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Research article

Impact of A Waning Vaccine and Altered Behavior on the Spread of Influenza

  • Received: 26 January 2017 Accepted: 16 May 2017 Published: 08 June 2017
  • Influenza remains one of the major infectious diseases that targets humankind. Understanding within-host dynamics of the virus and how it translates into the spread of the disease at a population level can help us obtain more accurate disease outbreak predictions. We created an ordinary differential equation model with parameter estimates based on the disease symptoms score data to determine various disease stages and parameters associated with infectiousness and disease progression. Having various stages with different intensities of symptoms enables us to incorporate spontaneous behavior change due to the onset/offset of disease symptoms. Additionally, we incorporate the effect of a waning vaccine on delaying the time and decreasing the size of an epidemic peak. Our results showed that the epidemic peak in the model was significantly lowered when public vaccination was performed up to two months past the onset of an epidemic. Also, behavior change in the earliest stages of the epidemic lowers and delays the epidemic peak. This study further provides information on the potential impact of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions during an influenza epidemic.

    Citation: Kasia A. Pawelek, Sarah Tobin, Christopher Griffin, Dominik Ochocinski, Elissa J. Schwartz, Sara Y. Del Valle. Impact of A Waning Vaccine and Altered Behavior on the Spread of Influenza[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2017, 4(2): 217-232. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2017.2.217

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  • Influenza remains one of the major infectious diseases that targets humankind. Understanding within-host dynamics of the virus and how it translates into the spread of the disease at a population level can help us obtain more accurate disease outbreak predictions. We created an ordinary differential equation model with parameter estimates based on the disease symptoms score data to determine various disease stages and parameters associated with infectiousness and disease progression. Having various stages with different intensities of symptoms enables us to incorporate spontaneous behavior change due to the onset/offset of disease symptoms. Additionally, we incorporate the effect of a waning vaccine on delaying the time and decreasing the size of an epidemic peak. Our results showed that the epidemic peak in the model was significantly lowered when public vaccination was performed up to two months past the onset of an epidemic. Also, behavior change in the earliest stages of the epidemic lowers and delays the epidemic peak. This study further provides information on the potential impact of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions during an influenza epidemic.


    Consider the equation

    ututxx+βux+muux=3αuxuxx+αuuxxx, (1.1)

    in which constants m>0, α>0, and βR. Equation (1.1) characterizes the hydrodynamical dynamics of shallow water waves and is a special model derived in Constantin and Lannes [1]. In fact, the nonlinear shallow water wave model holds great significance for the scientific community due to its application in tsunami modeling and forecasting, a critical scientific problem with global implications for coastal communities. The investigation of shallow water wave equations may aid scientists in comprehending and predicting the behavior of tsunamis.

    If m=32, β=1, and α=32, Eq (1.1) reduces to the FornbergWhitham (FW) model [2,3]

    ututxx+32uux=ux+92uxuxx+32uuxxx. (1.2)

    Many works have been carried out to discuss various dynamical behaviors of the FW equation. Sufficient and necessary conditions, guaranteeing that the wave breaking of Eq (1.2) happens, are found out in Haziot [4]. The sufficient conditions of wave breaking and discontinuous traveling wave solutions to the FW model are considered in H¨ormann[5,6]. The continuity solutions of Eq (1.2) in Besov space are explored in Holmes and Thompson [7]. The H¨older continuous solutions to the FW model are in detail investigated in Holmes [8]. Ma et al. [9] provide sufficient conditions to ensure the occurrence of wave breaking for a range of nonlocal Whitham type equations. On the basis of L2(R) conservation law, Wu and Zhang [10] investigate the wave breaking of the FornbergWhitham equation. Comparing to the previous wave breaking results for the FW model, Wei [11] gives a novel sufficient condition to guarantee that the wave breaking for Eq (1.2) happens.

