Citation: Weihua Li, Chengcheng Fang, Wei Cao. On the number of irreducible polynomials of special kinds in finite fields[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(4): 2877-2887. doi: 10.3934/math.2020185
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The polynomials of special kinds in finite fields have attracted a lot of research interest (see, e.g., [1,2,3,6,9]). Let Fq be the finite field of q elements with characteristic p and n≥1 be an integer. Let Iq(n) denote the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq and μ(⋅) the M¨obius function. Gauss [4] found that
Iq(n)=∑d|nμ(d)qnd/n. | (1.1) |
Let f(x)=xn+a1xn−1+⋯+an∈Fq[x] be an irreducible polynomial. Suppose that α is a root of f(x), then all the roots of f(x) are αqi,i=0,1,…,n−1. The trace function of α is defined to be Tr(α)=α+αq+⋯+αqn−1. So −a1=Tr(α) and therefore −a1 is also called the trace of f(x). Let Nq(n) denote the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq with nonzero traces. Suppose n=mpe with p∤m. Carlitz [1] and Ruskey, Miers and Sawada [12] obtained that:
Theorem 1.1. The number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq with nonzero traces is given by
Nq(n)=(q−1)∑d|mμ(d)qnd/qn. |
An irreducible polynomial in Fq[x] is called a normal polynomial if its roots are linearly independent over Fq. All the roots of a normal polynomial of degree n over Fq form a normal basis of Fqn over Fq. Normal bases over finite fields have proved very useful for fast arithmetic computations with potential applications to coding theory and to cryptography (see, e.g., [6] and [7]). It is not easy to determine whether a given irreducible polynomial is normal or not. Let ϕ(⋅) denote the Euler totient function. Using Theorem 1.1 and other results, Huang, Han and Cao [5] showed that:
Theorem 1.2. The following inequality holds
qn−m∏d|m(qτ(d)−1)ϕ(d)/τ(d)⩽(q−1)∑d|mμ(d)qn/d/q, | (1.2) |
where τ(d) is the order of q modulo d. Furthermore, the following statements are equivalent:
(i) Inequality (1.2) becomes an equality.
(ii) n=pe, or n is a prime different from p and q is a primitive root modulo n.
(iii) Every irreducible polynomial of degree n over Fq with nonzero trace is a normal polynomial.
Let f(x) be an irreducible polynomial of degree n over Fq as before. For a positive divisor n1 of n, define the n1-traces of f(x) to be Tr(α;n1)=α+αq+⋯+αqn1−1 where α's are the roots of f(x). Let N∗q(n;n1) denote the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq with nozero n1-traces. Obviously, the function Tr(α;n1) generalizes the usual trace function Tr(α). Gauss's formula (1.1) gives the formula for N∗q(n;1) for n≥2 and Theorem 1.1 gives the formula for N∗q(n;n). In this paper, we obtain the explicit formula for N∗q(n;n1) in the general case, including a new proof to Theorem 1.1.
To state our result, we need to introduce more notation and convention.
● Assume that n=mpe and n1=m1pe1 with n1∣n and p∤mm1.
● For a positive integer d, let P(d) denote the set of all distinct positive prime divisors of d. Assume that P(n)={p1,p2,…,pk} and pk=p if e≥1.
● Without loss of generality, assume that {a∈P(n):a∈P(m1),a∉P(mm1)}={p1,…,pt} with t≤k. Write m′1=p1⋯pt.
The following is the main theorem of this paper.
Theorem 1.3 (Main Theorem). With the above notation and convention, we have
N∗q(n;n1)={[∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)(qn1d−1−qn1pd)]/n if e1=e>0 and k=t+1,(∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1)/nif e1=e=0 and k=t,∑d|nμ(d)qnd/notherwise. |
In particular, for n1=1,
N∗q(n;1)={Iq(n)−1=q−1if n=1,Iq(n)=∑d|nμ(d)qnd/nif n>1, |
and for n1=n,
N∗q(n;n)=Nq(n)=(q−1)∑d|mμ(d)qnd/qn. |
Let N0q(n;n1) denote the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq with zero n1-traces. The following corollary is a direct consequence of Theorem 1.3.
