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Research article

Notes on Hong's conjecture on nonsingularity of power LCM matrices

  • Received: 17 January 2022 Revised: 08 March 2022 Accepted: 10 March 2022 Published: 23 March 2022
  • MSC : Primary 11C20; Secondary 11A05, 15B36

  • Let a,n be positive integers and S={x1,...,xn} be a set of n distinct positive integers. The set S is said to be gcd (resp. lcm) closed if gcd(xi,xj)S (resp. [xi,xj]S) for all integers i,j with 1i,jn. We denote by (Sa) (resp. [Sa]) the n×n matrix having the ath power of the greatest common divisor (resp. the least common multiple) of xi and xj as its (i,j)-entry. In this paper, we mainly show that for any positive integer a with a2, the power LCM matrix [Sa] defined on a certain class of gcd-closed (resp. lcm-closed) sets S is nonsingular. This provides evidences to a conjecture raised by Shaofang Hong in 2002.

    Citation: Guangyan Zhu, Kaimin Cheng, Wei Zhao. Notes on Hong's conjecture on nonsingularity of power LCM matrices[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(6): 10276-10285. doi: 10.3934/math.2022572

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  • Let a,n be positive integers and S={x1,...,xn} be a set of n distinct positive integers. The set S is said to be gcd (resp. lcm) closed if gcd(xi,xj)S (resp. [xi,xj]S) for all integers i,j with 1i,jn. We denote by (Sa) (resp. [Sa]) the n×n matrix having the ath power of the greatest common divisor (resp. the least common multiple) of xi and xj as its (i,j)-entry. In this paper, we mainly show that for any positive integer a with a2, the power LCM matrix [Sa] defined on a certain class of gcd-closed (resp. lcm-closed) sets S is nonsingular. This provides evidences to a conjecture raised by Shaofang Hong in 2002.



    Throughout, a,n stand for positive integers. Let S={x1,...,xn} be a set of n distinct positive integers, where x1<...<xn. We denote by (x,y) (resp. [x,y]) the greatest common divisor (resp. least common multiple) of integers x and y. Let (f((xi,xj))) (abbreviated by (f(S))) be the n×n matrix whose (i,j)-entry is that the arithmetic function f evaluates at (xi,xj). Let (f([xi,xj])) (abbreviated by (f[S])) be the n×n matrix whose (i,j)-entry is that f evaluates at [xi,xj]. Let ξa be the arithmetic function defined by ξa(x)=xa for any positive integer x. The n×n matrix (ξa((xi,xj))) (abbreviated by (Sa)) and (ξa([xi,xj])) (abbreviated by [Sa]) are called power GCD matrix on S and power LCM matrix on S, respectively. When a=1, they are simply called GCD matrix and LCM matrix. In 1875, Smith [15] showed that

    det(f((i,j)))=nk=1(fμ)(k), (1.1)

    where μ is the Möbius function and fμ is the Dirichlet convolution of the arithmetic function f and μ. Since then, lots of generalizations of Smith's determinant (1.1) and related results have been published (see, for example, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18]).

    The study of power GCD matrices was initiated by Bourque and Ligh [2]. They showed that every power GCD matrix is positive definite. A set S is called factor closed (FC) if the conditions xS and d|x imply that dS. We say that the set S is gcd (resp. lcm) closed if (xi,xj)S (resp. [xi,xj]S) for all integers i,j with 1i,jn. Evidently, any FC set is gcd closed but not conversely. We know [15] that (S) and [S] are nonsingular when S is FC. In [1], Bourque and Ligh obtained a formula for the inverse of these matrices on FC sets. Furthermore, they conjectured that [S] is nonsingular if S is gcd closed. In [12], Haukkanen, Wang and Sillanp¨a¨a presented a counterexample to disprove the Bourque-Ligh conjecture [1].

