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AIMS Public Health

2018, Volume 5, Issue 4: 477-482. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.477
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Correction

Correction: Comparison of school day eating behaviours of 8–11 year old children from Adelaide, South Australia, and London, England

Running title: Child eating behaviours in South Australia and England
  • 1.
    School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia; City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
  • 2.
    School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University; City Campus, Calverley Street, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
  • 3.
    Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
  • 4.
    Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia; City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
  • 5.
    Centre for Population Health, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000
  • Received: 02 January 2019 Accepted: 02 January 2019 Published: 03 January 2019

  • Citation: Dorota Zarnowiecki, Meaghan S Christian, James Dollman, Natalie Parletta, Charlotte E.L Evans, Janet E Cade. Correction: Comparison of school day eating behaviours of 8–11 year old children from Adelaide, South Australia, and London, England[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2018, 5(4): 477-482. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.477

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  • A correction on

    Comparison of school day eating behaviours of 8-11 year old children from Adelaide, South Australia, and London, England

    Running title: Child eating behaviours in South Australia and England

    by Dorota Zarnowiecki, Meaghan S Christian, James Dollman, Natalie Parletta, Charlotte E.L Evans, Janet E Cade. AIMS Public Health , 2018, 5(4): 394-410. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.394

    We would like to submit the following corrections to our recently published paper [1] due to the wrong version of the manuscript. The details are the following.

    1. The first paragraph in section 1 has been updated.

    “The impact of poor nutrition in children is causing public health concerns around the world, and contributing to rising childhood obesity [1,2]. Diet plays a fundamental role in weight management, and it is vital to foster healthy dietary behaviours from a young age to establish long term healthy habits [1,3,4]. Recently Evans et al have explored how the policies around health promotion and provision of food during the school day are having a considerable impact on overall diet intake in children [5]. Two countries with considerably different school food provision practices are Australia and England. England school food provision is centred on the school providing a school meal, whereas in Australia, most children bring in their own meal prepared by their parents, a “packed lunch” [6]. Only one other study has considered how differing food provision practices affect children's overall nutritional intake in England and Australia [7]. This review highlighted considerable differences in school nutrition policies between Australian and England, noting potential nutritional advantages of school meal provision for improving diet quality in children. However, understanding of the potential impact of school nutrition policies for improving nutritional intake is limited by a lack of monitoring and evaluation of policy compliance and dietary intake. Another important finding was whilst during school hours children's food consumption is restricted to meet nutrition standards it is the home food environment that can have a lasting impact on overall diet quality [7].”

    2. The table 1 has been updated.

    Table 1. Demographics by Country.
    Australia (n = 347) England (n = 425)
    Child Characteristics
    Age (years; mean ± SD) 10.6 ± 0.5 9.7 ± 0.6
    Boys [n (%)] 194 (56) 204 (48)
    Ethnicity [n (%)]
    White 313 (90) 74 (17)
    Mixed 2 (0.5) 47 (11)
    Asian 26 (8) 42(10)
    Black 6 (1.5) 85 (20)
    Missing# - 177 (42)
    Parent Education [n (%)]
    High school or less 97 (28) 47 (24)
    Trade or diploma 111 (32) 43 (22)
    University degree or higher 139 (40) 104 (53)
    Missing ˆ - 231*
    Meal type [n (%)]
    Packed lunch 305 (90) 135 (33)
    School meal 34 (10) 273 (67)
    Consumed breakfast 275 (79) 396 (93)
    Family Meal [n (%)]
    Less than once a week 30 (9) 129 (30)
    1-6 times a week 83 (24) 152 (36)
    Every day 234 (68) 144 (34)
    Fruit serves per day [n (%)]
    Less than 1 per day 42 (12) 105 (25)
    1-2 serves per day 161 (46) 129 (30)
    3-5 serves per day 102 (30) 126 (30)
    More than 5 serves per day 42 (12) 65 (15)
    Vegetable serves per day [n (%)]
    Less than 1 per day 8 (2) 72 (17)
    1-2 serves per day 38 (11) 77 (18)
    3-5 serves per day 158 (46) 161 (37)
    More than 5 serves per day 143 (41) 115 (27)

    # Ethnicity data missing for 42 % of English participants (n = 177); percent distribution of ethnicity presented in table includes participants with missing data. Distribution of ethnicity without including missing data: White 30%, Mixed 19.0%, Asian 17%, Black 34%.

    ˆ Education data missing for 54% English participants (n = 231); percent distribution of education presented in table only includes those who provided us with details.

    - Means no missing data
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    3. The second paragraph in section 3 has been updated.

    “There were considerable differences between foods and drinks consumed by Australian and English children during the school day (Table 2). The proportion of children from Australia consuming any food at recess was 77.8% (95% CI 73.4, 82.1) whereas for the English children it was less than half at only 45% (95%CI 40.8, 50.3). Australian children reported consuming significantly more water during recess and lunchtime, English children consumed more sweet drinks at lunch, all children consumed some food at lunchtime. Differences were observed in drinks consumed in the afterschool period, with more English children consuming water, milk and flavoured milk, whereas more Australian children consumed sweet drinks. The proportion of children who consumed drinks at either recess, lunch or after school was similar with Australian's consuming significantly more water (89.3% compared to 74.1%), milk/flavoured milk (23.0%. Compared to 15.5%) and fruit juice (38.6% compared to 29.2%), compared to English children, however there was no total difference in sweet drinks. Overall frequency of core foods consumed during the school day was similar, but the times at which foods were consumed differed between Australian and English children. Non-core foods, such as sweet biscuits and cakes, were consumed across all three meal events for Australian children; however, they were only consumed at lunchtime or after school among the English children. The proportion of Australian children who consumed these items at any point during the day was significantly more for potato crisps (52.2% compared to 24.7%), chocolate (27.4% compared to 2.4%), and lollies (18.2% compared to 16.5%), whereas English children consumed more biscuits and cakes (50.8% compared to 40%). Considerably more English children reported consuming vegetables at school than Australian children (recess/lunchtime Australian children 3.4%/6.1%; English children recess/lunchtime, 3.6/51.1%) and significantly more English children consumed vegetables in total for the school day (61.2% compared to 21.9%). For fruit, Australian children consumed more at recess (31.4% compared to 9.7%) whereas English children consumed more at lunchtime (Australian 17.6% compared to 27.2%). There was no significant difference in total number of children consuming fruit across the school day. The most commonly consumed fruit for both countries was an apple, and the most commonly consumed vegetables (not including potato) were carrots by Australian children, and peas and sweetcorn by English children (Table 3).”

    4. The table 2 has been updated.

    5. One reference has been added.

    Rampersaud GC (2009) Benefits of breakfast for children and adolescents: Update and recommendations for practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Medicine 3: 86-103.

    Table 2. Consumption number (%) of foods and drinks during the school day at recess, lunch and afterschool (N = 772).
    Recess Lunch After school Total intake (%)*
    Aus Eng p AUS Eng p Aus Eng p Aus Eng p
    Drinks
    Water 226 (65.1) 32 (7.6) <0.001 256 (73.8) 122 (28.7) <0.001 197 (56.4) 256 (60.2) 0.331 310 (89.3) 315 (74.1) <0.001
    Milk/flavoured milk 9 (2.6) 0 (0.0) <0.001 9 (2.6) 21 (4.9) 0.090 67 (11.3) 48 (19.3) 0.002 80 (23.0) 66 (15.5) 0.008
    Fruit juice 31 (8.9) 11 (2.6) <0.001 25 (7.2) 38 (8.9) 0.381 99 (28.5) 87 (20.5) 0.009 134 (38.6) 124 (29.2) 0.006
    Sweet drinks# 13 (3.7) 1 (0.2) <0.001 14 (4.0) 51 (12.0) <0.001 102 (29.4) 90 (21.2) 0.009 111 (32.0) 132 (31.1) 0.770
    Core foods
    Yoghurt 30 (8.7) 0 (0.0) <0.001 9 (2.6) 118 (27.8) <0.001 43 (12.4) 43 (10.1) 0.318 74 (21.3) 148 (34.8) <0.001
    Sandwich 10 (2.9) 0 (0.0) <0.001 228 (65.7) 189 (44.5) <0.001 42 (12.1) 99 (23.3) <0.001 246 (70.8) 242 (56.9) <0.001
    Vegetables 13 (3.8) 0 (0.0) <0.001 21 (6.1) 217 (51.1) <0.001 56 (16.1) 68 (16.0) 0.958 76 (21.9) 260 (61.2) <0.001
    Fruit 109 (31.4) 41 (9.7) <0.001 61 (17.6) 117 (27.5) 0.001 86 (24.8) 150 (35.3) 0.002 180 (51.9) 249 (58.6) 0.062
    Dried fruit 9 (2.6) 3 (0.7) 0.035 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 11 (3.2) 4 (0.9) 0.026 15 (3.5) 15 (3.5) 0.780
    Soup 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) - 5 (1.4) 0 (0.0) - 18 (5.2) 0 (0.0) - 21 (6.1) 0 (0.0) -
    Pasta/noodles 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 19 (5.5) 134 (31.5) <0.001 40 (11.5) 45 (10.6) 0.678 60 (17.3) 164 (38.6) <0.001
    Non-core foods
    Hot chips/fries/wedges 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 0.055 6 (1.7) 68 (16.0) <0.001 17 (4.9) 21 (5.1) 0.885 24 (6.9) 82 (20.1) <0.001
    Pizza 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) - 8 (2.3) 1 (0.2) 0.008 14 (4.0) 13 (3.1) 0.463 22 (6.3) 14 (4.0) 0.724
    Pies/pasties/sausage roll/hot dog 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 12 (3.5) 28 (6.6) 0.051 22 (6.3) 16 (3.8) <0.001 34 (9.8) 44 (10.4) 0.799
    Potato crisps 151 (43.5) 0 (0.0) <0.001 16 (3.4) 48 (11.1) 0.001 182 (52.5) 57 (16.4) 0.001 182 (52.4) 105 (24.7) <0.001
    Savoury biscuits/crackers 43 (12.4) 0 (0.0) <0.001 19 (5.5) 52 (12.2) 0.001 43 (12.4) 72 (16.9) 0.077 87 (25.1) 113 (26.6) 0.632
    Chocolates 61 (17.6) 0 (0.0) <0.001 12 (3.5) 10 (2.4) 0.359 38 (11.0) 0 (0.0) <0.001 95 (27.4) 10 (2.4) <0.001
    Lollies 25 (7.2) 0 (0.0) <0.001 12 (3.5) 3 (0.7) 0.006 42 (12.1) 67 (15.8) 0.146 63 (18.2) 70 (16.5) <0.001
    Muesli bar 95 (27.4) 16 (3.8) <0.001 25 (7.2) 21 (4.9) 0.186 28 (8.1) 18 (4.2) 0.025 131 (37.8) 52 (12.2) 0.537
    Sweet biscuits/cakes/muffins 92 (26.5) 0 (0.0) <0.001 14 (4.0) 113 (26.6) <0.001 55 (15.9) 139 (32.7) <0.001 136 (40.0) 216 (50.8) 0.001
    Ice-cream 8 (2.3) 0 (0.0) - 7 (2.0) 31 (7.3) 0.001 45 (13.0) 10 (2.4) <0.001 55 (15.9) 41 (9.6) 0.549
    # Sweet drinks including soft drinks, cordial, energy drinks and soft drinks; *total intake of each item was only counted once per child. (p < 0.05) between Australian and English children.
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    [1] Zarnowiecki D, Christian MS, Dollman J, et al. (2018) Comparison of school day eating behaviours of 8–11 year old children from Adelaide, South Australia, and London, England. Running title: Child eating behaviours in South Australia and England. AIMS Public Health 5: 394–410.