Corollary 1.4. With the above notation and convention, we have
N0q(n;n1)={[∑d|m′1μ(d)(qn1d−1−qn1pd)]/nif e1=e>0 and k=t+1,(∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1)/n if e1=e=0 and k=t,0otherwise. |
Since our method is based on the properties of linearized polynomials in finite fields, we will introduce them in the next section. The proof of Theorem 1.3 will be given in Section 3.
Linearized polynomials are also called q-polynomials in the literature. Many definitions and results of this section go back to the fundamental papers of Ore [8,9,10,11], and we just list them without examples and proofs for the sake of brevity; see [6] for further details.
Let r be a positive integer. A polynomial of the form L(x)=∑ni=0cixqi with coefficients in an extension filed Fqr of Fq is called a linearized polynomial over Fqr. The polynomials l(x)=∑ni=0cixi and L(x)=∑ni=0cixqi over Fqr are called q-associates of each other. More specially, l(x) is the conventional q-associate of L(x) and L(x) is the linearized q-associate of l(x). Given two linearized polynomials L1(x) and L2(x) over Fqr, we define symbolic multiplication by L1(x)⊗L2(x)=L1(L2(x)). The ordinary product of linearized polynomials need not to be a linearized polynomial. And the set of linearized polynomials over Fq forms an integral domain under the operations of symbolic multiplication and ordinary addition.
If L1(x) and L2(x) are two linearized polynomials over Fq, we say that L1(x) symbolically divides L2(x) (or that L2(x) is symbolically divisible by L1(x)) if L2(x)=L1(x)⊗L(x) for some linearized polynomial L(x) over Fq. Similarly, one can define symbolic factorization and symbolic irreducibility for linearized polynomials.
Lemma 2.1. ([6,Lemma 3.59]) Let L1(x) and L2(x) be linearized polynomials over Fq with conventional q-associates l1(x) and l2(x). Then l(x)=l1(x)l2(x) and L(x)=L1(x)⊗L2(x) are q-associates of each other.
The following criterion is an immediate consequence of the lemma above.
Corollary 2.2. Let L1(x) and L(x) be linearized polynomials over Fq with conventional q-associates l1(x) and l(x). Then L1(x) symbolically divides L(x) if and only if l1(x) divides l(x). In particular, L(x) is symbolically irreducible over Fq if and only if l(x) is irreducible over Fq.
Let L(x) be a linearized polynomial over Fq with conventional q-associate l(x). We write L(x)⊗e:=L(x)⊗⋯⊗L(x)⏟e for short. Let L(x)=⊗ri=1Li(x)⊗ei be the symbolic factorization with distinct symbolically irreducible linearized polynomials Li(x) over Fq, then by Lemma 2.1, l(x)=∏ri=1li(x)ei is the canonical factorization of l(x) in Fq[x], where li(x) is the conventional q-associate of Li(x).
For a positive integer d, let φd(x) denote the dth cyclotomic polynomial of degree ϕ(d) where ϕ(d) is the Euler totient function, and let Ψd(x) denote the linearized q-associate of φd(x). The following lemma is well known.
Lemma 3.1. ([6,Theorems 2.45 and 2.47])
xn−1=(xm−1)pe=∏d|m(φd(x))pe. |
As a direct consequence of Lemmas 2.1 and 3.1, we have
Corollary 3.2.
xqn−x=⊗d|mΨd(x)⊗pe. |
Definition 3.3. We define
A={α∈Fqn:α+αq+⋯+αqn1−1=0}, |
and for each pi∈P(n), we define
Api=Fqn/pi={α∈Fqn:αqnpi−α=0}. |
Remark 3.4. (i) From the definition of Api, one easily knows that it is just the finite field of size qn/pi. However, since the sets A and Api will be considered together later, we adopt this notation to keep consistency.
(ii) Let α∈Fqn∖(⋃pi∈P(n)Api⋃A). Then from the definition above, we know that the n1-trace of α over Fq is nonzero, and that the degree of the minimal polynomial of α over Fq is just n. So α and all its conjugates in Fqn form the roots of an irreducible polynomial of degree n over Fq with nonzero n1-traces.