    Definition 1.1. [4,10] Let r be an integer with 1rn1. The set S is 0-fold gcd closed if S is gcd closed. The set S is r-fold gcd closed if there is a divisor chain RS with |R|=r such that max(R)|min(SR) and the set SR is gcd closed.

    Hong [4] proved the Bourque-Ligh conjecture if n5, and also if n6 and S is (n5)-fold. He [6] proved this conjecture for n7 and disproved for n8. Further, he proved it under certain assumptions [5], and proposed [7] the following conjecture.

    Conjecture 1.1. [7] There is a positiveinteger k(a) depending only on a, such that [Sa] is nonsingularif nk(a) and S is gcd closed. But for anyinteger nk(a)+1, there is a gcd-closed set S such that [Sa] is singular.

    Hong [7] noted that k(a)7 for any a2. He also [8] showed that [Sa] is nonsingular if S is gcd closed and all its elements have at most two distinct prime factors. We denote by lcm(A) (resp. gcd(A)) the least common multiple (resp. greatest common divisor) of all elements of A, where A is a set of finite distinct positive integers.

    Definition 1.2. [10] Let m=lcm(S). The reciprocal set of S is

    mS1={mx1,...,mxn}.

    Definition 1.3. [14] Let r be an integer with 1rn1. The set S is r-fold lcm closed if mS1 is r-fold gcd closed.

    Definition 1.4. [10,14] The n×n matrix (1Sa) having the reciprocal ath power of (xi,xj) as its (i,j)-entry is called reciprocal power GCD matrix defined on S. When a=1, it is simply called reciprocal GCD matrix on S, and denoted by (1S).

    Hong [10] proved that if n7 and S is gcd (resp. lcm) closed, then [S] and (1S) are nonsingular, which also holds if n8 and S is (n7)-fold gcd (resp. lcm) closed. Hong, Shum and Sun [11] proved that [Sa] is nonsingular if every element of a gcd-closed set S is of the form pqr, or p2qr, or p3qr except for the case a=1 and 270,520S, where p,q,r are distinct primes. They also showed that [Sa] is nonsingular if S is a gcd-closed set satisfying xi<180 for all integers i with 1in. Cao [3] developed Hong's method and proved that k(a)8 for all a2. Li [14] showed that if n7 and S is gcd (resp. lcm) closed, then ([xi,xj]e) and (1Se) are nonsingular for any real number e with e1, and also if n8 and S is (n7)-fold gcd (resp. lcm) closed. Wan, Hu and Tan [16] extended Hong's results [8] and [11] by showing that [Sa] is nonsingular when S is gcd closed such that every element of S contains at most two distinct prime factors or is of the form plqr with p,q,r being distinct primes and the positive integer l satisfying 1l4 except for the case a=1 and 270,520,810,1040S. Let x,yS with x<y. If x|y and the conditions x|d|y and dS imply that d{x,y}, then we say that x is a greatest-type divisor of y in S. For xS, GS(x) stands for the set of all greatest-type divisors of x in S. The concept of greatest-type divisor was introduced by Hong and played a key role in his solution [6] of the Bourque-Ligh conjecture [1]. Korkee et al. [13] studied the invertibility of matrices in a more general matrix class, join matrices. Meanwhile, they provided a lattice-theoretic explanation for this solution of the Bourque-Ligh conjecture.

    This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we supply some preliminary results that are needed in the proofs of the main results of this paper. Then in Section 3, we show that for a certain class of gcd-closed (resp. lcm-closed) sets S, [Sa] is nonsingular. This provides evidences to Conjecture 1.1. In Section 4, we show that for a certain class of gcd-closed (resp. lcm-closed) sets S, (1Sa) is nonsingular.

    If f is an arithmetic function and m is any positive integer, we denote by 1/f the arithmetic function defined as follows:

    1f(m)={0if f(m)=0,1f(m)otherwise.

    First, we need a result which gives the formula for the determinant of the power LCM matrix on a gcd-closed set.

    Lemma 2.1. [8,Lemma 2.1] If S is gcd closed, then

    det[Sa]=nk=1x2akαa,k, (2.1)

    where

    αa,k=d|xkdxt,xt<xk(1ξaμ)(d) (2.2)

    throughout this paper.

    Lemma 2.2. Let n be a positive integer. Then

    d|n(1ξaμ)(d)=na.

    Proof. The result follows immediately from [7,Lemma 7] applied to f=1/ξa.

    Lemma 2.3. If k=1, then αa,k=xa1.

    Proof. Lemma 2.3 follows immediately from Lemma 2.2.

    We also need Hong's reduction formulas.

    Lemma 2.4. [8,Lemma 2.5] If S is gcd closed and k2, then

    αa,k=xak+k1t=1(1)t1i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a. (2.3)

    Lemma 2.5. If S is gcd closed and k3, then

    αa,k=xak+k2t=1(1)t2i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a. (2.4)

    Proof. Since S is gcd closed, (xk,x1,xi1,...,xit)=x1 for 2i1<<itk1. By (2.3), one has

    αa,k=xak1ik1(xk,xi)a+1i<jk1(xk,xi,xj)a++(1)t1i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a++(1)k1(xk,x1,...,xk1)a=(xk,x1)a+2i1k1(xk,x1,xi1)a++(1)t2i1<<it1k1(xk,x1,xi1,...,xit1)a++(1)k22i1<<ik3k1(xk,x1,xi1,...,xik3)a+(1)k1(xk,x1,...,xk1)a+xak2ik1(xk,xi)a+2i<jk1(xk,xi,xj)a++(1)t2i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a++(1)k2(xk,x2,...,xk1)a=(1)k2w=0(k2w)(1)wxa1+xak+k2t=1(1)t2i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a=(1)×0+xak+k2t=1(1)t2i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a=xak+k2t=1(1)t2i1<<itk1(xk,xi1,...,xit)a

    as expected. This concludes the proof of Lemma 2.5.

    Lemma 2.6. If S is gcd closed, then

    αa,k=JGS(xk)(1)|J|(gcd(Jxk))a. (2.5)

    Proof. This follows immediately from [9,Theorem 1.2] applied to f=1/ξa.

    Lemma 2.7. [3,Theorem 5.1] Let a and n be positive integers with a2 and n8. If S is gcd closed, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Lemma 2.8. [10,Lemma 2.2] The set S is lcm closed if and only if mS1 is gcd closed.

    As usual, for any nonzero integer c and prime number p, νp(c) is the greatest nonnegative integer ν such that pν divides c. Then νp(c)1 if and only if p divides c.

    Theorem 3.1. Let S be gcd closed. If there are primes p3,...,pn (not necessarily distinct) such that

    νpk(xk)>max2ik1{νpk(xi)}, (3.1)

    then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. By Lemma 2.3, we have αa,1=xa1. By Lemma 2.4, one has

    αa,2=xa2(x1,x2)a=xa2xa1

    since (x2,x1)=x1. Thus αa,10 and αa,20. Now let k3. For any 2i1<<itk1 (1tk2), it follows from (3.1) that

    νpk(xk,xi1,...,xit)=min{νpk(xk),νpk(xi1),...,νpk(xit)}<νpk(xk).

    Therefore,

    xk(xk,xi1,...,xit)0(modpk). (3.2)

    Multiplying both sides of (2.4) by xak, by (3.2), one has xakαa,k1(modpk). Thus, αa,k0 (k3). So αa,1αa,2αa,n0. It can be deduced from Lemma 2.1 that [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Corollary 3.1. Let S be gcd closed. If xi|xj for all integers i,j with 1i<jn, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. We show that there are primes p3,...,pn satisfying (3.1). Let 3kn. For any prime p, we have νp(xk)νp(xk1) since xk1|xk. Thus there exists a prime pk such that νpk(xk)>νpk(xk1) since xk1<xk. Moreover, x2|...|xk1 implies that

    νpk(x2)νpk(x3)νpk(xk1).

    Hence max2ik1{νpk(xi)}=νpk(xk1). Then (3.1) holds. The statement is true from Theorem 3.1.

    Corollary 3.2. Let S be gcd closed. If x2/x1,...,xn/x1 are pairwise relatively prime, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. Let 3kn. By the hypothesis, xk/x1 is prime to xi/x1 for 2ik1. Recall that xk/x1>xi/x1 (2ik1). Let pk be any prime factor of xk/x1. Then we know that pkxi/x1 (2ik1). Thus, νpk(xi/x1)=0 (2ik1). Therefore

    max2ik1{νpk(xix1)}=0.

    So

    max2ik1{νpk(xi)}=νpk(x1).

    Since pk|xk/x1, one has

    νpk(xkx1)1.

    This yields that

    νpk(xk)νpk(x1)+1>νpk(x1).

    Then (3.1) holds and the proof of Corollary 3.2 is complete.

    Theorem 3.2. Let S be gcd closed and Fk={xS|x<xk and x|xk}. If

    xk>lcm(Fk), (3.3)

    for k=2,...,n, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. By (2.3), we have

    αa,k=1xak+tya, (3.4)

    where t is an integer and y=lcm(Fk). Then y|xk. On the other hand, (3.3) yields y<xk. Then there exists a prime factor p of xk such that νp(y)<νp(xk). So we obtain that

    νp(xky)>0. (3.5)

    Multiplying by xak on both sides of (3.4), by (3.5), we have αa,kxak1(modp). Therefore, αa,k0. So αa,1αa,2αa,n0. Thus the statement is true from Lemma 2.1.

    Corollary 3.3. Let S be gcd closed and Hk={xi|1ik1}.If

    xk>lcm(Hk), (3.6)

    for k=2,...,n, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. Let Fk be defined as in Theorem 3.2. Since FkHk, one has

    lcm(Hk)lcm(Fk). (3.7)

    Equations (3.6) and (3.7) yield (3.3). Then by Theorem 3.2, we know that [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Corollary 3.4. Let S be gcd closed.If there is at most one xik (2ikk1) such that xik|xk, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. Let Fk be defined as in Theorem 3.2. If there does not exist any integer ik with 2ikk1 such that xik|xk, then we have lcm(Fk)=x1. So (3.3) holds. It then follows from Theorem 3.2 that [Sa] is nonsingular. The statement is true for this case.

    If there exists exactly one xik (2ikk1) such that xik|xk, then we have lcm(Fk)=xik. The condition xik<xk yields (3.3). The corollary follows immediately from Theorem 3.2 as expected. The statement is true for this case.

    Theorem 3.3. Let a and n be positive integers with a2 and n9.If S is (n8)-fold gcd closed, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. First of all, any (n8)-fold gcd-closed set S must satisfy that x1|...|xn7 and the set {xn7,...,xn} is gcd closed. Since GS(xk)={xk1} for all 2kn7, by (2.5), we have αa,k=xakxak1. Hence αa,k0 for all integers k with 1kn7. Now let n6kn. One has xn7|xk since {xn7,...,xn} is gcd closed. So GS(xk) equals the set of greatest-type divisors of xk in the set Sk:={xn7,...,xk}. Thus by (2.5) we have

    αa,k=JGS(xk)(1)|J|(gcd(J{xk}))a=JGSk(xk)(1)|J|(gcd(J{xk}))a. (3.8)

    Note that 2kn+88 since n6kn. So |Sk|8. Since Sk is gcd closed, it follows immediately from Lemma 2.7 that [Sak] is nonsingular. So det[Sak]0. one can easily deduce from Lemma 2.1 that

    αa,k=JGSk(xk)(1)|J|(gcd(J{xk}))a0. (3.9)

    By (3.8) and (3.9), we obtain that αa,k0 for all integers k with n6kn. So αa,1αa,2αa,n0. Then by Lemma 2.1, we derive that [Sa] is nonsingular as desired.

