Under special environmental conditions, namely high salt and large temperature differences, it is necessary to ensure the stability, mechanical properties, fluidity, and corrosion resistance of highway concrete. The mechanical properties, mobility energy, and corrosion resistance of C35 high-performance concrete under different fly ash dosages were studied. The results show that when salt content reached 10 wt%, the compressive strength decreased by 2.97%, the folding flexural strength decreased by 12.16%, and fluidity was 208 mm, which was 6.73% lower than the blank control. Under these conditions, when the fly ash dosage reached 30%, the compressive strength of concrete reached its maximum at 52.1 MPa, 13.76% higher than the blank control, and the flexural strength reached its maximum at 8.6 MPa, 32.31% higher than the blank control. When the fly ash dosage was 40 wt%, the fluidity of the sample slurry was 257 mm, 22.97% higher than that of the initial sample. Real-life test results in Ningxia showed that fly ash doping can effectively inhibit the influence of a high-salt environment on the durability of concrete. For practical engineering applications, the optimal fly ash dosage is recommended to be between 30 and 40 wt%; 30 wt% is preferred for sections with high strength requirements (due to the highest compressive and flexural strength), while 40 wt% is more suitable for areas with high demands on fluidity and corrosion resistance.
Citation: Fangzhen Hu, Shanjun Zhang, Jing Liu, Kun Jia. Performance test of road fly ash concrete under temperate climate and high salt environment in Asia[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2025, 12(5): 928-943. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2025041
Under special environmental conditions, namely high salt and large temperature differences, it is necessary to ensure the stability, mechanical properties, fluidity, and corrosion resistance of highway concrete. The mechanical properties, mobility energy, and corrosion resistance of C35 high-performance concrete under different fly ash dosages were studied. The results show that when salt content reached 10 wt%, the compressive strength decreased by 2.97%, the folding flexural strength decreased by 12.16%, and fluidity was 208 mm, which was 6.73% lower than the blank control. Under these conditions, when the fly ash dosage reached 30%, the compressive strength of concrete reached its maximum at 52.1 MPa, 13.76% higher than the blank control, and the flexural strength reached its maximum at 8.6 MPa, 32.31% higher than the blank control. When the fly ash dosage was 40 wt%, the fluidity of the sample slurry was 257 mm, 22.97% higher than that of the initial sample. Real-life test results in Ningxia showed that fly ash doping can effectively inhibit the influence of a high-salt environment on the durability of concrete. For practical engineering applications, the optimal fly ash dosage is recommended to be between 30 and 40 wt%; 30 wt% is preferred for sections with high strength requirements (due to the highest compressive and flexural strength), while 40 wt% is more suitable for areas with high demands on fluidity and corrosion resistance.
| [1] |
Le TV, Ngo CNT, Futamata H (2021) Effect of fly ash amendment on sandy soil properties and peanut yields. Scienceasia 47: 357–365. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2021.043 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2021.043
|
| [2] |
Harilal M, George RP, Albert SK, et al. (2022) A new ternary composite steel rebar coating for enhanced corrosion resistance in chloride environment. Constr Build Mater 320: 126307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126307 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126307
|
| [3] |
Choktaweekarn P, Saengsoy W, Tangtermsirikul S (2009) A model for predicting the specific heat capacity of fly-ash concrete. Scienceasia 35: 178–182. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2009.35.178 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2009.35.178
|
| [4] |
Boonserm K, Sata V, Pimraksa K, et al. (2012) Microstructure and strength of blended FBC-PCC fly ash geopolymer containing gypsum as an additive. Scienceasia 38: 175–181. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.175 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.175
|
| [5] |
Tongaroonsri S, Tangtermsirikul S (2008) Influence of mixture condition and moisture on tensile strain capacity of concrete. Scienceasia 34: 59–68. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2008.34.059 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2008.34.059
|
| [6] |
Thuadaij P, Nuntiya A (2012) Effect of the SiO/Al2O3 ratio on the synthesis of Na-x zeolite from Mae Moh fly ash. Scienceasia 38: 295–300. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.295 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.295
|
| [7] |
Nie QK, Zhang HQ, Yang HP, et al. (2024) Development and field test of red mud-fly ash geopolymer pile (RFP). Cleaner Waste Syst 9: 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2024.100184 doi: 10.1016/j.clwas.2024.100184
|
| [8] |
Nie QK, Hu W, Huang BS, et al. (2019) Synergistic utilization of red mud for flue-gas desulfurization and fly ash-based geopolymer preparation. J Hazard Mater 369: 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.059 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.059
|
| [9] |
Wang K, Guo JJ, Liu XJ, et al. (2021) Effect of dry-wet ratio on pore-structure characteristics of fly ash concrete under sulfate attack. Mater Struct 54: 100. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01700-2 doi: 10.1617/s11527-021-01700-2
|
| [10] |
Gunasekara C, Law D, Bhuiyan S, et al. (2019) Chloride induced corrosion in different fly ash based geopolymer concretes. Constr Build Mater 200: 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.168 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.168
|
| [11] |
Yang JJ, Sun HJ, Peng TJ, et al. (2022) Separation of alumina from aluminum-rich coal fly ash using NaOH molten salt calcination and hydrochemical process. Clean Technol Environ Policy 24: 1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02262-1 doi: 10.1007/s10098-021-02262-1