    Suppose that m=4, β=0, and α=1, Eq (1.1) becomes the well-known DegasperisProcesi (DP) equation [12]

    ututxx+4uux=3uxuxx+uuxxx. (1.3)

    Many works have been carried out to study the dynamical characteristics of Eq (1.3). For instances, the integrability of the DP equation is derived in Degasperis and Procesi [12] and Degasperis et al. [13]. Escher et al. [14] investigate the existence of global weak solutions for the DP model. Liu et al. [15] prove the well-posedness of global strong solutions and blow-up phenomena for Eq (1.3) under certain conditions. Yin [16] considers the Cauchy problem for a periodic generalized DegasperisProcesi model. The large-time asymptotic behavior of the periodic entropy solutions for the DP equation is discussed in Conclite and Karlsen [17]. Various kinds of traveling wave solutions for Eq (1.3) are presented in [18,19,20]. In the Sobolev space Hs(R) with s>32, Lai and Wu [21] discuss the local existence for a partial differential equation involving the DP and CamassaHolm(CH) models. The investigation of wave speed for the DP model is carried out in Henry [22]. The dynamical properties of CH equations are presented in [23,24,25,26]. For dynamical features of other nonlinear models, which are closely relevant to the DP and FW models, we refer the reader to [27,28,29,30].

    As we know, the L2 conservation law derived from the DP or FW equation takes an essential role in investigating the dynamical features of the DP and FW models. We derive that Eq (1.1) possesses the following L2 conservation law:

    R1+ξ2mα+ξ2|ˆu(ξ)|2dξ=R1+ξ2mα+ξ2|^u0(ξ)|2dξ∼∥u02L2(R), (1.4)

    where u(0,x)=u0Hs(R) endowed with the index s>32 is the initial value of u.

    A natural question is that as the shallow water wave model (1.1) generalizes the famous FornbergWhitham equation (1.2) and DegasperisProcesi model (1.3), what kinds of dynamical characteristics of DP and FW models still hold for Eq (1.1). For this purpose, the key element of this work is that we derive L2(R) conservation law for (1.1). Using (1.4) and the technique of transport equation, we establish the boundedness of the solutions for Eq (1.1). Employing the approach called doubling the space variable in Kruˇzkov [31], we investigate the L1(R) stability of short-time strong solutions provided that u0(x) belongs to the space Hs(R)L1(R) with s>32. To our knowledge, this L1(R) stability of Eq (1.1) has never been established in literatures.

    The organization of this job is that Section 2 prepares several Lemmas. The L1(R) stability of short time solution to Eq (1.1) is established in Section 3.

    For the nonlinear shallow water wave equation (1.1), we write out its initial problem

    {ututxx+βux+muux=3αuxuxx+αuuxxx,u(0,x)=u0(x). (2.1)

    Utilizing inverse operator A2=(12x2)1, we obtain the equivalent form of (2.1), which reads as

    {ut+αuux=βA2ux+αm2A2(u2)x,u(0,x)=u0(x). (2.2)

    In fact, for any function D(x)Lr(R) with 1r, we have

    A2D(x)=12Re|xz|D(z)dz.

    Writing Qu=βA2u+mα2A2(u2) and Ju=βA2xu+mα2xA2(u2) yields

    ut+α2(u2)x+Ju=0. (2.3)

    We define L=L(R) with the standard norm hL=infm(e)=0supxRe|h(t,x)|. For any real number s, we let Hs=Hs(R) denote the Sobolev space with the norm defined by

    hHs=((1+|ξ|2)s|ˆh(t,ξ)|2dξ)12<,

    where ˆh(t,ξ)=eixξh(t,x)dx. For T>0 and nonnegative number s, let C([0,T);Hs(R) denote the Frechet space of all continuous Hs-valued functions on [0,T).

    Lemma 2.1. ([21]) Provided that s>32 and initial value u0(x)Hs(R), then there has a unique solution u which belongs to the space C([0,T);Hs(R))C1([0,T);Hs1(R)), in which T represents maximal existence time for solution u*.

    *In the sense of Lemma 2.1, for s>32, the maximal existence time T means limtTu(t,)Hs(R)=.

    Lemma 2.2. Suppose that m>0, α>0, u0Hs(R), and s>32. Let u be the solution of (2.1). Set y=u2ux2 and Y=(mα2x2)1u. Then

    RyYdx=R1+ξ2mα+ξ2|ˆu(ξ)|2dξ=R1+ξ2mα+ξ2|^u0(ξ)|2dξ∼∥u02L2(R). (2.4)

    Moreover,

    {uL2αmu0L2,ifmα1,uL2mαu0L2,ifmα1. (2.5)

    Proof. We have u=mαY2xxY and 2xxY=mαYu. Utilizing integration by parts and Eq (1.1) yields

    ddtRyYdx=RytYdx+RyYtdx=2RYytdx=2R[(m2u2)xβux+α23xxx(u2)]Ydx=2R[(m2u2)xYβuxY+α2(u2)x2xxY]dx=R[(mu2)xY2βuxY+α(u2)x(mαYu)]dx=R(2βuxYα(u2)xu)dx=2βRuYxdx=2βR(mαY2xxY)Yxdx=0.