To calculate the intersection of A and Api's, we need to factorize the two polynomials x+xq+⋯+xqn1−1 and xqnpi−x into irreducible linearized polynomials.
Lemma 3.5.
A={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1Ψd(α)⊗pe1=0}, | (3.1) |
and
Api={α∈Fqn:⊗d|npiΨd(α)=0}, | (3.2) |
for pi∈P(n). In particular, if pi≠p, then
Api={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe⊗⊗1<d|mpiΨd(α)⊗pe=0}, | (3.3) |
and
Ap={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe−1⊗⊗1<d|mΨd(α)⊗pe−1=0}. | (3.4) |
Proof. Using Corollary 3.2 and the factorization
xn1−1=(x−1)(x−1)pe1−1∏1<d|m1(φd(x))pe1 |
that comes from Lemma 3.1, we get (3.1). Similarly, we can get (3.2), (3.3) and (3.4).
Suppose that ∅≠J={pj1,…,pjr}⊆P(n). Without loss of generality, assume that {a∈J:a∈P(m1),a∉P(mm1)}={pj1,…,pjt}, and p=pjr if p∈J. Observe that if p∉J, then
gcd(m1,mpj1⋯pjr)=gcd(m1,m1pj1⋯pjtmm1pjt+1⋯pjr)=m1pj1⋯pjt, | (3.5) |
and if p=pjr∈J, then
gcd(m1,mpj1⋯pjr−1)=gcd(m1,m1pj1⋯pjtmm1pjt+1⋯pjr−1)=m1pj1⋯pjt. | (3.6) |
We will use the two observations (3.5) and (3.6) in the lemma below.
Lemma 3.6. (i) If p∉J or p=pjr∈J and e1<e, then
(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(α)⊗pe1=0}. |
(ii) If p=pjr∈J and e1=e, then
(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(α)⊗pe1−1=0}. |
Proof. To calculate (⋂j∈JAj)⋂A, we first calculate (⋂j∈JAj). By (3.2),
⋂j∈JAj={α∈Fqn:⊗d|npj1⋯pjrΨd(α)=0}. | (3.7) |
If p∉J, then by (3.3) and (3.7),
⋂j∈JAj={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe⊗⊗1<d|mpj1⋯pjrΨd(α)⊗pe=0}. | (3.8) |
If p=pjr∈J, then by (3.4) and (3.7),
⋂j∈JAj={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe−1⊗⊗1<d|mpj1⋯pjr−1Ψd(α)⊗pe−1=0}. | (3.9) |
Now we calculate (⋂j∈JAj)⋂A. Recall the observations (3.5) and (3.6) and that 0≤e1≤e which will be used below. If p∉J, then by (3.1) and (3.8),
(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗min{pe,pe1−1}⊗⊗1<d|gcd(m1,mpj1⋯pjr)Ψd(α)⊗min{pe,pe1}=0}={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(α)⊗pe1=0}. |
If p=pjr∈J, then by (3.1) and (3.9),
(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A={α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗min{pe−1,pe1−1}⊗⊗1<d|gcd(m1,mpj1⋯pjr−1)Ψd(α)⊗min{pe−1,pe1}=0}={{α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(α)⊗pe1−1=0}if e1=e,{α∈Fqn:(αq−α)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(α)⊗pe1=0}if e1<e. |
This finishes the proof.
The following lemma plays a vital role in the proof of our main theorem.
Lemma 3.7. (i) |A|=qn1−1.
(ii) |⋂j∈JAj|=qnpj1…pjr.
(iii) |(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A|=qn1ppj1⋯pjt if p∈J and e1=e.
(iv) |(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A|=qn1pj1⋯pjt−1 if p∉J or e1<e.
Proof. Since (ⅰ) and (ⅱ) are trivial, we only need to prove (ⅲ) and (ⅳ). First consider the case p∉J. Set
G(x)=(xq−x)⊗pe1−1⊗⊗1<d|m1pj1⋯pjtΨd(x)⊗pe1. |
By Lemma 3.6 (ⅰ),
(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A={α∈Fqn:G(α)=0}. |
Notice that the degree of G(x) is
qpe1−1+pe1(∑d∣m1pj1…pjtϕ(d)−1)=qm1pe1pj1…pjt−1=qn1pj1…pjt−1, |
where we use the fact that ∑d∣m1pj1…pjtϕ(d)=m1pj1…pjr. So G(x) has qn1pj1…pjt−1 simple roots. Similarly for the case p∈J, and we can get
|(⋂j∈JAj)⋂A|={qm1pe1−1pj1⋯pjt=qn1ppj1⋯pjt if p=pjr∈J and e1=e,qm1pe1pj1⋯pjt−1=qn1pj1⋯pjt−1 if p∉J or e1<e. |
The result follows.