|
| [12] |
Fashtali AR, Payan M, Ranjbar PZ, et al. (2024) Attenuation of Zn(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) by low-alkali activated clay-fly ash liners. Appl Clay Sci 250: 107298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107298 doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2024.107298
|
| [13] |
Pasupathy K, Singh Cheema D, Sanjayan J (2021) Durability performance of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete buried in saline environment for 10 years. Constr Build Mater 281: 122596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122596 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122596
|
| [14] |
Arezoumandi M, Volz JS (2013) Effect of fly ash replacement level on the shear strength of high-volume fly ash concrete beams. J Clean Prod 59: 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.043 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.043
|
| [15] |
Wu ST, Hu YY, Chen DZ, et al. (2024) Chlorine-induced gas-solid coupled corrosion behaviors of tube materials in high steam parameter MSW incinerator. Waste Manag 186: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.026 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.026
|
| [16] |
Luo DM, Li F, Niu DT (2024) Study on the deterioration of concrete performance in saline soil area under the combined effect of high low temperatures, chloride and sulfate salts. Cem Concr Compos 150: 105531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105531 doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105531
|
| [17] |
Rashad AM, Ezzat M, ElNagar AM, et al. (2023) Valorization of limestone powder as an additive for fly ash geopolymer cement under the effect of the simulated tidal zone and seawater attack. Constr Build Mater 369: 130616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130616 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130616
|
| [18] |
Luo S, Liang W, Wang H, et al. (2021) Durability evaluation of concrete with multiadmixtures under salt freeze-thaw cycles based on surface resistivity. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2021: 5567873. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567873 doi: 10.1155/2021/5567873
|
| [19] |
Chen KZ, Huang S, Liu YJ, et al. (2022) Improving carbonate saline soil in a seasonally frozen region using lime and fly ash. Geofluids 2022: 7472284. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7472284 doi: 10.1155/2022/7472284
|
| [20] |
Siddique S, Jang JG (2021) Acid and sulfate resistance of seawater based alkali activated fly ash: A sustainable and durable approach. Constr Build Mater 281: 122601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122601 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122601
|
| [21] |
Shi Y (2002) Characteristics of late Quaternary monsoonal glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia. Quat Int 97–78: 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00053-8 doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00053-8
|
| [22] |
Fan CC, Wu ZL, Wang BM, et al. (2023) Solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with alkali-activated technology. J Environ Manag 348: 119404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119404 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119404
|
| [23] |
Zhang YY, Zhu XH, Ma B, et al. (2024) Insights into microstructural alterations in alkali-activated materials incorporating municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Constr Build Mater 425: 136129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136129 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136129
|
| [24] |
Zheng YJ, Russell M, Davis G, et al. (2021) Influence of carbonation on the bound chloride concentration in different cementitious systems. Constr Build Mater 302: 124171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124171 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124171
|
| [25] |
Kelechi SE, Adamu M, Mohammed A, et al. (2022) Durability performance of self-compacting concrete containing crumb rubber, fly ash and calcium carbide waste. Materials 15: 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020488 doi: 10.3390/ma15020488
|
| [26] |
Kanagaraj B, Anand N, Alengaram UJ, et al. (2023) Engineering properties, sustainability performance and life cycle assessment of high strength self-compacting geopolymer concrete composites. Constr Build Mater 388: 131613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131613 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131613
|
| [27] |
Qu F, Xia W, Sun CT, et al. (2024) Modeling carbonation depth of recycled aggregate concrete containing chlorinated salts. Constr Build Mater 430: 136478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136478 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136478
|
| [28] |
Chen JX, Jia JQ, Zhu MY (2025) Role of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding behaviors and corrosion resistance in marine environment. Constr Build Mater 458: 139724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139724 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139724
|
| [29] |
Jiang TQ, Chen B, Zhang QS, et al. (2024) Deterioration of mechanical properties and damage mechanism of flue gas desulfurization gypsum backfill under long-term erosion of chloride salt solution. Phys Fluids 36: 036619. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0198747 doi: 10.1063/5.0198747
|
| [30] |
Chousidis N, Polymenis S, Batis G (2023) Impact of high volume EMD residue on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of construction materials in sulfate environment. Mater Res Express 10: 056508. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acd61c doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/acd61c
|
| [31] |
Fan JY, Yan JH, Zhou MY, et al. (2023) Heavy metals immobilization of ternary geopolymer based on nickel slag, lithium slag and metakaolin. J Hazard Mater 453: 131380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131380 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131380
|
| [32] |