    Utilizing the above identity and the Parserval identity gives rise to (2.4). Inequality (2.5) is derived directly from (2.4).

    For each time t[0,T), we write the transport system

    {qt=αu(t,q),q(0,x)=x. (2.6)

    The next lemma demonstrates that q(t,x) possesses the feature of increasing diffeomorphism.

    Lemma 2.3. Provided that T is defined as in Lemma 2.1 and u0Hs(R) endowed with s3, then system (2.6) possesses a unique q belonging to C1([0,T)×R). In addition, qx(t,x)>0 in the region [0,T)×R.

    Proof. Employing Lemma 2.1 derives that uxC2(R) and utC1[0,T) if (t,x)[0,T)×R. Subsequently, it is concluded that solution u(t,x) and its slope ux(t,x) possess boundness and are Lipschitz continuous in the region [0,T)×R. Using the theorem of existence and uniqueness for ODE guarantees that system (2.6) possesses a unique solution qC1([0,T)×R).

    Making use of system (2.6) gives rise to ddtqx=αux(t,q)qx and qx(0,x)=1. Thus, we have

    qx(t,x)=et0αux(τ,q(τ,x))dτ.

    If T<T, we acquire

    sup(t,x)[0,T)×R|ux(t,x)|<,

    implying that it must have a constant C0>0 to ensure qx(t,x)eC0t. The proof is finished.

    For writing concisely in the following discussions, we utilize notations L=L(R), L1=L1(R), and L2=L2(R).

    Lemma 2.4. Assume t[0,T], s>32, and u0Hs(R). Then

    u(t,x)L≤∥u0L+(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t, (2.7)

    in which c0=max(αm,mα).

    Proof. Set η(x)=12ex. Utilizing the density arguments utilized in [15], we only need to deal with the case s=3 to verify Lemma 2.4. For u0H3(R), using Lemma 2.1 ensures the existence of u belonging to H3(R). Applying system (2.2) arises

    ut+αuux=(αm)η(uux)βηux, (2.8)

    where stands for the convolution. Using Re2|xz|dz=1, we acquire

    |η(x)ux|=12|xex+zu(t,z)dz+xexzu(t,z)dz|12Re|xz||u(t,z)|dz12(Re2|xz|dz)12(Ru2(t,z)dz)1212uL2c02u0L2. (2.9)

    We have

    |η(uux)|=|12exzuuzdz|=12|xex+zuuzdz+12+xexzuuzdz|=|14xexzu2dz+14xexzu2dz|14exzu2dz14c20u02L2 (2.10)

    and

    du(t,q(t,x))dt=ut(t,q(t,x))+ux(t,q(t,x))dq(t,x)dt=ut(t,q(t,x))+αuux(t,q(t,x)). (2.11)

    Combining with (2.8)–(2.11) and Lemma 2.2 gives rise to

    du(t,q(t,x))dt∣≤|mα|4eq(t,x)zu2dz+βηux|mα|4u2dz+|β|2eq(t,x)zuzdz|mα|4u2L2+|β|2uL2|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2. (2.12)

    From (2.12), we have

    {du(t,q(t,x))dt|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2,du(t,q(t,x))dt(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2). (2.13)

    Integrating (2.13) on the interval [0,t] yields

    {u(t,q(t,x))u0(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t,u(t,q(t,x))u0(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t. (2.14)

    From the first inequality in (2.14), we have

    u(t,q(t,x))L(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t+u0L. (2.15)

    Using the second inequality in (2.14) gives rise to

    |u(t,q(t,x))||u0(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t.|(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t|u0|,

    from which we have

    u(t,q(t,x))L(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)tuL. (2.16)

    Utilizing (2.15) and (2.16), we obtain

    u(t,q(t,x))L≤∥u0L+(|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2)t. (2.17)

    Utilizing Lemma 2.3 and (2.17) yields (2.7).

    Lemma 2.5. If u0L2(R), then

    {Qu(t,)L(R)|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2,Ju(t,)L(R)|β|c02u0L2+|αm|c204u02L2, (2.18)

    in which c0=max(αm,mα).

    Proof. From (2.3), we have

    Qu=mα4Re|xz|u2(t,z)dz+β2Re|xz|u(t,z)dz, (2.19)
    Ju=mα4Re|xz|sgn(zx)u2(t,z)dz+β2Re|xz|sgn(zx)u(t,z)dz. (2.20)

    Utilizing (2.9), (2.19), (2.20), Lemma 2.2, and the Schwartz inequality, we obtain (2.18).

    Lemma 2.6. Let u0,v0Hs(R),s>32. Provided that functions u and v satisfy system (2.2), for any g(t,x)C0([0,)×(,)), then

    |Ju(t,x)Jv(t,x)||g(t,x)|dxc(1+t)|u(t,x)v(t,x)|dx, (2.21)

    in which c>0 depends on m,α,β,g,u0L2 and v0L2.

    Proof. Applying the Tonelli Theorem and Lemmas 2.2 and 2.4 gives rise to

    |Ju(t,x)Jv(t,x)||g(t,x)|dx|β|2e|xz||sgn(zx)||uv||g(t,x)|dzdx+|mα|2|xA2(u2u2)||g(t,x)|dxc|uv|dze|xz||g(t,x)|dx+|mα|4|e|xz||sgn(zx)||u2v2|dz|g(t,x)|dx|c|u(t,z)v(t,z)|dz+|mα|4|(uv)(u+v)|dz||g(t,x)|dx|c(1+t)|u(t,z)v(t,z)|dz,

    from which we acquire (2.21).

    Suppose that function γ(y) is infinitely differentiable on R such that γ(y)0, γ(y)=0 when |y|1, and γ(y)dy=1. For arbitrary constant h>0, set γh(y)=γ(h1y)h0. Thus, γh(y) belongs to C(,) and

    |γh(y)|ch,γh(y)dy=1;γh(y)=0if|y|h.

    Suppose that G(x) is locally integrable in R. Its mean function is written as

    Gh(x)=1hγ(xyh)G(y)dy,h>0.

    For the Lebesgue point x0 of G(x), it has

    limh01h|xx0|h|G(x)G(x0)|dx=0. (2.22)

    If x is an arbitrary Lebesgue point of G(x), it has limh0Gh(x)=G(x). Provided that point x is not Lebesque point of G(x), (2.22) always holds. Thus, Gh(x)G(x) (h0) is valid almost everywhere.

    We illustrate the notation of a characteristic cone. Suppose that N>maxt[0,T]W(t,)L<, 0tT0=min(T,R0N1) and ={(t,x):|x|<R0Nt}. We write that Sτ represents the cross section of endowed with t=τ,τ[0,T0]. For r>0,ρ>0, set Kr={x:|x|r}. Let θT=[0,T]×R and D1={(t,x,τ,y)||tτ2|h, ρt+τ2Tρ, |xy2|h, |x+y2|rρ}.

    Lemma 2.7. [31] If function Q(t,x) is measurable and bounded in ΩT=[0,T]×Kr, for h(0,ρ), ρ(0,min[r,T]), setting

    Hh=1h2D1|Q(t,x)Q(τ,y)|dxdtdydτ,

    then limh0Hh=0.

    Lemma 2.8. [31] Provided that |M(u)u| is bounded and

    L(u,v)=sgn(uv)(M(u)M(v)),

    then for any functions u and v, function L(u,v)) obeys the Lipschitz condition.

    Lemma 2.9. Suppose that u0(x)Hs(R) endowed with s>32. Provided that u satisfies (2.2), g(t,x)C0(θT) and g(0,x)=0, for every constant k, then

    θT{|uk|gt+sgn(uk)α2[u2k2]gxsgn(uk)Jug}dxdt=0.

    Proof. Assume that Ψ(u) is a convex downward and twice smooth function for <u<. Let g(t,x)C0(θT). Using Ψ(u)g(t,x) to multiply Eq (2.3), integrating over the domain θT, we transfer the derivatives to g and acquire

    θT{Ψ(u)gt+α[ukΨ(y)ydy]gxΨ(u)Ju(t,x)g}dtdx=0, (2.23)

    in which for any constant k, the identity [ukΨ(y)ydy]gxdx=[gΨ(u)uux]dx is utilized. We have the expression

    [ukΨ(y)ydy]gxdx=[12Ψ(u)u212Ψ(k)k212uky2Ψ(y)dy]gxdx. (2.24)

    Let Ψh(u) be the mean function of |uk| and set Ψ(u)=Ψh(u). Letting h0 and employing the features of sgn(uk), (2.23), and (2.24) complete the proof.

    Actually, the derivation of Lemma 2.9 can also be found in [31].

    Utilizing the bounded property of solution u(t,x) for system (2.2), we investigate the L1(R) local stability of u(t,x), which is written in the following theorem.

    Theorem 3.1. Suppose that u and v satisfy Eq (1.1) endowed with initial values u0,v0Hs(R)L1(R) (s>32), respectively. Let t[0,T]. Then there is a CT depending on u0L2(R),v0L2(R), T,α,β and m, to satisfy

    u(t,)v(t,)L1(R)CTu0v0L1(R). (3.1)

    Proof. Utilizing Lemmas 2.1 and 2.4 deduces that u and v remain bounded and continuous in [0,T]×R. Set ={(t,x)}=[ρ,T2ρ]×Kr2ρ, where 0<2ρmin(T,r), and θT=[0,T]×R. Assume b(t,x)C0([0,)×R) associated with b(t,x)=0 outside .

    For hρ, we construct the function

    g=b(t+τ2,x+y2)γh(tτ2)γh(xy2)=b(...)λh(),

    in which (...)=(t+τ2,x+y2) and ()=(tτ2,xy2). By the definition of function γ(y), we have

    gt+gτ=bt(...)λh(),gx+gy=bx(...)λh().

    Choosing k=v(τ,y) in Lemma 2.9 and applying the methods called doubling the space variables in [31] yield

    θT×θT{|u(t,x)v(τ,y)|gt+sgn(u(t,x)v(τ,y))α2(u2(t,x)v2(τ,y))gxsgn(u(t,x)v(τ,y))Ju(t,x)g}dtdxdτdy=0. (3.2)

    Taking k=u(t,x) in Lemma 2.9 gives rise to

    θT×θT{|v(τ,y)u(t,x)|gτ+sgn(v(τ,y)u(t,x))α2(u2(t,x)v2(τ,y))gysgn(v(τ,y)u(t,x))Jv(τ,y)g}dτdydtdx=0. (3.3)

    Using (3.2) and (3.3) yields

    0θT×θT{|u(t,x)v(τ,y)|(gt+gτ)+sgn(u(t,x)v(τ,y))α2(u2(t,x)v2(τ,y))(gx+gy)}dxdtdydτ+|θT×θTsgn(u(t,x)v(t,x))(Ju(t,x)Jv(τ,y))gdxdtdydτ|.=P1+P2+|θT×θTP3dxdtdydτ|. (3.4)

    On the basis of the approaches in [31], we aim to verify the inequality

    0θT{|u(t,x)v(t,x)|bt+sgn(u(t,x)v(t,x))α2(u2(t,x)v2(t,x))bx}dxdt+|θTsgn(u(t,x)v(t,x))[Ju(t,x)Jv(t,x)]bdxdt|. (3.5)

    We write the integrands of P1 and P2 in (3.4) as

    Yh=Y(t,x,τ,y,u(t,x),v(τ,y))λh().

    Using Lemma 2.4, we obtain uL<CT and vL<CT. From Lemmas 2.7 and 2.8, for both functions u and v, it is deduced that Yh obeys the Lipschitz condition. Combining function g, we find Yh=0 outside region and

    θT×θTYhdxdtdydτ=θT×θT[Y(t,x,τ,y,u(t,x),v(τ,y))Y(t,x,t,x,u(t,x),v(t,x))]λh()dxdtdydτ+θT×θTY(t,x,t,x,u(t,x),v(t,x))λh()dxdtdydτ=G11(h)+G12. (3.6)

    Utilizing |λ()|ch2 yields

    |G11(h)|c[h+1h2D1|u(t,x)v(τ,y)|dxdtdydτ], (3.7)

    in which c does not rely on h. Employing Lemma 2.9 deduces that G11(h)0 when h0. Now we consider G12. Substituting tτ2=δ,xy2=ω, we have

    hhλh(δ,ω)dδdω=1 (3.8)

    and

    G12=22θTY(t,x,t,x,u(t,x),v(t,x)){hhλh(δ,ω)dδdω}dxdt=4θTY(t,x,t,x,u(t,x),v(t,x))dxdt. (3.9)

    From (3.6)–(3.9), we obtain

    limh0θT×θTYhdxdtdydτ=4θTY(t,x,t,x,u(t,x),v(t,x))dxdt. (3.10)

    Note that

    P3=sgn(u(t,x)v(τ,y))(Ju(t,x)Jv(τ,y))b(...)λh()=¯P3(t.x,τ,y)λh()

    and

    θT×θTP3dxdtdydτ=θT×θT[¯P3(t.x,τ,y)¯P3(t.x,t,x)]λh()dxdtdydτ+θT×θT¯P3(t.x,t,x)λh()dxdtdydτ=G21(h)+G22. (3.11)

    We obtain

    |G21(h)|c(h+1h2×D1|Ju(t,x)Jv(τ,y)|dxdtdydτ).

    Using Lemmas 2.5 and 2.7 derives G21(h)0 when h0. Applying (3.8) gives rise to

    G22=22θT¯P3(t,x,t,x){hhλh(δ,ω)dδdω}dxdt=4θT¯P3(t,x,t,x)dxdt=4θTsgn(uv)(JuJv)b(t,x)dxdt. (3.12)

    Employing (3.6), (3.10)–(3.12), we obtain inequality (3.5).

    Set

    F(t)=|uv|dx.

    In order to prove the inequality (3.1), we define

    Ah(z)=zγh(z)dz(Ah(z)=γh(z)0).

    In (3.5), provided that two numbers ρ<τ1, τ1,ρ(0,T0), and h<min(ρ,T0τ1), we set

    b(t,x)=[Ah(tρ)Ah(tτ1)]B(t,x),

    where

    B(t,x)=Bε(t,x)=1Aε(|x|+NtR0+ε),ε>0.

    Provided that (t,x) does not belong to , then b(t,x)=0. If (t,x) does not belong to , we have B(t,x)=0. It arises for (t,x) that

    0=Bt+N|Bx|Bt+NBx.

    Using the above analysis and (3.5) yields

    0T00{[γh(tρ)γh(tτ1)]Bε|uv|}dxdt+T00[Ah(tρ)Ah(tτ1)]|[JuJv]b(t,x)|dxdt,

    which together with Lemma 2.6 (when ε and R0) gives rise to

    0T00{[γh(tρ)γh(tτ1)]|uv|dx}dt+c(1+T0)T00[Ah(tρ)Ah(tτ1)]|uv|dxdt. (3.13)

    The property of γh(z) for hmin(ρ,T0ρ) derives that

    |T00γh(tρ)F(t)dtF(ρ)|=|T00γh(tρ)(F(t)F(ρ))dt|c1hρ+hρh|F(t)F(ρ)|dt0,whenh0,

    in which c>0 is independent of h.

    Setting

    Z(ρ)=T00Ah(tρ)F(t)dt=T00tργh(z)F(t)dzdt,

    we derive that

    Z(ρ)=T00γh(tρ)F(t)dtF(ρ),whenh0.

    Thus, we acquire

    Z(ρ)Z(0)ρ0F(z)dz,whenh0. (3.14)

    and

    Z(τ1)Z(0)τ10F(z)dz,whenh0. (3.15)

    Using (3.14) and (3.15) directly deduces that

    Z(ρ)Z(τ1)τ1ρF(z)dz,whenh0. (3.16)

    Sending τ1t,ρ0, from (3.13) and (3.16), we have

    |uv|dx|u0v0|dx+c(1+T0)t0|uv|dxdt. (3.17)

    Utilizing (3.17) and the Gronwall inequality leads to the inequality (3.1).

    Remark: We establish the L1 local stability of strong solutions for the nonlinear shallow water wave equation (1.1) provided that its initial value belongs to the space Hs(R)L1(R) with s>32. The asymptotic or uniform stability of strong solutions for Eq (1.1) deserves to be investigated. To study the asymptotic stability, we need to find certain restrictions on the initial data, which may be our future works.

    The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    Thanks are given to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments, which led to the meaningful improvement of this paper. This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Autonomous Region (Nos. 2024D01A07 and 2020D01B04).

    The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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