Now we are in the position to prove our main theorem.
Proof of Theorem 1.3. Write Ai=Api(i=1,…,k) for short. Let α∈Fqn∖(⋃ki=1Ai⋃A). By Remark 3.4 (ii), we know that Tr(α;n1)≠0 and that the degree of the minimal polynomial of α over Fq is n. Since all the conjugates of α have the same property, namely, Tr(αqi;n1)≠0 and the degree of the minimal polynomial of αqi over Fq is n for i=0,1,…,n−1, we have
N∗q(n;n1)=|Fqn∖(k⋃i=1Ai⋃A)|/n. | (3.10) |
We first consider the simplest two cases that e1<e and e1=e=0, in which Lemma 3.7 (iii) is not used that makes the calculation relatively easy. By the inclusion-exclusion principle and Lemma 3.7,
|Fqn∖(k⋃i=1Ai⋃A)|=qn+k∑l=1(−1)l∑|I|=l|⋂i∈I⊆{1,…,k}Ai|+k+1∑l=1(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−1|⋂i∈I1⊆{1,…,t}|I1|=l1Ai⋂⋂j∈I2⊆{t+1,…,k}|I2|=l2Aj⋂A|=qn+k∑l=1(−1)l∑1≤i1<⋯<il≤kqnpi1⋯pil+k+1∑l=1(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−1(k−tl2)∑1≤i1<⋯<il1≤tqn1pi1⋯pil1−1. |
For a positive integer, let ω(d) denote the number of distinct prime factors of d. Recall P(n)={p1,p2,…,pk} and m′1=p1⋯pt. Hence the above equation can be rewritten as
|Fqn∖(k⋃i=1Ai⋃A)|=∑d|nμ(d)qnd−k∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−tl−ω(d))qn1d−1. | (3.11) |
Note that
k∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−tl−ω(d))qn1d−1=qn1−1−t∑i=1qn1pi−1−(k−t1)qn1−1+∑1≤j1<j2≤tqn1pj1pj2−1+(k−t1)t∑i=1qn1pi−1+(k−t2)qn1−1−∑1≤j1<j2<j3≤tqn1pj1pj2pj3−1−(k−t1)∑1≤j1<j2≤tqn1pj1pj2−1−(k−t2)t∑i=1qn1pi−1−(k−t3)qn1−1+⋯=∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1−(k−t1)∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1+(k−t2)∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1+⋯={∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1if k=t,0if k>t. | (3.12) |
By (3.10), (3.11) and (3.12), we get
N∗q(n;n1)={∑d|nμ(d)qnd/nif e1<e or e1=e=0 and k>t,(∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1)/nif e1=e=0 and k=t. | (3.13) |
Next we consider the more complicated case that e1=e>0, in which Lemma 3.7 (ⅲ) is used that makes the calculation relatively lengthy. We omit some detail due to the similar deduction and notation as above. Note that pk=p in this case by assumption. By the inclusion-exclusion principle,
|Fqn∖(k⋃i=1Ai⋃A)|=qn+k∑l=1(−1)l∑|I|=l|⋂i∈I⊆{1,…,k}Ai|+k∑l=1(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−1|⋂i∈I1⊆{1,…,t}|I1|=l1Ai⋂⋂j∈I2⊆{t+1,…,k−1}|I2|=l2Aj⋂A|+k+1∑l=2(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−2|⋂i∈I1⊆{1,…,t}|I1|=l1Ai⋂⋂j∈I2⊆{t+1,…,k−1}|I2|=l2Aj⋂Ak⋂A|. | (3.14) |
By Lemma 3.7,
k∑l=1(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−1|⋂i∈I1⊆{1,…,t}|I1|=l1Ai⋂⋂j∈I2⊆{t+1,…,k−1}|I2|=l2Aj⋂A|=k∑l=1(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−1(k−t−1l2)∑1≤i1<⋯<il1≤tqn1pi1⋯pil1−1=−k−1∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−t−1l−ω(d))qn1d−1, | (3.15) |
and
k+1∑l=2(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−2|⋂i∈I1⊆{1,…,t}|I1|=l1Ai⋂⋂j∈I2⊆{t+1,…,k−1}|I2|=l2Aj⋂Ak⋂A|=k+1∑l=2(−1)l∑l1+l2=l−2(k−t−1l2)∑1≤i1<⋯<il1≤tqn1ppi1⋯pil1.=k−1∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−t−1l−ω(d))qn1pd. | (3.16) |
