Acute infection with measles virus predisposes to mastoiditis with concomitant facial paralysis and neck abscess: A minireview of pathomechanism and diagnostic approach

Auwal Idris Kabuga; Yusuf Ashiru Hassan; Muhammad Ibrahim Getso; Auwal Idris Kabuga; Yusuf Ashiru Hassan; Muhammad Ibrahim Getso

doi:10.3934/medsci.2020016

AIMS Medical Science

2020, Volume 7, Issue 4: 269-277. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2020016

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Mini review

Acute infection with measles virus predisposes to mastoiditis with concomitant facial paralysis and neck abscess: A minireview of pathomechanism and diagnostic approach

1.
Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano Nigeria
3.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano Nigeria

Received: 25 August 2020 Accepted: 12 October 2020 Published: 20 October 2020

Abstract
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Despite the availability of safe, reliable, and cost-effective measles vaccine, we continue to experience dreadful measles outbreaks with devastating multisystem complications, especially in the pediatric age group. In most instances, the complications arise from a late presentation or delayed institution of appropriate care. With co-existence of measles virus and bacteria in the middle ear, suppurative otitis media can involve the mastoid process and causes fatal complications that manifest late when the patient is in a dire state. This short review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms leading to mastoiditis, facial paralysis, and neck abscess following acute infection with the measles virus, and outlines some useful diagnostic tips. In this review, we searched the international electronic database (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) and Google Scholar for articles published on complications of acute measles infection. The keywords used were “mastoiditis”, “mastoid antrum”, “middle ear”, “otitis media”, “Bezold's abscess”, “facial paralysis” with an operator “OR”; “AND” measles; with restriction to the English language. Also, we searched for similar information in the local clinical and virology journals databases. Thereafter, we reviewed the publications and we described the findings qualitatively.
- Measles,
- mastoid antrum,
- middle ear,
- otitis media,
- Bezold's abscess,
- facial paralysis
Citation: Auwal Idris Kabuga, Yusuf Ashiru Hassan, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso. Acute infection with measles virus predisposes to mastoiditis with concomitant facial paralysis and neck abscess: A minireview of pathomechanism and diagnostic approach[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2020, 7(4): 269-277. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2020016

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Abstract

Despite the availability of safe, reliable, and cost-effective measles vaccine, we continue to experience dreadful measles outbreaks with devastating multisystem complications, especially in the pediatric age group. In most instances, the complications arise from a late presentation or delayed institution of appropriate care. With co-existence of measles virus and bacteria in the middle ear, suppurative otitis media can involve the mastoid process and causes fatal complications that manifest late when the patient is in a dire state. This short review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms leading to mastoiditis, facial paralysis, and neck abscess following acute infection with the measles virus, and outlines some useful diagnostic tips. In this review, we searched the international electronic database (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) and Google Scholar for articles published on complications of acute measles infection. The keywords used were “mastoiditis”, “mastoid antrum”, “middle ear”, “otitis media”, “Bezold's abscess”, “facial paralysis” with an operator “OR”; “AND” measles; with restriction to the English language. Also, we searched for similar information in the local clinical and virology journals databases. Thereafter, we reviewed the publications and we described the findings qualitatively.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge Dr. Majid Teymoor-Rad, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran for drawing the anatomic description used in this article. We are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all the articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Conflict of interest

There was no financial support from any institution to this research. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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