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  • Table 1. Demographics by Country.
    Australia (n = 347) England (n = 425)
    Child Characteristics
    Age (years; mean ± SD) 10.6 ± 0.5 9.7 ± 0.6
    Boys [n (%)] 194 (56) 204 (48)
    Ethnicity [n (%)]
    White 313 (90) 74 (17)
    Mixed 2 (0.5) 47 (11)
    Asian 26 (8) 42(10)
    Black 6 (1.5) 85 (20)
    Missing# - 177 (42)
    Parent Education [n (%)]
    High school or less 97 (28) 47 (24)
    Trade or diploma 111 (32) 43 (22)
    University degree or higher 139 (40) 104 (53)
    Missing ˆ - 231*
    Meal type [n (%)]
    Packed lunch 305 (90) 135 (33)
    School meal 34 (10) 273 (67)
    Consumed breakfast 275 (79) 396 (93)
    Family Meal [n (%)]
    Less than once a week 30 (9) 129 (30)
    1-6 times a week 83 (24) 152 (36)
    Every day 234 (68) 144 (34)
    Fruit serves per day [n (%)]
    Less than 1 per day 42 (12) 105 (25)
    1-2 serves per day 161 (46) 129 (30)
    3-5 serves per day 102 (30) 126 (30)
    More than 5 serves per day 42 (12) 65 (15)
    Vegetable serves per day [n (%)]
    Less than 1 per day 8 (2) 72 (17)
    1-2 serves per day 38 (11) 77 (18)
    3-5 serves per day 158 (46) 161 (37)
    More than 5 serves per day 143 (41) 115 (27)

    # Ethnicity data missing for 42 % of English participants (n = 177); percent distribution of ethnicity presented in table includes participants with missing data. Distribution of ethnicity without including missing data: White 30%, Mixed 19.0%, Asian 17%, Black 34%.

    ˆ Education data missing for 54% English participants (n = 231); percent distribution of education presented in table only includes those who provided us with details.

    - Means no missing data
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
  • Table 2. Consumption number (%) of foods and drinks during the school day at recess, lunch and afterschool (N = 772).
    Recess Lunch After school Total intake (%)*
    Aus Eng p AUS Eng p Aus Eng p Aus Eng p
    Drinks
    Water 226 (65.1) 32 (7.6) <0.001 256 (73.8) 122 (28.7) <0.001 197 (56.4) 256 (60.2) 0.331 310 (89.3) 315 (74.1) <0.001
    Milk/flavoured milk 9 (2.6) 0 (0.0) <0.001 9 (2.6) 21 (4.9) 0.090 67 (11.3) 48 (19.3) 0.002 80 (23.0) 66 (15.5) 0.008
    Fruit juice 31 (8.9) 11 (2.6) <0.001 25 (7.2) 38 (8.9) 0.381 99 (28.5) 87 (20.5) 0.009 134 (38.6) 124 (29.2) 0.006
    Sweet drinks# 13 (3.7) 1 (0.2) <0.001 14 (4.0) 51 (12.0) <0.001 102 (29.4) 90 (21.2) 0.009 111 (32.0) 132 (31.1) 0.770
    Core foods
    Yoghurt 30 (8.7) 0 (0.0) <0.001 9 (2.6) 118 (27.8) <0.001 43 (12.4) 43 (10.1) 0.318 74 (21.3) 148 (34.8) <0.001
    Sandwich 10 (2.9) 0 (0.0) <0.001 228 (65.7) 189 (44.5) <0.001 42 (12.1) 99 (23.3) <0.001 246 (70.8) 242 (56.9) <0.001
    Vegetables 13 (3.8) 0 (0.0) <0.001 21 (6.1) 217 (51.1) <0.001 56 (16.1) 68 (16.0) 0.958 76 (21.9) 260 (61.2) <0.001
    Fruit 109 (31.4) 41 (9.7) <0.001 61 (17.6) 117 (27.5) 0.001 86 (24.8) 150 (35.3) 0.002 180 (51.9) 249 (58.6) 0.062
    Dried fruit 9 (2.6) 3 (0.7) 0.035 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 11 (3.2) 4 (0.9) 0.026 15 (3.5) 15 (3.5) 0.780
    Soup 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) - 5 (1.4) 0 (0.0) - 18 (5.2) 0 (0.0) - 21 (6.1) 0 (0.0) -
    Pasta/noodles 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 19 (5.5) 134 (31.5) <0.001 40 (11.5) 45 (10.6) 0.678 60 (17.3) 164 (38.6) <0.001
    Non-core foods
    Hot chips/fries/wedges 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 0.055 6 (1.7) 68 (16.0) <0.001 17 (4.9) 21 (5.1) 0.885 24 (6.9) 82 (20.1) <0.001
    Pizza 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) - 8 (2.3) 1 (0.2) 0.008 14 (4.0) 13 (3.1) 0.463 22 (6.3) 14 (4.0) 0.724
    Pies/pasties/sausage roll/hot dog 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0.117 12 (3.5) 28 (6.6) 0.051 22 (6.3) 16 (3.8) <0.001 34 (9.8) 44 (10.4) 0.799
    Potato crisps 151 (43.5) 0 (0.0) <0.001 16 (3.4) 48 (11.1) 0.001 182 (52.5) 57 (16.4) 0.001 182 (52.4) 105 (24.7) <0.001
    Savoury biscuits/crackers 43 (12.4) 0 (0.0) <0.001 19 (5.5) 52 (12.2) 0.001 43 (12.4) 72 (16.9) 0.077 87 (25.1) 113 (26.6) 0.632
    Chocolates 61 (17.6) 0 (0.0) <0.001 12 (3.5) 10 (2.4) 0.359 38 (11.0) 0 (0.0) <0.001 95 (27.4) 10 (2.4) <0.001
    Lollies 25 (7.2) 0 (0.0) <0.001 12 (3.5) 3 (0.7) 0.006 42 (12.1) 67 (15.8) 0.146 63 (18.2) 70 (16.5) <0.001
    Muesli bar 95 (27.4) 16 (3.8) <0.001 25 (7.2) 21 (4.9) 0.186 28 (8.1) 18 (4.2) 0.025 131 (37.8) 52 (12.2) 0.537
    Sweet biscuits/cakes/muffins 92 (26.5) 0 (0.0) <0.001 14 (4.0) 113 (26.6) <0.001 55 (15.9) 139 (32.7) <0.001 136 (40.0) 216 (50.8) 0.001
    Ice-cream 8 (2.3) 0 (0.0) - 7 (2.0) 31 (7.3) 0.001 45 (13.0) 10 (2.4) <0.001 55 (15.9) 41 (9.6) 0.549
    # Sweet drinks including soft drinks, cordial, energy drinks and soft drinks; *total intake of each item was only counted once per child. (p < 0.05) between Australian and English children.
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

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