We established an effective algorithm for the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve a cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical system (CIACS). Our solution comes in a rapidly convergent series where the intervals of convergence given by h-curves and to find the optimal values of h, we used the averaged residual errors. The HAM solutions are compared with the solutions obtained by Mathematica in-built numerical solver. We also show the behavior of the HAM solution.
Citation: K. M. Saad, O. S. Iyiola, P. Agarwal. An effective homotopy analysis method to solve the cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical system[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2018, 3(1): 183-194. doi: 10.3934/Math.2018.1.183
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Abstract
We established an effective algorithm for the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve a cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical system (CIACS). Our solution comes in a rapidly convergent series where the intervals of convergence given by h-curves and to find the optimal values of h, we used the averaged residual errors. The HAM solutions are compared with the solutions obtained by Mathematica in-built numerical solver. We also show the behavior of the HAM solution.
1. Introduction
Recently, Merkin et al. in [7] considered the following reaction-diffusion traveling waves system in region I as follows: for quadratic autocatalytic reaction
A+B→2B(ratek1ab),
(1.1)
together with a linear decay step
B→C(ratek2b),
(1.2)
for cubic autocatalytic reaction
A+2B→3B(ratek3ab2)
(1.3)
together with a linear decay step
B→C(ratek4b),
(1.4)
where a and b are concentrations of reactant A and auto-catalyst B, ki(i=1,4) are the rate constants and C is some inert product of reaction. On the region II we assume that only the (1.1) and (1.3) are taking place for quadratic autocatalytic reaction and cubic autocatalytic reaction respectively. Here, we consider the following system for the dimensionless concentrations (α1,β1) and (α2,β2) in region I and II of species A and B, respectively with x>0 and t>0:
∂α1∂t=∂2α1∂x2−α1β21,
(1.5)
∂β1∂t=∂2β1∂x2+α1β21−kβ1+γ(β2−β1),
(1.6)
∂α2∂t=∂2α2∂x2−α2β22,
(1.7)
∂β2∂t=∂2β2∂x2+α2β22+γ(β1−β2),
(1.8)
with the boundary conditions
αi(0,t)=αi(L,t)=1,βi(0,t)=βi(L,t)=0,
(1.9)
where k and γ are the strength of the auto-catalyst decay and the coupling between the two regions respectively.
The present paper is organized as follows: In section-2, we described the idea of the standard HAM. Section-3, is devoted to the application of HAM to CIACS and Section-4, devoted to the numerical results. In the last section, we summarized the result in the conclusion.
2. Basic idea of HAM
In recent years, many authors presented homotopy analysis method and its application for differential equations in many ways (see, for example, [6,13,14,26,27,28,29] and also see for recent results [2,12,20,21,22,23,24,25]). After motivation with above mentioned works here we consider the following nonlinear differential equation:
N[y(t)]=0,t≥0,
(2.10)
where N is nonlinear differential operator and y(t) is an unknown function. Liao [14] constructed the so-called zeroth-order deformation equation :
(1−q)L[ϕ(t;q)−y0(t)]=qhH(t)N[ϕ(t;q)],
(2.11)
where in the following, q∈[0,1], h≠0, H(t)≠0, L, ϕ(t;q) be the embedding parameter, auxiliary parameter, auxiliary function, auxiliary linear operator and, respectively, and y0(t) be an initial guess for y(t) which satisfies the initial conditions. Clearly, when q=0 and q=1, the following relations hold respectively
ϕ(t;0)=y0(t),ϕ(t;1)=y(t).
Expanding ϕ(t;q) in Taylor series with respect to q, one has
ϕ(t;q)=y0(t)+∞∑m=1ym(t)qm,
(2.12)
where
ym(t)=1m!∂mϕ(t;q)∂qm|q=0.
Let us assume that the h, H(t), y0(t) and L are selected such that the series (2.12) converges at q=1, and one has
y(t)=y0(t)+∞∑m=1ym(t).
(2.13)
We can deduce the governing equation from the zero order deformation equation by defining the vector
→yn={y0(t),y1(t),y2(t),…,yn(t)}.
Differentiating (2.11), m-times with respect to q, then by choosing q=0 and dividing by m!, we get the so-called mth-order deformation equation
where λn=nπL. The HAM is based on a kind of continuous mapping
αi(x,t)→ϕi(x,t;q),βi(x,t)→ψi(x,t;q)
such that, as the embedding parameter q increases from 0 to 1, ϕi(x,t;q),ψi(x,t;q) and i=1,2 varies from the initial approximation to the exact solution.
Where h≠0 and H(x,t)≠0 are the auxiliary parameter and function, respectively. We expand ϕi(x,t;q) and ψi(x,t;q) in a Taylor series with respect to q, and get
Here, we compute the average residual error and the residual error and investigate the intervals of convergence by the h-curves. Finally, we checked the accuracy of the HAM solutions by comparing with another numerical method. The first approximation of αi1(x,t) and βi1(x,t) are
And so on, in the same manner the rest of approximations can be obtained using the Mathematica package.
4.1. H-curves
To observe the intervals of convergence of the HAM solutions, we plot the h-curves of 4, 5, 6 terms of HAM solutions in Figure 1(a)-(d). In Figure 1, we plot α1t(x,0), β1t(x,0), α2t(x,0) and β2t(x,0) against h respectively at k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002. From these figures, we note that the straight line that parallels the h-axis gives the valid region of the convergence [14].
Figure 1. The h-curve of the HAM solutions at k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002. Red colour = 4 terms of HAM; blue colour = 5 terms of HAM; black colour = 6 terms of HAM.
We notice that h-curve does not give the best value for the h. Therefore, we evaluate its optimal values by the min of the averaged residual errors [1,3,5,12,15,16,26].
Eαi(h)=1NMN∑s=0M∑j=0[N(m∑k=0αik(100sN,30jM))]2,
(4.30)
Eβi(h)=1NMN∑s=0M∑j=0[M(m∑k=0βik(100sN,30jM))]2,
(4.31)
corresponding to a nonlinear algebraic equations
dEαi(h)dh=0,
(4.32)
dEβi(h)dh=0.
(4.33)
We represent Eαi(h) and Eβi(h) in Figure 2(a)-(d) and in Tables 1--4. Figure 2 and Tables 1--4 show that the Eαi(h) and Eβi(h) for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 terms HAM solutions. We set into (4.32)--(4.33) N=100 and M=30 with k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002. We use the command FinMinimum of Mathematica to get the optimal values h.
Figure 2. The averaged residual errors at the 2-terms of the HAM solutions for k=0.01,γ=0.2,L=10,an1=0.1,an2=0.2,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002.
Now, we compare 5-terms of HAM solutions obtained with a numerical method using the commands with Mathematica 9 for solving the system of partial differential equations numerically. We plot the 5-terms of HAM solutions in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the comparison of HAM solutions HAM solutions with numerical method for k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002. We noted from this figure that the HAM solutions have a good agreement with the numerical method. Figure 4 shows the 3-terms HAM solutions obtained.
Figure 3. The comparison of the 5-terms of the HAM solutions with numerical method in Mathematica for hα1=−0.30,hβ1=−0.18,hα2=−0.30,hβ2=−0.21,k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002.
In the present research, the HAM was employed to analytically compute approximate solutions of CIACS. By comparing these approximate solutions with numerical solutions and the averaged residual error were found. We show the convergence region by h-curves. The agreement with the numerical solutions are very good. The results show that HAM accurate for solving CIACS. By increasing the number of iterations one can reach any desired accuracy. In this paper, we used Mathematica 9 in all calculations.
Acknowledgements
First author thanks Saeid Abbasbandyand, Hossein Jafari and R. V. Gorder for stimulating discussions during the preparation of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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K. M. Saad, O. S. Iyiola, P. Agarwal. An effective homotopy analysis method to solve the cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical system[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2018, 3(1): 183-194. doi: 10.3934/Math.2018.1.183
K. M. Saad, O. S. Iyiola, P. Agarwal. An effective homotopy analysis method to solve the cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical system[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2018, 3(1): 183-194. doi: 10.3934/Math.2018.1.183
Figure 1. The h-curve of the HAM solutions at k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002. Red colour = 4 terms of HAM; blue colour = 5 terms of HAM; black colour = 6 terms of HAM
Figure 2. The averaged residual errors at the 2-terms of the HAM solutions for k=0.01,γ=0.2,L=10,an1=0.1,an2=0.2,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002
Figure 3. The comparison of the 5-terms of the HAM solutions with numerical method in Mathematica for hα1=−0.30,hβ1=−0.18,hα2=−0.30,hβ2=−0.21,k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,x=3,an1=0.001,an2=0.002,bn1=0.001,bn2=0.002
Figure 4. The 3-terms of the HAM solutions for k=0.1,γ=0.2,L=100,an1=0.1,an2=0.2,bn1=0.1,bn2=0.2