R enterprise, which had the first ERP system installed in 2002; the full-scale implementation was launched after 2007. During 2013, the company adopted a growth strategy and expanded rapidly overseas, with the number of multinational operations and manufactories increasing every year. Whenever launching new ventures in different countries or experiencing expansion of the existing manufacturing plants in their home country, the company must operate under the so-called dual system, whereby the old system coexists during the period of transformation to the new ERP system. The challenges are immense during the transformation period because the work is doubled and the different management styles in multiple locations eventually cost its business. The ERP system modules currently in use have failed to meet the managerial requirements. The new system is not easy to customize, is difficult to operate and, at the same time, involves many other issues, such as incompatibility and difficulty in making the necessary adjustments and modifications. All of these issues need to be resolved when transforming from the old system to the new one; if these issues are not resolved, there is a risk of running a dual system in one organization, which would lead to much more ongoing complexity and complications. The general management office in the home country revises the ERP systems on a yearly (or monthly) basis, and the purpose is to effectively facilitate and integrate a fast-growing and independent financial system. However, the administration has not been able to provide a complete set of ERP system. This study aims to explore the key success factors for ERP system implementation in the garment industry through analysis of the case of R enterprise. The findings are expected to provide useful insight for the companies that are preparing a second implementation of ERP.
This study involved applying a two-stage Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP; Saaty 2000) to conduct an exploratory analysis of ERP systems and examine how the professional and organizational issues have contributed to the success of ERP implementation.
The starting point was a review of the literature; from the previous studies, the factors for successful ERP implementation were initially identified and, subsequently, these factors were proposed to construct the first-round Delphi questionnaire. Five experts/scholars were selected to participate in the 3-round Delphi interview. After interviewing the five experts/scholars, the factors that were recommended to be the key common issues that influence the success of ERP systems were then discussed, summarized and grouped to design the second-stage AHP questionnaire.
First of all, the questionnaire design can be divided into the following five steps: 1. selecting experts; 2. collecting questions and sorting; 3. the first-round questionnaires 4. the second-round questionnaire; 5. forming general comments and consensus. If there is no consensus that can be researched by the experts/scholars, repeat Steps 3 and 4 to have consistent results.
Step 1: Selecting experts. According to Linstone (1978), experts or scholars need to have a high level of familiarity in the field of ERP to be qualified to give any representative opinions in the interview. Therefore, this study utilized three industry experts who have more than five years' experience in ERP system implementation and two professors with relevant research and professional backgrounds in this area to form the interview panel, totaling five experts/scholars. The experts' background and experience are summarized in Table 1.
| Industry Working Experience | Using ERP Experience | ||||
| Expert ID | ERP System Experience (Y/N) | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years |
| Expert A | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert B | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert C | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert D | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert E | Y | Y | Y | ||
DownLoad:
CSV
Step 2: ERP key successful factors collection and collation. The five experts and scholars reviewed the literature, both domestic and international studies, and identified initial key ERP success factors that include four aspects, 12 guidelines and 48 evaluation criteria, as shown in Table 2. These became the base questions used in the first-round questionnaire.
| Aspects | Guidelines | Evaluation Criteria |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Enterprise environmental resources (Bradley, 2008), Organizational and process improvement (Olson and Zhao, 2007), Project planning and management (Vasilash, 1997). | Top management support and commitment (Maskell, 1991), Budget support and sufficient economic resources (Shanley, 1997), Excellent information environment (West, 1998), Sufficient project resources and authorization (Wall and McKineey, 1998), Enablement of business process reengineering (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart (Laughlin, 1999), Transparency level of the overall information flow and documentation process (Huang and Lin, 2012), Standard operating procedures and institutional processes (Davenport, 1998), Ability to accelerate and shorten the operation cycle of the company (Wu and Huang, 2008), Feasible and effective project schedule (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Attention to problem-solving (Holland and Light, 1999), Establishment of the optimal cross-departmental task force (Wall and McKineey, 1998). |
| System user (Zhang et al., 2013) | Users' ability (Ye and Chen, 2005), Execution process (Liu, 2003), Staff awareness (Ling, 2010). | Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project (Zhang et al., 2013), Staff has ability to understand and use information (Ye and Chen, 2005), Users have basic information literacy (Shanley, 1997), Users' attitude and engagement in system implementation (Xie, 2001), Strong leadership from the project team (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution (Vasilash, 1997), Ability to placate and eliminate employee resistance to new system (Shanley, 1997), Stable project team members (Nah, 2006), Staff acceptance and agreement (Lin, 2010), Staff attitude and resistance to change (Lin, 2010), Employee morale and commitment (Lin, 2010), Trust within the organization (Lin, 2010). |
| ERP technique and vendor (Zhang et al., 2013) | System design and integration capabilities (Oliver, 1999), System vendor's specialty (Bingi et al., 1999), Vendor's technical support (Lin, 1999). | User-friendly interface (Wu and Huang, 2008), System is customizable and flexible enough to be modified (Wu and Huang, 2008), System incorporates an aggressive schedule and timeliness (Ye and Chen, 2005), System can effectively integrate different companies and regions and operate in different currency systems (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide timely information for management decision-making (Wu and Huang, 2008), Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development (Lin, 2010), Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software when the company is continuing developing (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions (Huang and Lin, 2012), Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade (Huang and Lin, 2012), Maintain good interaction with the company (Shanley, 1997), Assist the company to successfully install software and hardware (Guo, 1999), Supplier can work with the company to develop internal process and management software (Huang and Lin, 2012). |
| Consultant service (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Consultant service details (Liu, 2003), Consultant team specialty (Xu, 2000), Technique support (Huang and Lin, 2012). | Consultancy fees charged level (Martin, 1998), Timely response to the company requirements (Liu, 2003), Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear and effective implementation of quality assurance (Liu, 2003), Consultant can analyze the company's past, present and future operational capacity (Davenport, 1998), Consultant have a good understanding of the nature of business and competition (Ye and Chen, 2005), Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures (Martin, 1998), Consultant have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system (Oliver, 1999), Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools (Wall and McKineey 1998), Level of control in the system implementation schedules (West, 1998), Consultant can work with the project team members and understand each other (Martin, 1998), Consultant can analyze the company's current HR and economic resource allocation (Martin, 1998). |
| Source:based on the literature review conducted by authors. | ||
DownLoad:
CSV
Step 3: First-round questionnaire. Develop the questionnaire and distribute it to experts and scholars. All of the key ERP factors listed in Table 2 were used to design the Delphi questionnaire; it was sent to the experts and scholars who had been selected for the interview; then, phone calls were made to confirm the time for the first face-to-face meeting. During the first meeting, the interviewer typically spent about 2–3 hours to explain the tasks, and for each of the factors on the questionnaire, the experts and scholars had three options: they could choose either agree, delete or modify. If they chose the option of modify, there was an extra column where the experts and scholars needed to fill in details to support the modification. Apart from selecting based on the existing factors, the experts and scholars could also recommend other factors in the overall comments column in the questionnaire. After the questionnaire was completed, it was mailed back to begin data entry and collection work. Using descriptive statistics, these survey results will be presented in the form of frequency distribution tables.
Step 4: Second-round questionnaire. We distributed the second questionnaire with added and deleted factors and/or new opinions. At the same time, we printed out the results from the first questionnaire, i.e., the frequency distribution table, and sent both the second questionnaire and the frequency distribution table generated from the first questionnaire to the experts and scholars. After reviewing the results from the first questionnaire, the experts and scholars filled out the second questionnaire to either maintain or modify their views. In the second questionnaire, the experts and scholars no longer needed to have a face-to-face interview, so the whole process was done by telephone. Once the questionnaire was completed, the experts and scholars needed to mail the documents back, and this was followed by data entry and collection work again.
Step 5: Third-round questionnaire to determine key success factors. To avoid spending excessive time on the survey, we adopted an upper limit of a maximum of three times for the Delphi interview. The first two interviews were conducted in a traditional way of correspondence, and the third interview entailed an online meeting. As soon as the opinions were collected, the key factors were assessed and used to design the subsequent AHP questionnaire.
To assess whether the framework (see Table 2) was sufficient and appropriate to contain the four aspects, 12 guidelines and 48 evaluation criteria, the first-stage Delphi method was applied and the questionnaires were distributed to the experts. The survey was conducted through two traditional face-to-face interviews and one online conference. The interviewer collected the questionnaires from the five selected experts and scholars for the three occasions, and, through the review of the experts' responses, as well as suggestions to those open questions, the framework and its layout were further revised. The results show that the experts reached a consensus on the following amendments: deleting 14 criteria and revising three criteria in the Tier 3 evaluation criteria for the aspect 'ERP technique and vendor'; adding two new factors, namely, 'system implementation is in alignment with company's strategic visions'; 'the professional level in the field of work and familiarity with the process', 'education and training of the project members and users', 'provision of good after-sales service and technical support', 'a good understanding of company's visions and strategies' and 'good communication and coordination skills'. Finally, we designed the AHP questionnaire based on the results generated from the first-stage Delphi expert questionnaires. The Delphi results were screened and used to form the key ERP successful factors in the AHP questionnaire (see Table 3, Tiers 1 to 3), which was distributed mainly to the top executives in the case company.
| Top Manager ID | Working Experience | Education Level | |||
| < 5 Years | 5–10 Years | 10–15 Years | > 15 Years | ||
| Manager A | Y | Master Degree | |||
| Managers B–G | Y | 1 Master Degree & 5 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Managers H–I | Y | 2 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Manager J | Y | Bachelor Degree | |||
DownLoad:
CSV
The main participants in the AHP questionnaire were the top decision-makers who had executive power in determining the fate of the project for the case company, and they were interviewed to enhance the accuracy of the AHP test. The top managers' backgrounds and experience were summarized in Table 3. The questionnaires were then collected and the weights were calculated for the case company's key ERP success factors. The AHP questionnaire framework is shown in Table 4.
| Tier 0 | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 |
| Objective A | Aspect B | Guideline C | Evaluation Criteria D |
| ERP Key Success Factors | Enterprise/ organization resources B1 |
Enterprise environmental resources C1 |
Top management support and commitment D1 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources D2 | |||
| Excellent information environment D3 | |||
| Organizational and process improvement C2 |
Enablement of business process reengineering D 4 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes D5 | |||
| Clear project plan by defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart D6 | |||
| Project planning and management C3 |
Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy D7 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule D8 | |||
| Attention to problem-solving D9 | |||
| System user B2 |
Employee competence C4 |
Professional competence and the familiarity with the project D10 | |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project D11 | |||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information D12 | |||
| Execution process C5 |
Strong leadership from the project team D13 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution D14 | |||
| Education and training to project team members and users D15 | |||
| Staff awareness C6 |
Staff acceptance and agreement D16 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change D17 | |||
| Employee morale and commitment D18 | |||
| ERP technique and vendor B3 |
System design and integration capabilities C7 |
User-friendly interface D 19 | |
| Customizability and flexible for modification D20 | |||
| Systems integrated with an aggressive schedule and timeliness D21 | |||
| System vendor's specialty C8 |
Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development D22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth D23 | |||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions D24 | |||
| Vendor's technical support C9 |
Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade D25 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support D26 | |||
| Maintain good interaction with the company D27 | |||
| Consultant service B4 |
Consultant service details C10 |
Consultancy fees D28 | |
| Timely response to the company requirements D29 | |||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer D30 | |||
| Consultant team specialty C11 |
Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system D31 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies D32 | |||
| Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures D33 | |||
| Consultant technique support C12 |
Good communication and coordination skills D34 | ||
| Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools D 35 | |||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules D36 | |||
| Source:based on the analysis conducted in this study. | |||
DownLoad:
CSV
The AHP survey targeted senior executives and entailed issuing 10 questionnaires using a nine-point scale. After the compilation and analysis of the data, there was no incomplete questionnaire or inconsistent information provided in the questionnaires; hence, the effective recovery rate was 100%. Based on the AHP questionnaire framework (Table 4), we analyzed the key factors that were suggested to affect ERP system implementation, as well as analyzed and compared every two elements in Tier 1 (Tier 2 and Tier 3) to reveal the relative importance of the key success factors.
To ensure a high confidence interval for the respondents to have a consistent view on the importance level of key factors, a consistency ratio was used to assess the degree of consistency at each tier. The analysis of the consistency ratio shows that the overall aspects in the first tier, four guidelines in the second tier and 12 evaluation criteria in third tier all had consistency ratios less than 0.1, indicating a high level of consistency between the different tiers (Table 5).
| Aspects | Tier Weight | Guidelines | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Accumulated Ranking | Evaluation Criteria | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Overall Ranking |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.569 | Enterprise environmental resources | 0.229 | 0.130 | 4 | Top management support and commitment | 0.658 | 0.086 | 3 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources | 0.220 | 0.029 | 14 | ||||||
| Excellent information environment | 0.122 | 0.016 | 21 | ||||||
| Organizational and process improvement | 0.454 | 0.258 | 1 | Enablement of business process reengineering | 0.156 | 0.040 | 9 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes | 0.304 | 0.079 | 4 | ||||||
| Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart | 0.540 | 0.140 | 1 | ||||||
| Project planning and management | 0.317 | 0.180 | 2 | Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy | 0.662 | 0.119 | 2 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule | 0.174 | 0.031 | 11 | ||||||
| Attention to problem-solving | 0.164 | 0.030 | 13 | ||||||
| System user | 0.202 | Employee competence | 0.131 | 0.027 | 10 | Professional competence and the familiarity with the project | 0.451 | 0.012 | 26 |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project | 0.398 | 0.011 | 27 | ||||||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information | 0.151 | 0.004 | 32 | ||||||
| Execution process | 0.546 | 0.110 | 5 | Strong leadership from the project team | 0.361 | 0.040 | 10 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution | 0.490 | 0.054 | 8 | ||||||
| Education and training for project team members and users | 0.149 | 0.016 | 20 | ||||||
| Staff awareness | 0.323 | 0.065 | 7 | Staff acceptance and agreement | 0.365 | 0.024 | 17 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change | 0.404 | 0.026 | 16 | ||||||
| Employee morale and commitment | 0.230 | 0.015 | 24 | ||||||
| ERP technique and vendor | 0.154 | System design and integration capabilities | 0.545 | 0.164 | 3 | User-friendly interface | 0.445 | 0.073 | 5 |
| Customizability and flexible for modification | 0.190 | 0.031 | 12 | ||||||
| Systems integrated with aggressive schedule and timeliness | 0.365 | 0.060 | 6 | ||||||
| System vendor's specialty | 0.300 | 0.090 | 6 | Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development | 0.176 | 0.016 | 22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth | 0.221 | 0.020 | 19 | ||||||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions | 0.603 | 0.054 | 7 | ||||||
| Vendor's technical support | 0.155 | 0.047 | 9 | Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade | 0.602 | 0.028 | 15 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support | 0.208 | 0.010 | 28 | ||||||
| Maintain good interaction with the company | 0.189 | 0.009 | 29 | ||||||
| Consultant service | 0.075 | Consultant service details | 0.159 | 0.012 | 11 | Consultancy fees | 0.151 | 0.002 | 36 |
| Timely response to the company requirements | 0.628 | 0.007 | 30 | ||||||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer | 0.221 | 0.003 | 34 | ||||||
| Consultant team specialty | 0.697 | 0.052 | 8 | Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system | 0.458 | 0.024 | 18 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies | 0.298 | 0.015 | 23 | ||||||
| Consultants have high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures | 0.245 | 0.013 | 25 | ||||||
| Consultant technique support | 0.145 | 0.011 | 12 | Good communication and coordination skills | 0.482 | 0.005 | 31 | ||
| Consultants can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools | 0.190 | 0.002 | 35 | ||||||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules | 0.327 | 0.004 | 33 | ||||||
| Source: based on the analysis conducted by this study. | |||||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
The factor weight is also known as the local priority, which indicates the relative weight of each factor for each tier. The overall weight is known as the global priority, calculated as the weight of the prior tier multiplied by the relative weight of various elements of the current tier; it shows the relative importance of various elements of the current tier as compared to the overall weight. For example, in this case study, it is as follows: Overall Weight = Weight of Tier 1 × Weight of Tier 2 × Weight of Tier 3. As a result, the overall weight was derived for the four major aspects, 12 guidelines and 36 key evaluation criteria (see Table 5), showing the rank as per the order of importance.
This study also graphically explains the key aspects, guidelines and evaluation criteria based on Table 6. The y axis represents the rank of aspects (Figure 1), guidelines (Figure 2) and evaluation criteria (Figure 3) for Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 in the AHP framework; the x axis shows the weight for each element. Using Microsoft Excel to analyze the weights of the overall factors, Figure 1 was constructed to show that 'Enterprise/ Organization resources' was ranked first, followed by 'System user', 'ERP technique and vendor' and, the last, 'Consultant service'.
| Factors by Tier | Consistency Ratio |
| (Tier 1) Overall factors | 0.0192 |
| (Tier 2) Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.0009 |
| (Tier 2) System user | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 2) ERP technique and vendor | 0.0025 |
| (Tier 2) Consultant service | 0.0019 |
| (Tier 3) Enterprise environmental resources | 0.0045 |
| (Tier 3) Organizational and process improvement | 0.0005 |
| (Tier 3) Project planning and management | 0.0024 |
| (Tier 3) Employee competence | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Execution process | 0.0008 |
| (Tier 3) Staff awareness | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) System design and integration capabilities | 0.0002 |
| (Tier 3) System vendor's specialty | 0.0011 |
| (Tier 3) Vendor's technical support | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant service details | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant team specialty | 0.0004 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant technique support | 0.0023 |
DownLoad:
CSV
Figure 2 shows that case company R focuses on comparing the top three or six guidelines in the AHP questionnaire. The top three guidelines and the corresponding accumulated weights were 'Organizational and process improvement' (0.258255937), 'Project planning and management' (0.18042832) and 'System design and integration capabilities' (0.164186237), with a total accumulated weight and combined explanatory power of 60.28%. In addition to the top three ranked guidelines, 'Enterprise environmental resources' (0.130099741) was ranked number four, 'Execution process' (0.110193887) was ranked number five and 'System vendor's specialty' (0.090330484) was ranked number six. In all, the top six guidelines altogether account for 93.34% of the accumulated weight.
After analyzing the 36 evaluation criteria (Figure 3), the top 10 ranked criteria were 'Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart' (0.13956222), 'Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy' (0.11949798), 'Top management support and commitment' (0.08556945), 'Extent of standard operating procedures and institutional processes' (0.07850048), 'User-friendly interface' (0.07310360), 'Systems integrated with an aggressive schedule and timeliness' (0.0599498), 'Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions' (0.05449806), 'Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution' (0.05397480), 'Enablement of business process reengineering' (0.04019322) and 'Solid management for project team building' (0.03980844). In all, the top 10 evaluation criteria had a combined accumulative weight of 74.47%.
Overall, among the 36 evaluation criteria, four were ranked the highest, namely, a clear project plan based on a defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart; goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy; top management support and commitment; and the extent of standard operating procedures and institutional processes. Meanwhile, if the analysis emphasized the aspects, Enterprise/ organization resources carried the highest weight (0.568), indicating a single aspect catches more than half of the total weight of all factors. This result is consistent with previous studies which suggest that organizational resources play a decisive role in shaping successful ERP system implementation (Davenport, 1998; Bingi et al., 1999; Zhang, 2000; Liu, 2003, Ye and Chen, 2005; Chauhan et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013). Interestingly, the consultant service factor carried the lowest weight (0.07), at less than 1%, suggesting that future improvement should be focused on strengthening an effective promotion of consultant services and technical support should be delivered to assist the company. Daniel (1961) argued that most companies should have at least three to six factors that are important to ERP success, and that these factors are the critical foundation that should be the focus of companies throughout the whole process to ensure that the system is successfully implemented.
Based on the analysis of the 12 guidelines, this study suggests that case company R carefully examine the current internal and external environment as it pertains to the company's position in the overall industry, the company's performance relative to its peers and competitors and the economic and environmental resources available inside the entity that R can utilize to gain a competitive advantage. The analysis was purposed to ensure that efficient resource allocation will be applied to the important factors which are ranked top for the R enterprise.
In addition, the results of this study indicate that senior managers generally recognize that the success of ERP system implementation is dependent on the organizational commitment, sufficient resource support and authorization, the attitude of the project leader, the competency of system users, the coordination and communication for the project, etc. Apart from focusing on the system implementation, the project team should also set up a special task group to constantly meet with each department to convey the aspiration and commitment from the top management and provide feedback to the top management as to whether each department has been able to adapt to the organizational changes.
In a similar vein, strong support, active envelopment and encouragement and due care should be given to relevant executives and project team members so that they will understand the company's policies, and that these top-end ideas are pragmatic and feasible. This is a crucial step because only the project executives need to change their attitudes toward the new system, as all of the project team members will then embrace the new system with motivation and positive energy. As such, the team will be unified on this project without resistance and the team members will be active in training and education, which makes the whole process much more efficient.
It is evident that the bottom six evaluation criteria were 'Consultancy fees', 'Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools', 'Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer', 'Level of control in system implementation schedules', 'Staff has ability to understand and use information' and 'Good communication and coordination skills', from bottom one to bottom six, five of which are from 'Consultant service aspect'. This implies that, for the case company R, the future focus is to strengthen the ERP consultant communication and coordination.
Therefore, the decision-makers should carefully select ERP vendors, and, prior to decision-making, it is necessary for them to do their homework to have some knowledge about vendors, particularly, whether the vendors are capable of analyzing and integrating into the company's base conditions, such as R & D, production, HR function, finance and marketing budget; and, whether consultant services are explicitly in alignment with the current organizational goals and strategies.
This study involved employing a two-stage questionnaire based on the Delphi and AHP methods to generate the ranking to show the level of importance of key ERP success factors for R enterprise. The findings show that the top 10 key success factors are as follows: 1. clear project plan based on a defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart, 2. goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy, 3. top management support and commitment, 4. extent of standard operating procedures and institutional processes, 5. user-friendly interface, 6. systems integrated with an aggressive schedule and timelines, 7. provision of technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions, 8. good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution, 9. enablement of business process reengineering and 10. solid management for project team building.
The ERP systems are different from the packaged software, so the vendor needs to accurately tailor and deliver a customized system that suits the enterprise (often, the preparation stage requires one year, but the problem-solving is on a daily basis starting from the implementation); and, for the corporation, it is about communication and coordination between the enterprise and the vendor and how to achieve a mutual agreement between the both parties. The company should have ongoing meetings and consultation with the ERP vendor, as well as the consultant. It is recommended that each department sends one or two special representatives to participate in the future meetings and work on the system's planning and implementation issues. Likewise, the consultant can also achieve a full understanding of the current state of organizational functions and characteristics through a close and practical working relationship; as a result, this is helpful in reducing the level of resistance and failure rate of reengineering processes throughout the business.
The authors declare they have not used artificial intelligence tools in the creation of this article.
All authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
| [1] | Oxfam (2012) Extreme Weather, Extreme Prices: The Costs of Feeding a Warming World. Oxfam International (available from: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/20120905-ib-extreme-weather-extreme-prices-en.pdf; accessed on 11 September 2012). : -. |
| [2] | Yoshino M (1999) Environmental change and rice-producing societies in Monsoon Asia: a review of studies and elucidation of problems. Geogr Rev Japan A 72: 566-588. |
| [3] | Petit M (2001) Mankind facing the additional anthropogenic greenhouse warming. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences – Serie Iia: Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 333: 775-786. |
| [4] |
Rydin Y, Bleahu A, Davies M, et al. (2012) Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. The Lancet 379: 2079-2108. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60435-8
|
| [5] | Rogus S, Dimitri C (2014) Agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas in the United States: highlights from the census of agriculture. Renew Agr Food Syst 30: 64-78. |
| [6] | Thebo AL, Dreshsel P, Lambin EF (2014) Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculture: irrigated and rainfed croplands. Environ Res Lett 9: 1-9. |
| [7] |
Orsini F, Gasperi D, Marchetti L, et al. (2014) Exploring the production capacity of rooftop gardens (RTGs) in urban agriculture: the potential impact on food and nutrition security, biodiversity and other ecosystem services in the city of Bologna. Food Sec 6: 781-792. doi: 10.1007/s12571-014-0389-6
|
| [8] |
Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli C (2010) Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Phil Trans R Soc B 365: 2809-2820. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0136
|
| [9] |
Lal R (2013) Food security in a changing climate. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 13: 8-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ecohyd.2013.03.006
|
| [10] |
Gray L, Guzman P, Glowa KM, et al. (2014) Can home gardens scale up into movements for social change. The role of home gardens in providing food security and community change in San Jose, California. Local Environ 19: 187-203. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2013.792048
|
| [11] | Mason D, Knowd I (2010) The emergence of urban agriculture: Sydney, Australia. Int J Agr Sustain 8: 62-71. |
| [12] |
Heynen N, Kurtz HE, Trauger A (2012) Food justice, hunger and the city. Geogr Compass 6: 304-311. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00486.x
|
| [13] |
Crush J, Caesar M (2014) City without choice: urban food insecurity in Msunduzi, South Africa. Urban Forum 25: 165-175. doi: 10.1007/s12132-014-9218-4
|
| [14] |
Frayne B, McCordie C, Shilomboleni H (2014) Growing out of poverty: does urban agriculture contribute to household food security in southern African cities? Urban Forum 25: 177-189. doi: 10.1007/s12132-014-9219-3
|
| [15] |
Halloran A, Magid J (2013) The role of local government in promoting sustainable urban agriculture in Dar es Salaam and Copenhagen. Geografisk Tidsskrft-Danish J Geogr 113: 121-132. doi: 10.1080/00167223.2013.848612
|
| [16] |
Mendes W, Balmer K, Kaethler T, et al. (2008) Using land inventories to plan for urban agriculture. J Am Plann Assoc 74: 435-449. doi: 10.1080/01944360802354923
|
| [17] |
Hayhurst RD, Dietrich-O'connor F, Hazen S, et al. (2013) Community-based research for food system policy development in the City of Guelph, Ontario. Local Environ 18: 606-619. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2013.788493
|
| [18] | Gürcan EC (2014) Cuban agriculture and food sovereignty: beyond civil-society-centric and globalist paradigms. Lat Am Perspect 197: 129-146. |
| [19] |
Ruysenaar S (2013) Reconsidering the ‘Letsema Principle' and the role of community gardens in food security: evidence from Gauteng, South Africa. Urban Forum 24: 219-249. doi: 10.1007/s12132-012-9158-9
|
| [20] |
Guitart D, Pickering C, Byrne J (2012) Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research. Urban For Urban Gree 11: 364-373. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2012.06.007
|
| [21] |
Easterling W, Apps M (2005) Assessing the consequences of climate change for food and forest resources: a view from the IPCC. Climatic Change 70: 165-189. doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-5941-0
|
| [22] |
Salinger MJ, Sivakumar MVK, Motha R (2005) Reducing vulnerability of agriculture and forestry to climate variability and change: workshop summary and recommendations. Climatic Change 70: 341-362. doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-5954-8
|
| [23] |
Wilkie D, Morelli G, Rotberg F, et al. (1999) Wetter isn't better: global warming and food security in the Congo Basin. Glob Environ Change 9: 323-328. doi: 10.1016/S0959-3780(99)00021-7
|
| [24] |
Tao F, Hayashi Y, Zhang Z, et al. (2008) Global warming, rice production, and water use in China: developing a probabilistic assessment. Agr Forest Meteorol 148: 94-110. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.09.012
|
| [25] |
Wang X, Yang Y, Dong Z, et al. (2009) Responses to dune activity and desertification in China to global warming in the twenty-first century. Glob Planet Change 67: 167-185. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.02.004
|
| [26] |
Asseng S, Foster I, Turner NC (2011) The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Glob Change Biol 17: 997-1012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02262.x
|
| [27] | Diffenbaugh NS, Hertel TW, Scherer M, et al. (2012) Response of corn markets to climate volatility under alternative energy futures. Nature Climate Change 2: 514-518. |
| [28] |
Linquist B, van Groenigen KJ, Adviento-Borbe MA, et al. (2012) An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops. Glob Change Biol 18: 194-209. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02502.x
|
| [29] |
Swearingen WD (1992) Drought hazard in Morocco. Geogr Rev 82: 401-412. doi: 10.2307/215198
|
| [30] |
Singh N, Sontakke NA (2002) On climatic fluctuations and environmental changes of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India. Climatic Change 52: 287-313. doi: 10.1023/A:1013772505484
|
| [31] |
Lal R (2004) Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma 123: 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.032
|
| [32] |
Lal R (2010) Beyond Copenhagen: mitigating climate change and achieving food security through soil carbon sequestration. Food Security 2: 169-177. doi: 10.1007/s12571-010-0060-9
|
| [33] |
Doumbia M, Jarju A, Sène M, et al. (2009) Sequestration of organic carbon in West African soils by Aménagement en Courbes de Niveau. Agron Sustain Dev 29: 267-275. doi: 10.1051/agro/2008041
|
| [34] |
Lal R (2007) Soil science and the carbon civilization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71: 1425-1437. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2007.0001
|
| [35] |
Lal R (2008) Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in global carbon pools. Energ Enviro Sci 1: 86-100. doi: 10.1039/b809492f
|
| [36] |
Edmondson JL, Davies ZG, Gaston KJ, et al. (2014) Urban cultivation in allotments maintains soil qualities adversely affected by conventional agriculture. J Appl Ecol 51: 880-889. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12254
|
| [37] |
Verdin J, Funk C, Senay G, et al. (2005) Climate science and famine early warning. Philos T R Soc B 360: 2155-2168. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1754
|
| [38] | Zhang J, Yao F, Li B, et al. (2011) Progress in monitoring high-temperature damage to rice through satellite and ground-based optical remote sensing. Sci China Earth Sci 54: 1801-1811. |
| [39] |
Liu L, Wang E, Zhu Y, et al. (2012) Contrasting effects of warming and autonomous breeding on single-rice productivity in China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 149: 20-29. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.008
|
| [40] |
Badjeck M-C, Allison EH, Halls AS, et al. (2010) Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods. Mar Policy 34: 375-383. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.08.007
|
| [41] |
Smith P (2008) Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 81: 169-178. doi: 10.1007/s10705-007-9138-y
|
| [42] |
Confalonieri R, Rosenmund AS, Baruth B (2009) An improved model to simulate rice yield. Agron Sustain Dev 29: 463-474. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009005
|
| [43] |
Ziska LH, Bunce JA (2007) Predicting the impact of changing CO2 on crop yields: some thoughts on food. New Phytol 175: 607-618. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02180.x
|
| [44] |
Byjesh K, Naresh Kumar S, Kumar Aggarwal P (2010) Stimulating impacts, potential adaptation and vulnerability of maize to climate change in India. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 15: 413-431. doi: 10.1007/s11027-010-9224-3
|
| [45] | Lobell DB, Field CB (2008) Estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect using growth rate anomalies of CO2 and crop yields since 1961. Glob Change Biol 14: 39-45. |
| [46] | Yang LX, Wang Y-X, Zhu J-G, et al. (2009) What have we learned from 10 years of Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments on rice? CO2 and grain yield. Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecol Sinica 29(3): 1486-1497. |
| [47] | Wang X, Yang L, Wang Y (2011) Progresses of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) researches on C4 crops: a review. Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecol Sinica 31: 1450-1459. |
| [48] |
White JW, Hoogenboom G, Kimball BA, et al. (2011) Methodologies for simulating impacts of climate change on crop production. Field Crop Res 124: 357-368. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.07.001
|
| [49] |
Shindell D, Kuylenstierna JCI, Vignati E, et al. (2012) Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science 335: 183-189. doi: 10.1126/science.1210026
|
| [50] |
Qin S, Wang Y, Hu C, et al. (2012) Yield-scaled N2O emissions in a winter wheat–summer corn double-cropping system. Atmos Environ 55: 240-244. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.077
|
| [51] |
Fitt BDL, Fraaije BA, Chandramohan P, et al. (2011) Impacts of changing air composition on severity of arable crop disease epidemics. Plant Pathol 60: 44-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02413.x
|
| [52] |
Tian Y, Chen J, Chen C, et al. (2012) Warming impacts on winter wheat phenophase and grain yield under field conditions in Yangtze Delta Plain, China. Field Crop Res 134: 193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.05.013
|
| [53] |
Chen C, Qian C, Deng A, et al. (2012) Progressive and active adaptations of cropping system to climate change in Northeast China. Eur J Agron 38: 94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2011.07.003
|
| [54] |
Gerardeaux E, Giner M, Ramanantsoanirina A, et al. (2012) Positive effects of climate change on rice in Madagascar. Agron Sustain Dev 32: 619-627. doi: 10.1007/s13593-011-0049-6
|
| [55] |
Kiwango YA, Wolanski E (2008) Papyrus wetlands, nutrients balance, fisheries collapse, food security, and Lake Victoria level decline in 2000-2006. Wetl Ecol Manag 16: 89-96. doi: 10.1007/s11273-007-9072-4
|
| [56] |
Harris J (2007) Linking glacial melt to food on our table. Planet Earth Summer: 28-29. |
| [57] |
Paeth H, Thamm H-P (2007) Regional modelling of future African climate north of 15°S including greenhouse warming and land degradation. Climatic Change 83: 401-427. doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9235-y
|
| [58] |
Simatele D, Binns T, Simatele M (2012) Sustaining livelihoods under a changing climate: the case of urban agriculture in Lusaka, Zambia. J Environ Plann Man 55: 1175-1191. doi: 10.1080/09640568.2011.637688
|
| [59] |
Battersby J (2013) Hungry cities: a critical review of urban food security research in sub-Saharan African cities. Geogr Compass 7: 452-463. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12053
|
| [60] |
Schade C, Pimentel D (2010) Population crash: prospects for famine in the twenty-first century. Environ Dev Sustain 12: 245-262. doi: 10.1007/s10668-009-9192-5
|
| [61] | Meurer M (1999) Pastoral economy and livestock raising – an ecological perspective. Geographische Rundschau 51: 230-235. |
| [62] | Xu Z, Cheng G, Qiu GY (2005) ImPACTS identity of sustainability assessment. Acta Geogr Sinica 60: 198-208. |
| [63] | Vernay AL, Salcedo Rahola TB, Ravesteijn W (2010) Growing food, feeding change: towards a holistic and dynamic approach of eco-city planning. IEEE, 6 pp. Infrastructure Systems and Services: Next Generation Infrastructure Systems for Eco-Cities (INFRA), 11-13 November 2010, Shenzhen. |
| [64] | Whittinghill LJ, Rowe DB (2011) The role of green roof technology in urban agriculture. Renew Agr Food Syst 27: 314-322. |
| [65] |
Hanjra MA, Qureshi ME (2010) Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy 35: 365-377. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006
|
| [66] |
Mok H-F, Williamson VG, Grove JR, et al. (2014) Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 34: 21-43. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0156-7
|
| [67] | Newman L (2008) Extreme local food: two case studies in assisted urban small plot intensive agriculture. Environments 36: 33-43. |
| [68] |
Edwards F, Mercer D (2010) Meals in Metropolis: mapping the urban foodscape in Melbourne, Australia. Local Environ 15: 153-168. doi: 10.1080/13549830903527662
|
| [69] |
McLain R, Poe M, Hurley PT, et al. (2012) Producing edible landscapes in Seattle's urban forest. Urban For Urban Gree 11: 187-194. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2011.12.002
|
| [70] |
Thaman RR (1995) Urban food gardening in the Pacific islands: a basis for food security in rapidly urbanising small-island states. Habitat Int 19: 209-224. doi: 10.1016/0197-3975(94)00067-C
|
| [71] |
Madaleno I (2000) Urban agriculture in Belém, Brazil. Cities 17: 73-77. doi: 10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00053-0
|
| [72] |
Maxwell DG (1995) Alternative food security strategy: a household analysis of urban agriculture in Kampala. World Dev 23: 1669-1681. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00073-L
|
| [73] |
Maxwell D, Levin C, Csete J (1998) Does urban agriculture help prevent malnutrition? Evidence from Kampala. Food Policy 23: 411-424. doi: 10.1016/S0306-9192(98)00047-5
|
| [74] |
Kulak M, Graves A, Chatterton J (2013) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions with urban agriculture: a Life Cycle Assessment perspective. Landscape Urban Plan 111: 68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.11.007
|
| [75] |
Agrawal M, Singh B, Rajput M, et al. (2003) Effect of air pollution on peri-urban agriculture: a case study. Environ Pollut 126: 323-329. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00245-8
|
| [76] |
Metson GS, Hale RL, Iwaniec DM, et al. (2012) Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem. Ecol Appl 22: 705-721. doi: 10.1890/11-0865.1
|
| [77] | Minca KK, Basta NT (2013) Comparison of plant nutrient and environmental soil tests to predict Pb in urban soils. Sci Total Environ 445-445: 57-63. |
| [78] |
Hamilton AJ, Burry K, Mok H-F, et al. (2014) Give peas a chance: urban agriculture in developing countries. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 34: 45-73. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0155-8
|
| [79] |
Barker-Reid F, Harper GA, Hamilton AJ (2010) Affluent effluent: growing vegetables with wastewater in Melbourne, Australia―a wealthy but bone-dry city. Irrig Drainage Syst 24: 79-94. doi: 10.1007/s10795-009-9082-x
|
| [80] |
Ellis F, Sumberg J (1998) Food production, urban areas and policy responses. World Dev 26: 213-225. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10042-0
|
| [81] |
Kremer P, DeLiberty TL (2011) Local food practices and growing potential: mapping the case of Philadelphia. Appl Geogr 31: 1252-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.007
|
| [82] |
Brinkmann K, Schumacher J, Dittrich A, et al. (2012) Analysis of landscape transformation processes in and around four West African cities over the last 50 years. Landscape Urban Plan 105: 94-105. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.12.003
|
| [83] |
Downing TE (1993) The effects of climate change on agriculture and food security. Renew Energ 3: 491-497. doi: 10.1016/0960-1481(93)90115-W
|
| [84] |
Appendini K, Liverman D (1994) Agricultural policy, climate change and food security in Mexico. Food Policy 19: 149-164. doi: 10.1016/0306-9192(94)90067-1
|
| [85] |
Campbell BD, Stafford Smith DM, GCTE Pastures and Rangelands Network Members (2000) A synthesis of recent global change research on pasture and rangeland production: reduced uncertainties and their management implications. Agr Ecosyst Environ 82: 39-55. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00215-2
|
| [86] |
Chipanshi AC, Chanda R, Totolo O (2003) Vulnerability assessment of the maize and sorghum crops to climate change in Botswana. Climatic Change 61: 339-360. doi: 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004551.55871.eb
|
| [87] |
Jing H, Ridoutt BG, Chang-chun XU, et al. (2012) Cropping pattern modifications change water resource demands in the Beijing metropolitan area. J Integr Agr 11: 1914-1923. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60197-X
|
| [88] |
Grewal SS, Grewal PS (2012) Can cities become self-reliant in food? Cities 29: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2011.06.003
|
| [89] | Martellozzo F, Landry J-S, Plouffe D, et al. (2014) Urban agriculture: a global analysis of the space constraint to meet urban vegetable demand. Environ Res Lett 9: 1-6. |
| [90] | Yeung Y-M (1988) Agricultural land use in Asian cities. Land Use Policy January: 79-82. |
| [91] |
Orsini F, Kahane R, Nono-Womdim R, et al. (2013) Urban agriculture in the developing world: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 33: 695-720. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0143-z
|
| [92] |
Clark KH, Nicholas KA (2013) Introducing urban food forestry: a multifunctional approach to increase food security and provide ecosystem services. Landscape Ecol 28: 1649-1669. doi: 10.1007/s10980-013-9903-z
|
| [93] | Ackerman K, Conard M, Culligan P, et al. (2014) Sustainable food systems for future cities: the potential of urban agriculture. Econ Soc Rev 45: 189-206. |
| [94] |
Tambwe N, Rudolph M, Greenstein R (2011) ‘Instead of begging, I farm to feed my children': urban agriculture – an alternative to copper and cobalt in Lubumbashi. Africa 81: 391-412. doi: 10.1017/S000197201100043X
|
| [95] |
Smith VM, Greene RB, Silbrnagel J (2013) The social and spatial dynamics of community food production: a landscape approach to policy and program development. Landscape Ecol 28: 1415-1426. doi: 10.1007/s10980-013-9891-z
|
| [96] | Head L, Muir P, Hampel E (2004) Australian backyard gardens and the journey of migration. Geogr Rev 94: 326-347. |
| [97] |
Hovorka AJ (2005) The (re) production of gendered positionality in Botswana's commercial urban agricultural sector. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 95: 294-313. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00461.x
|
| [98] |
Karanja N, Yeudall F, Mbugua S, et al. (2010) Strengthening capacity for sustainable livelihoods and food security through urban agriculture among HIV and AIDS affected households in Nakuru, Kenya.. Int J Agric Sustain 8: 40-53. doi: 10.3763/ijas.2009.0481
|
| [99] | Hecht AD (2009) The tipping points of sea level rise. Environ Res Lett 4: 1-2. |
| [100] | Choi BCK, Pak AWP (2006) Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity & transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education & policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, & evidence of effectiveness. Clin Invest Med 29: 351-364. |
| 1. | Wilhelmina A.N. Daeng, Titin Siswantining, Alhadi Bustamam, Prasnurzaki Anki, 2022, $\delta$-TRIMAX Method with Silhouette Coefficient on Microarray Gene Expression Data for Early Detection of Heart Failure, 978-1-6654-5140-6, 412, 10.1109/ICOIACT55506.2022.9971865 | |
| 2. | David Gutierrez-Aviles, Jose F. Torres, Francisco Martinez-Alvarez, Jairo Cugliari, 2024, An evolutionary triclustering approach to discover electricity consumption patterns in France, 9798400702433, 386, 10.1145/3605098.3636034 | |
| 3. | Marcin Michalak, Searching for Continuous n-Clusters with Boolean Reasoning, 2024, 16, 2073-8994, 1286, 10.3390/sym16101286 | |
| 4. | Marcin Michalak, Triclustering based on Boolean reasoning — a proof–of–concept, 2024, 246, 18770509, 2351, 10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.538 |
Mary Thornbush. Urban agriculture in the transition to low carbon cities through urban greening[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2015, 2(3): 852-867. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2015.3.852
| Industry Working Experience | Using ERP Experience | ||||
| Expert ID | ERP System Experience (Y/N) | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years |
| Expert A | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert B | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert C | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert D | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert E | Y | Y | Y | ||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Aspects | Guidelines | Evaluation Criteria |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Enterprise environmental resources (Bradley, 2008), Organizational and process improvement (Olson and Zhao, 2007), Project planning and management (Vasilash, 1997). | Top management support and commitment (Maskell, 1991), Budget support and sufficient economic resources (Shanley, 1997), Excellent information environment (West, 1998), Sufficient project resources and authorization (Wall and McKineey, 1998), Enablement of business process reengineering (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart (Laughlin, 1999), Transparency level of the overall information flow and documentation process (Huang and Lin, 2012), Standard operating procedures and institutional processes (Davenport, 1998), Ability to accelerate and shorten the operation cycle of the company (Wu and Huang, 2008), Feasible and effective project schedule (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Attention to problem-solving (Holland and Light, 1999), Establishment of the optimal cross-departmental task force (Wall and McKineey, 1998). |
| System user (Zhang et al., 2013) | Users' ability (Ye and Chen, 2005), Execution process (Liu, 2003), Staff awareness (Ling, 2010). | Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project (Zhang et al., 2013), Staff has ability to understand and use information (Ye and Chen, 2005), Users have basic information literacy (Shanley, 1997), Users' attitude and engagement in system implementation (Xie, 2001), Strong leadership from the project team (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution (Vasilash, 1997), Ability to placate and eliminate employee resistance to new system (Shanley, 1997), Stable project team members (Nah, 2006), Staff acceptance and agreement (Lin, 2010), Staff attitude and resistance to change (Lin, 2010), Employee morale and commitment (Lin, 2010), Trust within the organization (Lin, 2010). |
| ERP technique and vendor (Zhang et al., 2013) | System design and integration capabilities (Oliver, 1999), System vendor's specialty (Bingi et al., 1999), Vendor's technical support (Lin, 1999). | User-friendly interface (Wu and Huang, 2008), System is customizable and flexible enough to be modified (Wu and Huang, 2008), System incorporates an aggressive schedule and timeliness (Ye and Chen, 2005), System can effectively integrate different companies and regions and operate in different currency systems (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide timely information for management decision-making (Wu and Huang, 2008), Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development (Lin, 2010), Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software when the company is continuing developing (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions (Huang and Lin, 2012), Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade (Huang and Lin, 2012), Maintain good interaction with the company (Shanley, 1997), Assist the company to successfully install software and hardware (Guo, 1999), Supplier can work with the company to develop internal process and management software (Huang and Lin, 2012). |
| Consultant service (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Consultant service details (Liu, 2003), Consultant team specialty (Xu, 2000), Technique support (Huang and Lin, 2012). | Consultancy fees charged level (Martin, 1998), Timely response to the company requirements (Liu, 2003), Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear and effective implementation of quality assurance (Liu, 2003), Consultant can analyze the company's past, present and future operational capacity (Davenport, 1998), Consultant have a good understanding of the nature of business and competition (Ye and Chen, 2005), Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures (Martin, 1998), Consultant have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system (Oliver, 1999), Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools (Wall and McKineey 1998), Level of control in the system implementation schedules (West, 1998), Consultant can work with the project team members and understand each other (Martin, 1998), Consultant can analyze the company's current HR and economic resource allocation (Martin, 1998). |
| Source:based on the literature review conducted by authors. | ||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Top Manager ID | Working Experience | Education Level | |||
| < 5 Years | 5–10 Years | 10–15 Years | > 15 Years | ||
| Manager A | Y | Master Degree | |||
| Managers B–G | Y | 1 Master Degree & 5 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Managers H–I | Y | 2 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Manager J | Y | Bachelor Degree | |||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Tier 0 | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 |
| Objective A | Aspect B | Guideline C | Evaluation Criteria D |
| ERP Key Success Factors | Enterprise/ organization resources B1 |
Enterprise environmental resources C1 |
Top management support and commitment D1 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources D2 | |||
| Excellent information environment D3 | |||
| Organizational and process improvement C2 |
Enablement of business process reengineering D 4 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes D5 | |||
| Clear project plan by defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart D6 | |||
| Project planning and management C3 |
Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy D7 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule D8 | |||
| Attention to problem-solving D9 | |||
| System user B2 |
Employee competence C4 |
Professional competence and the familiarity with the project D10 | |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project D11 | |||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information D12 | |||
| Execution process C5 |
Strong leadership from the project team D13 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution D14 | |||
| Education and training to project team members and users D15 | |||
| Staff awareness C6 |
Staff acceptance and agreement D16 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change D17 | |||
| Employee morale and commitment D18 | |||
| ERP technique and vendor B3 |
System design and integration capabilities C7 |
User-friendly interface D 19 | |
| Customizability and flexible for modification D20 | |||
| Systems integrated with an aggressive schedule and timeliness D21 | |||
| System vendor's specialty C8 |
Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development D22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth D23 | |||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions D24 | |||
| Vendor's technical support C9 |
Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade D25 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support D26 | |||
| Maintain good interaction with the company D27 | |||
| Consultant service B4 |
Consultant service details C10 |
Consultancy fees D28 | |
| Timely response to the company requirements D29 | |||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer D30 | |||
| Consultant team specialty C11 |
Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system D31 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies D32 | |||
| Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures D33 | |||
| Consultant technique support C12 |
Good communication and coordination skills D34 | ||
| Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools D 35 | |||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules D36 | |||
| Source:based on the analysis conducted in this study. | |||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Aspects | Tier Weight | Guidelines | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Accumulated Ranking | Evaluation Criteria | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Overall Ranking |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.569 | Enterprise environmental resources | 0.229 | 0.130 | 4 | Top management support and commitment | 0.658 | 0.086 | 3 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources | 0.220 | 0.029 | 14 | ||||||
| Excellent information environment | 0.122 | 0.016 | 21 | ||||||
| Organizational and process improvement | 0.454 | 0.258 | 1 | Enablement of business process reengineering | 0.156 | 0.040 | 9 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes | 0.304 | 0.079 | 4 | ||||||
| Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart | 0.540 | 0.140 | 1 | ||||||
| Project planning and management | 0.317 | 0.180 | 2 | Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy | 0.662 | 0.119 | 2 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule | 0.174 | 0.031 | 11 | ||||||
| Attention to problem-solving | 0.164 | 0.030 | 13 | ||||||
| System user | 0.202 | Employee competence | 0.131 | 0.027 | 10 | Professional competence and the familiarity with the project | 0.451 | 0.012 | 26 |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project | 0.398 | 0.011 | 27 | ||||||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information | 0.151 | 0.004 | 32 | ||||||
| Execution process | 0.546 | 0.110 | 5 | Strong leadership from the project team | 0.361 | 0.040 | 10 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution | 0.490 | 0.054 | 8 | ||||||
| Education and training for project team members and users | 0.149 | 0.016 | 20 | ||||||
| Staff awareness | 0.323 | 0.065 | 7 | Staff acceptance and agreement | 0.365 | 0.024 | 17 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change | 0.404 | 0.026 | 16 | ||||||
| Employee morale and commitment | 0.230 | 0.015 | 24 | ||||||
| ERP technique and vendor | 0.154 | System design and integration capabilities | 0.545 | 0.164 | 3 | User-friendly interface | 0.445 | 0.073 | 5 |
| Customizability and flexible for modification | 0.190 | 0.031 | 12 | ||||||
| Systems integrated with aggressive schedule and timeliness | 0.365 | 0.060 | 6 | ||||||
| System vendor's specialty | 0.300 | 0.090 | 6 | Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development | 0.176 | 0.016 | 22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth | 0.221 | 0.020 | 19 | ||||||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions | 0.603 | 0.054 | 7 | ||||||
| Vendor's technical support | 0.155 | 0.047 | 9 | Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade | 0.602 | 0.028 | 15 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support | 0.208 | 0.010 | 28 | ||||||
| Maintain good interaction with the company | 0.189 | 0.009 | 29 | ||||||
| Consultant service | 0.075 | Consultant service details | 0.159 | 0.012 | 11 | Consultancy fees | 0.151 | 0.002 | 36 |
| Timely response to the company requirements | 0.628 | 0.007 | 30 | ||||||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer | 0.221 | 0.003 | 34 | ||||||
| Consultant team specialty | 0.697 | 0.052 | 8 | Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system | 0.458 | 0.024 | 18 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies | 0.298 | 0.015 | 23 | ||||||
| Consultants have high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures | 0.245 | 0.013 | 25 | ||||||
| Consultant technique support | 0.145 | 0.011 | 12 | Good communication and coordination skills | 0.482 | 0.005 | 31 | ||
| Consultants can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools | 0.190 | 0.002 | 35 | ||||||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules | 0.327 | 0.004 | 33 | ||||||
| Source: based on the analysis conducted by this study. | |||||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Factors by Tier | Consistency Ratio |
| (Tier 1) Overall factors | 0.0192 |
| (Tier 2) Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.0009 |
| (Tier 2) System user | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 2) ERP technique and vendor | 0.0025 |
| (Tier 2) Consultant service | 0.0019 |
| (Tier 3) Enterprise environmental resources | 0.0045 |
| (Tier 3) Organizational and process improvement | 0.0005 |
| (Tier 3) Project planning and management | 0.0024 |
| (Tier 3) Employee competence | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Execution process | 0.0008 |
| (Tier 3) Staff awareness | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) System design and integration capabilities | 0.0002 |
| (Tier 3) System vendor's specialty | 0.0011 |
| (Tier 3) Vendor's technical support | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant service details | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant team specialty | 0.0004 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant technique support | 0.0023 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Industry Working Experience | Using ERP Experience | ||||
| Expert ID | ERP System Experience (Y/N) | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years | 5–10 Years | > 10 Years |
| Expert A | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert B | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert C | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert D | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Expert E | Y | Y | Y | ||
| Aspects | Guidelines | Evaluation Criteria |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Enterprise environmental resources (Bradley, 2008), Organizational and process improvement (Olson and Zhao, 2007), Project planning and management (Vasilash, 1997). | Top management support and commitment (Maskell, 1991), Budget support and sufficient economic resources (Shanley, 1997), Excellent information environment (West, 1998), Sufficient project resources and authorization (Wall and McKineey, 1998), Enablement of business process reengineering (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart (Laughlin, 1999), Transparency level of the overall information flow and documentation process (Huang and Lin, 2012), Standard operating procedures and institutional processes (Davenport, 1998), Ability to accelerate and shorten the operation cycle of the company (Wu and Huang, 2008), Feasible and effective project schedule (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Attention to problem-solving (Holland and Light, 1999), Establishment of the optimal cross-departmental task force (Wall and McKineey, 1998). |
| System user (Zhang et al., 2013) | Users' ability (Ye and Chen, 2005), Execution process (Liu, 2003), Staff awareness (Ling, 2010). | Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project (Zhang et al., 2013), Staff has ability to understand and use information (Ye and Chen, 2005), Users have basic information literacy (Shanley, 1997), Users' attitude and engagement in system implementation (Xie, 2001), Strong leadership from the project team (Parr and Shanks, 2000), Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution (Vasilash, 1997), Ability to placate and eliminate employee resistance to new system (Shanley, 1997), Stable project team members (Nah, 2006), Staff acceptance and agreement (Lin, 2010), Staff attitude and resistance to change (Lin, 2010), Employee morale and commitment (Lin, 2010), Trust within the organization (Lin, 2010). |
| ERP technique and vendor (Zhang et al., 2013) | System design and integration capabilities (Oliver, 1999), System vendor's specialty (Bingi et al., 1999), Vendor's technical support (Lin, 1999). | User-friendly interface (Wu and Huang, 2008), System is customizable and flexible enough to be modified (Wu and Huang, 2008), System incorporates an aggressive schedule and timeliness (Ye and Chen, 2005), System can effectively integrate different companies and regions and operate in different currency systems (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide timely information for management decision-making (Wu and Huang, 2008), Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development (Lin, 2010), Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software when the company is continuing developing (Huang and Lin, 2012), Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions (Huang and Lin, 2012), Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade (Huang and Lin, 2012), Maintain good interaction with the company (Shanley, 1997), Assist the company to successfully install software and hardware (Guo, 1999), Supplier can work with the company to develop internal process and management software (Huang and Lin, 2012). |
| Consultant service (Ye and Chen, 2005) | Consultant service details (Liu, 2003), Consultant team specialty (Xu, 2000), Technique support (Huang and Lin, 2012). | Consultancy fees charged level (Martin, 1998), Timely response to the company requirements (Liu, 2003), Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer (Bingi et al., 1999), Clear and effective implementation of quality assurance (Liu, 2003), Consultant can analyze the company's past, present and future operational capacity (Davenport, 1998), Consultant have a good understanding of the nature of business and competition (Ye and Chen, 2005), Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures (Martin, 1998), Consultant have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system (Oliver, 1999), Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools (Wall and McKineey 1998), Level of control in the system implementation schedules (West, 1998), Consultant can work with the project team members and understand each other (Martin, 1998), Consultant can analyze the company's current HR and economic resource allocation (Martin, 1998). |
| Source:based on the literature review conducted by authors. | ||
| Top Manager ID | Working Experience | Education Level | |||
| < 5 Years | 5–10 Years | 10–15 Years | > 15 Years | ||
| Manager A | Y | Master Degree | |||
| Managers B–G | Y | 1 Master Degree & 5 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Managers H–I | Y | 2 Bachelor Degrees | |||
| Manager J | Y | Bachelor Degree | |||
| Tier 0 | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 |
| Objective A | Aspect B | Guideline C | Evaluation Criteria D |
| ERP Key Success Factors | Enterprise/ organization resources B1 |
Enterprise environmental resources C1 |
Top management support and commitment D1 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources D2 | |||
| Excellent information environment D3 | |||
| Organizational and process improvement C2 |
Enablement of business process reengineering D 4 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes D5 | |||
| Clear project plan by defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart D6 | |||
| Project planning and management C3 |
Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy D7 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule D8 | |||
| Attention to problem-solving D9 | |||
| System user B2 |
Employee competence C4 |
Professional competence and the familiarity with the project D10 | |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project D11 | |||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information D12 | |||
| Execution process C5 |
Strong leadership from the project team D13 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution D14 | |||
| Education and training to project team members and users D15 | |||
| Staff awareness C6 |
Staff acceptance and agreement D16 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change D17 | |||
| Employee morale and commitment D18 | |||
| ERP technique and vendor B3 |
System design and integration capabilities C7 |
User-friendly interface D 19 | |
| Customizability and flexible for modification D20 | |||
| Systems integrated with an aggressive schedule and timeliness D21 | |||
| System vendor's specialty C8 |
Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development D22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth D23 | |||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions D24 | |||
| Vendor's technical support C9 |
Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade D25 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support D26 | |||
| Maintain good interaction with the company D27 | |||
| Consultant service B4 |
Consultant service details C10 |
Consultancy fees D28 | |
| Timely response to the company requirements D29 | |||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer D30 | |||
| Consultant team specialty C11 |
Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system D31 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies D32 | |||
| Consultant has high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures D33 | |||
| Consultant technique support C12 |
Good communication and coordination skills D34 | ||
| Consultant can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools D 35 | |||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules D36 | |||
| Source:based on the analysis conducted in this study. | |||
| Aspects | Tier Weight | Guidelines | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Accumulated Ranking | Evaluation Criteria | Tier Weight | Accumulated Weight | Overall Ranking |
| Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.569 | Enterprise environmental resources | 0.229 | 0.130 | 4 | Top management support and commitment | 0.658 | 0.086 | 3 |
| Budget support and sufficient economic resources | 0.220 | 0.029 | 14 | ||||||
| Excellent information environment | 0.122 | 0.016 | 21 | ||||||
| Organizational and process improvement | 0.454 | 0.258 | 1 | Enablement of business process reengineering | 0.156 | 0.040 | 9 | ||
| Standard operating procedures and institutional processes | 0.304 | 0.079 | 4 | ||||||
| Clear project plan based on defined ERP capacity requirement, limited scope and focused flowchart | 0.540 | 0.140 | 1 | ||||||
| Project planning and management | 0.317 | 0.180 | 2 | Goal congruence between ERP project implementation and corporate strategy | 0.662 | 0.119 | 2 | ||
| Feasible and effective project schedule | 0.174 | 0.031 | 11 | ||||||
| Attention to problem-solving | 0.164 | 0.030 | 13 | ||||||
| System user | 0.202 | Employee competence | 0.131 | 0.027 | 10 | Professional competence and the familiarity with the project | 0.451 | 0.012 | 26 |
| Staff professional competence and the ability to coordinate the project | 0.398 | 0.011 | 27 | ||||||
| Staff has ability to understand and use information | 0.151 | 0.004 | 32 | ||||||
| Execution process | 0.546 | 0.110 | 5 | Strong leadership from the project team | 0.361 | 0.040 | 10 | ||
| Good interdepartmental communication and coordination on focused issue solution | 0.490 | 0.054 | 8 | ||||||
| Education and training for project team members and users | 0.149 | 0.016 | 20 | ||||||
| Staff awareness | 0.323 | 0.065 | 7 | Staff acceptance and agreement | 0.365 | 0.024 | 17 | ||
| Staff attitude and resistance to change | 0.404 | 0.026 | 16 | ||||||
| Employee morale and commitment | 0.230 | 0.015 | 24 | ||||||
| ERP technique and vendor | 0.154 | System design and integration capabilities | 0.545 | 0.164 | 3 | User-friendly interface | 0.445 | 0.073 | 5 |
| Customizability and flexible for modification | 0.190 | 0.031 | 12 | ||||||
| Systems integrated with aggressive schedule and timeliness | 0.365 | 0.060 | 6 | ||||||
| System vendor's specialty | 0.300 | 0.090 | 6 | Manufacturer R & D capacity in new program development | 0.176 | 0.016 | 22 | ||
| Supplier can provide integrated software and can update the software to facilitate the company's growth | 0.221 | 0.020 | 19 | ||||||
| Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective transfer of best practice interventions | 0.603 | 0.054 | 7 | ||||||
| Vendor's technical support | 0.155 | 0.047 | 9 | Supplier can assist with the system implementation, testing, operation, maintenance and upgrade | 0.602 | 0.028 | 15 | ||
| Good customer service after-sales and technical support | 0.208 | 0.010 | 28 | ||||||
| Maintain good interaction with the company | 0.189 | 0.009 | 29 | ||||||
| Consultant service | 0.075 | Consultant service details | 0.159 | 0.012 | 11 | Consultancy fees | 0.151 | 0.002 | 36 |
| Timely response to the company requirements | 0.628 | 0.007 | 30 | ||||||
| Assist the company staff in training and education and technology transfer | 0.221 | 0.003 | 34 | ||||||
| Consultant team specialty | 0.697 | 0.052 | 8 | Consultants have a similar experience of successfully implementing the system | 0.458 | 0.024 | 18 | ||
| Consultants have a good understanding of the company's goals and strategies | 0.298 | 0.015 | 23 | ||||||
| Consultants have high familiarity with ERP system modules and operating procedures | 0.245 | 0.013 | 25 | ||||||
| Consultant technique support | 0.145 | 0.011 | 12 | Good communication and coordination skills | 0.482 | 0.005 | 31 | ||
| Consultants can build in cost-benefit metrics and analytical tools | 0.190 | 0.002 | 35 | ||||||
| Level of control in the system implementation schedules | 0.327 | 0.004 | 33 | ||||||
| Source: based on the analysis conducted by this study. | |||||||||
| Factors by Tier | Consistency Ratio |
| (Tier 1) Overall factors | 0.0192 |
| (Tier 2) Enterprise/ Organization resources | 0.0009 |
| (Tier 2) System user | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 2) ERP technique and vendor | 0.0025 |
| (Tier 2) Consultant service | 0.0019 |
| (Tier 3) Enterprise environmental resources | 0.0045 |
| (Tier 3) Organizational and process improvement | 0.0005 |
| (Tier 3) Project planning and management | 0.0024 |
| (Tier 3) Employee competence | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Execution process | 0.0008 |
| (Tier 3) Staff awareness | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) System design and integration capabilities | 0.0002 |
| (Tier 3) System vendor's specialty | 0.0011 |
| (Tier 3) Vendor's technical support | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant service details | 0.0001 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant team specialty | 0.0004 |
| (Tier 3) Consultant technique support | 0.0023 |
