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AIMS Microbiology

2025, Volume 11, Issue 2: 462-500. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025021
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Beyond enzymes and organic acids, solid-state fermentation as an alternative for valorizing fruits and vegetable wastes into novel bio-products in a circular economy: A critical review

  • 1.
    Center for Industrial Biotechnology Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (SOA) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 2.
    Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
  • 3.
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 4.
    Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
  • 5.
    Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Km. 1 Carretera Peñuela Amatlán de los Reyes S/N. C.P. 94945, Córdoba, Veracruz, México
  • Received: 20 September 2024 Revised: 11 December 2024 Accepted: 30 May 2025 Published: 24 June 2025

  • The magnitude of the global fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generated and its contribution to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are alarming and necessitate appropriate remediation measures. In addition to typical FVW applications such as landfilling and manure production, our previous article critically explored the added value of FVWs for producing enzymes and organic acids by deploying various microbial processes. However, with the advancement of novel solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology, several products (other than enzymes and organic acids) have been developed from FVWs. This review article addresses the valorization of FVWs into the production of various bioproducts (i.e., microbial inoculants, single-cell proteins, aquafeeds, bioinsecticides, antimicrobial agents, or prebiotics), platform chemicals (i.e., polyphenols, biocolorants, exopolysaccharides, biosurfactants, biocomposites, or carbon dots), and biofuels. Upscaling and downstream aspects, techno-economic feasibility reports, and lifecycle assessments are also covered in the article. Rather than an overburden, FVWs can be regarded as a potential substrate for SSF, and successful transformation to novel bioproducts further contributes to a circular economy.

    Citation: Ramesh C. Ray, Sudhanshu S. Behera, Omojola Awogbemi, Balwinder Singh Sooch, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Subhashree Rath, Noé Aguilar-Rivera. Beyond enzymes and organic acids, solid-state fermentation as an alternative for valorizing fruits and vegetable wastes into novel bio-products in a circular economy: A critical review[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2025, 11(2): 462-500. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025021

    Related Papers:

  • The magnitude of the global fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generated and its contribution to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are alarming and necessitate appropriate remediation measures. In addition to typical FVW applications such as landfilling and manure production, our previous article critically explored the added value of FVWs for producing enzymes and organic acids by deploying various microbial processes. However, with the advancement of novel solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology, several products (other than enzymes and organic acids) have been developed from FVWs. This review article addresses the valorization of FVWs into the production of various bioproducts (i.e., microbial inoculants, single-cell proteins, aquafeeds, bioinsecticides, antimicrobial agents, or prebiotics), platform chemicals (i.e., polyphenols, biocolorants, exopolysaccharides, biosurfactants, biocomposites, or carbon dots), and biofuels. Upscaling and downstream aspects, techno-economic feasibility reports, and lifecycle assessments are also covered in the article. Rather than an overburden, FVWs can be regarded as a potential substrate for SSF, and successful transformation to novel bioproducts further contributes to a circular economy.


    Abbreviations

    AM

    Arbuscular mycorrhiza

         BCDs

    Biomass carbon dots

         BET

    Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

         BOD

    Biological oxygen demand

         CDs

    Carbon dots

         COD

    Chemical oxygen demand

         CQDs

    Carbon quantum dots

         DLS

    Dynamic light scattering

         EPS

    Exopolysaccharides

         FOS

    Fructooligosaccharides

         FTIR

    Fourier-transform infrared

         FVPs

    Fruit and vegetable peels

         FVWS

    Fruit and vegetable wastes

         GQDS

    Graphene quantum dots

         HDPE

    High-density polyethylene

         HPLC

    High-performance liquid chromatography

         LCA

    Life cycle analysis

         LC–MS

    Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

         wsCQDs

    Water soluble carbon quantum dots

         PHA

    Polyhydroxyalkanoate

         PHB

    Polyhydroxybutyrate

         SCP

    Single-cell protein

         SEM

    Scanning electron microscopy

         SmF

    Submerged fermentation

         SSF

    Solid state fermentation

         TGA/DTG

    Thermogravimetric analysis/Differential thermogravimetric analysis

         WsCQDS

    Water-soluble carbon quantum dots

         QY

    Quantum yield
    加载中


    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

    Author contributions


    Ramesh C. Ray: Conceptualization; Sudhansu S. Behera, Omojola Awogbemi and B.S. Sooch: Writing the draft; H. N. Thatoi and S. Rath: Formal analysis and methodology; and Noé Aguilar-Rivera: Writing the LCA Section.

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