Fan CC, Wang BM, Ai HM, et al. (2021) A comparative study on solidification/stabilization characteristics of coal fly ash-based geopolymer and Portland cement on heavy metals in MSWI fly ash. J Clean Prod 319: 128790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128790 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128790
|
| [33] |
Nath P, Sarker PK, Biswas WK (2018) Effect of fly ash on the service life, carbon footprint and embodied energy of high strength concrete in the marine environment. Energy Build 158: 1694–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.011 doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.011
|
| [34] |
Sandanayake M, Gunasekara C, Law D, et al. (2020) Sustainable criterion selection framework for green building materials—An optimisation based study of fly-ash Geopolymer concrete. Sustain Mater Technol 25: e00178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00178 doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00178
|
| [35] |
Siddique R (2004) Performance characteristics of high-volume Class F fly ash concrete. Cem Concr Res 34: 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.002 doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.002
|
| [36] |
Zhu YH, Hu YJ, Guo QQ, et al. (2022) The effect of wet treatment on the distribution and leaching of heavy metals and salts of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration. Environ Eng Sci 39: 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2021.0065 doi: 10.1089/ees.2021.0065
|
| [37] |
Khankhaje E, Kim T, Jang H, et al. (2023) Properties of pervious concrete incorporating fly ash as partial replacement of cement: A review. Dev Built Environ 14: 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100130 doi: 10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100130
|
| [38] |
Kuo WT, Liu CC, Wang JY (2013) Evaluation of the sulfate resistance of fly ash and slag concrete by using modified ACMT. Constr Build Mater 49: 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.003 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.003
|
| [39] |
Zhu Y, Fu H, Feng J, et al. (2023) Effect of decarbonization of high carbon fly ash on workability, mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Mater Struct 56: 171. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02258-x doi: 10.1617/s11527-023-02258-x
|
| [40] |
Huang DG, Niu DT, Su L, et al. (2022) Diffusion behavior of chloride in coral aggregate concrete in marine salt-spray environment. Constr Build Mater 316: 125878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125878 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125878
|
| [41] |
Wang S, Xia P, Gong F, et al. (2025) A Bayesian-physical informed conditional tabular generative adversarial network framework for low-carbon concrete data augmentation and hyperparameter optimization. Eng Appl Artif Intell 152: 110811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110811 doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110811
|
| [42] |
Li M, Hao H, Shi YC, et al. (2018) Specimen shape and size effects on the concrete compressive strength under static and dynamic tests. Constr Build Mater 161: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.069 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.069
|
| [43] |
Jin L, Yu W, Du X, et al. (2019) Mesoscopic numerical simulation of dynamic size effect on the splitting-tensile strength of concrete. Eng Fract Mech 209: 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.01.035 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.01.035
|
| [44] |
Yan D, Qiu L, Wang J, et al. (2024) Dynamic damage constitutive model for UHPC with nanofillers at high strain rates based on viscoelastic dynamic constitutive model and damage evolution equation. J Build Eng 83: 108428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108428 doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108428
|
| [45] |
Shafighfard T, Kazemi F, Asgarkhani N, et al. (2024) Machine-learning methods for estimating compressive strength of high-performance alkali-activated concrete. Eng Appl Artif Intell 136: 109053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109053 doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109053
|
| [46] |
Kakasor Ismael Jaf D, Ismael Abdulrahman P, Salih Mohammed A, et al. (2023) Machine learning techniques and multi-scale models to evaluate the impact of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide (CaO) in fly ash on the compressive strength of green concrete. Constr Build Mater 400: 132604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132604 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132604
|
| [47] |
Jin L, Yu WX, Du XL, et al. (2019) Meso-scale modelling of the size effect on dynamic compressive failure of concrete under different strain rates. Int J Impact Eng 125: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.10.011 doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.10.011
|
| [48] |
Wang S, Xia P, Gong F, et al. (2024) Multi objective optimization of recycled aggregate concrete based on explainable machine learning. J Clean Prod 445: 141045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141045 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141045
|
| [49] |
Zhang MH, Xu RH, Liu K, et al. (2022) Research progress on durability of marine concrete under the combined action of Cl- erosion, carbonation, and dry-wet cycles. Rev Adv Mater Sci 61: 622–637. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0049 doi: 10.1515/rams-2022-0049
|
| [50] |
Hemalatha T, Ramaswamy A (2017) A review on fly ash characteristics—Towards promoting high volume utilization in developing sustainable concrete. J Clean Prod 147: 546–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.114 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.114
|
 matersci-12-05-041-Supplementary.pdf |
 |
Figures(8) / Tables(1)
Fangzhen Hu, Shanjun Zhang, Jing Liu, Kun Jia. Performance test of road fly ash concrete under temperate climate and high salt environment in Asia[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2025, 12(5): 928-943. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2025041
DownLoad: