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AIMS Medical Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 4: 359-385. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2016.4.359
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The GnRH Pulse Generator

  • 1.
    Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA;
  • 2.
    Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
  • Received: 22 September 2016 Accepted: 21 November 2016 Published: 30 November 2016

  • The pulsatile secretion of hormones is an efficient way of coding a large variety of chemical messages. The GnRH pulse pattern determines which gonadotropin is released when and at what concentration, prescribing a detailed set of instructions to the gonads that produce changes in the steroid hormone milieu. Although GnRH neurons possess some inherent rhythmicity, they are diffusely situated within the hypothalamus and in isolation are only capable of generating physiologically irrelevant messages, hence a synchronization module exists upstream. The identity of the neural unit comprising the GnRH pulse generator is now generally thought to include KNDy neurons in the arcuate nucleus. These neurons coexpress the neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin A, as well as other transmitters, and are in intimate contact with the GnRH network. The GnRH pulse generator’s function is the precise control of GnRH neuron excitability, coordinated activation, stimulation of neurosecretory events, modulation of gene transcription and the mediation of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids. Additionally, the GnRH pulse generator is an ideal venue for the integration of various sensory and homeostatic cues that regulate reproductive functions. In this chapter we provide a historical perspective of the elegant science that sparked interest in the central mechanisms underlying the functions of the reproductive system, explain how hypotheses surrounding GnRH pulse generation have evolved and describe the current state of knowledge within the dynamic field of GnRH pulse generator research.

    Citation: Pasha Grachev, Robert L. Goodman. The GnRH Pulse Generator[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2016, 3(4): 359-385. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2016.4.359

    Related Papers:

  • The pulsatile secretion of hormones is an efficient way of coding a large variety of chemical messages. The GnRH pulse pattern determines which gonadotropin is released when and at what concentration, prescribing a detailed set of instructions to the gonads that produce changes in the steroid hormone milieu. Although GnRH neurons possess some inherent rhythmicity, they are diffusely situated within the hypothalamus and in isolation are only capable of generating physiologically irrelevant messages, hence a synchronization module exists upstream. The identity of the neural unit comprising the GnRH pulse generator is now generally thought to include KNDy neurons in the arcuate nucleus. These neurons coexpress the neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin A, as well as other transmitters, and are in intimate contact with the GnRH network. The GnRH pulse generator’s function is the precise control of GnRH neuron excitability, coordinated activation, stimulation of neurosecretory events, modulation of gene transcription and the mediation of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids. Additionally, the GnRH pulse generator is an ideal venue for the integration of various sensory and homeostatic cues that regulate reproductive functions. In this chapter we provide a historical perspective of the elegant science that sparked interest in the central mechanisms underlying the functions of the reproductive system, explain how hypotheses surrounding GnRH pulse generation have evolved and describe the current state of knowledge within the dynamic field of GnRH pulse generator research.


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