    This finishes the proof of Theorem 3.3.

    In the following theorem, we will show that [Sa] defined on a certain class of lcm-closed sets is nonsingular.

    Theorem 3.4. Let a and n be positive integers with a2. Then each of the following is true:

    (i). If n8 and S is lcm closed, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    (ii). If n9 and S is (n8)-fold lcm closed, then [Sa] is nonsingular.

    Proof. Let m be defined as in Definition 1.2. Since

    [xi,xj]=xixj(xi,xj)=1mxim(xi,xj)xj=1mxi[mxi,mxj]xj,

    we have

    [Sa]=1maW[(mS1)a]W,

    where W=diag(xa1,...,xan). So

    det[Sa]=det[(mS1)a]nk=1(x2km)a.

    Therefore, to show the desired result, it suffices to prove that det[(mS1)a]0.

    First, we prove part (i). By Lemma 2.8, we know that the reciprocal set mS1 is gcd closed. Lemma 2.7 tells us that [(mS1)a] is nonsingular. So det[(mS1)a]0. This completes the proof of part (i).

    Consequently, we prove part (ii). Since S is (n8)-fold lcm closed, by Definition 1.3, we know that mS1 is (n8)-fold gcd closed. Theorem 3.3 tells us that [(mS1)a] is nonsingular. So det[(mS1)a]0. This finishes the proof of part (ii).

    In this section, we will show that (1Sa) defined on a certain class of gcd-closed (resp. lcm-closed) sets is nonsingular.

    Theorem 4.1. Let a and n be positive integers with a2. Then each of the following is true:

    (i). If n8 and S is gcd closed, then (1Sa) is nonsingular.

    (ii). If n9 and S is (n8)-fold gcd closed, then (1Sa) is nonsingular.

    Proof. Since

    1(xi,xj)a=[xi,xj]axaixaj,

    we have

    (1Sa)=T[Sa]T,

    where

    T=diag(1xa1,...,1xan).

    So

    det(1Sa)=det[Sa]nk=1x2ak. (4.1)

    By Lemma 2.1 and (4.1), we get that

    det(1Sa)=nk=1αa,k.

    So we only need to prove that nk=1αa,k0.

    We prove part (i) as follows. Lemma 2.7 tells us that [Sa] is nonsingular. By Lemma 2.1, we know that nk=1αa,k0. This concludes the proof of part (i).

    Now we prove part (ii). Since S is (n8)-fold gcd closed, Theorem 3.3 tells us that [Sa] is nonsingular. By Lemma 2.1, we know that nk=1αa,k0. This completes the proof of part (ii).

    Theorem 4.2. Let a and n be positive integers with a2. Then each of the following is true:

    (i). If n8 and S is lcm closed, then (1Sa) is nonsingular.

    (ii). If n9 and S is (n8)-fold lcm closed, then (1Sa) is nonsingular.

    Proof. Let m be defined as in Definition 1.2. Since

    1(xi,xj)=1mm(xi,xj)=1m[mxi,mxj],

    one deduces that

    (1Sa)=1ma[(mS1)a].

    So

    det(1Sa)=1mnadet[(mS1)a]. (4.2)

    Thus, it is sufficient to prove the truth of the claim by stating that det[mS1)a]0. By the proof of Theorem 3.4, we know that the claim is true.

    This finishes the proof of Theorem 4.2.

    The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for careful readings of the manuscript and helpful comments. The corresponding author K. Cheng was supported partially by China's Central Government Funds for Guiding Local Scientific and Technological Development (No. 2021ZYD0013) and the Research Initiation Fund for Young Teachers of China West Normal University (No. 412769).

    We declare that we have no conflict of interest.



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