It follows from (3.14), (3.15) and (3.16) that
|Fqn∖(k⋃i=1Ai⋃A)|=∑d|nμ(d)qnd−k−1∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−t−1l−ω(d))(qn1d−1−qn1pd). | (3.17) |
Similar to (3.12), we have
k−1∑l=0(−1)l∑d|m′1(k−t−1l−ω(d))(qn1d−1−qn1pd)={∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1−∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1pdif k=t+1,0if k>t+1, | (3.18) |
By (3.10), (3.17) and (3.18), we get
N∗q(n;n1)={∑d|nμ(d)qnd/nif e1=e>0 and k>t+1,[∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)(qn1d−1−qn1pd)]/nif e1=e>0 and k=t+1. | (3.19) |
Putting (3.13) and (3.19) together, we obtain
N∗q(n;n1)={[∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)(qn1d−1−qn1pd)]/n if e1=e>0 and k=t+1,(∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1)/n if e1=e=0 and k=t,∑d|nμ(d)qnd/n otherwise, | (3.20) |
as desired.
Now suppose that n1=1 in which e1=0. So the case e1=e>0 is excluded. For the case e1=e=0 and k=t, since t=1, we must have k=1 and hence n=1. By (3.20),
N∗q(1;1)=∑d|1μ(d)q1d−∑d|1μ(d)q1d−1=q−1=Iq(1)−1. |
For the other cases, by (3.20) we get N∗q(n;1)=∑d|nμ(d)qnd/n=Iq(n).
Finally suppose that n1=n in which m1=m and e=e1. There are two subcases: e=e1=0 and e=e1>0.
● If e=e1=0, then n=m=n1=m1, and by (3.20) it is easy to verify that
N∗q(n;n)=(∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)qn1d−1)/n=(q−1)∑d|mμ(d)qnd/qn. |
● If e=e1>0, then k=t+1 and hence by (3.20),
N∗q(n;n)=[∑d|nμ(d)qnd−∑d|m′1μ(d)(qn1d−1−qn1pd)]/n=[∑d|mμ(d)qnd−∑d|mμ(d)qnpd−∑d|mμ(d)(qnd−1−qnpd)]/n=(∑d|mμ(d)qnd−∑d|mμ(d)qnd−1)/n=(q−1)∑d|mμ(d)qnd/qn. |
The proof is complete.
The main contribution of this paper is to provide a new proof to Theorem 1.1 and its generalizations. To be precise, based on the properties of linearized polynomials, we count the monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over Fq with nozero n1-traces, where n1 is a divisor of n. Since n1-traces have the close relationship with the roots (and hence the coefficients) of the associated polynomial, this approach may be adopted to deal with the other enumeration problems concerning the irreducible polynomials with the restricted coefficients in finite fields.
As one reviewer pointed out, the first two cases (i.e. e1=e>0 and k=t+1, respectively, e1=e=0 and k=t) in Theorem 1.3 only occur for n=n1. Thus it remains to consider the case n<n1, which can be deduced from the additive version of Hilbert's Theorem 90. However, if we drop out the restriction that the polynomials must be irreducible, i.e., allowing the degree of α in Tr(α;n1) to be less than n, our approach still works while Hilbert's Theorem 90 may not be valid again.
The authors sincerely thank the referees for their helpful comments which led to a substantial improvement of this paper. This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11871291) and Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2019A610035), and sponsored by the K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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