Innovative biochar adsorbent from <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> for carcinogenic lead removal: A step toward cleaner water and sustainable materials

Kamran Younas; Asma Jamil; Mahtab Ahmad; Nazish Iftikhar; Qaisar Mahmood; Yung-Tse Hung; Kamran Younas; Asma Jamil; Mahtab Ahmad; Nazish Iftikhar; Qaisar Mahmood; Yung-Tse Hung

doi:10.3934/environsci.2026015

AIMS Environmental Science

2026, Volume 13, Issue 2: 362-394. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2026015

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Innovative biochar adsorbent from Parthenium hysterophorus for carcinogenic lead removal: A step toward cleaner water and sustainable materials

1.
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (BSEAS), Bahria University, H-11 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
3.
Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
4.
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
5.
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
6.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Received: 26 December 2025 Revised: 18 March 2025 Accepted: 31 March 2025 Published: 29 April 2026

The study involved pyrolyzing biomass from Parthenium hysterophorus at temperatures of 300,500, and 700℃ to generate charcoal adsorbents (PTC 300, PTC 500, and PTC 700) at reduced prices. Subsequently, the PTCs were evaluated for their efficacy in eliminating Pb (Ⅱ) from industrial effluent. Through the manipulation of operational parameters and the analysis of mathematical models, PTC 500 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents, achieving 20.40 mg Pb (Ⅱ)/g. The major mechanisms for Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption onto biochar derived from P. hysterophorus are ion exchange with inherent mineral cations and surface complexation with oxygenated functional groups (-COOH, -OH). The enhanced immobilization efficacy is due to electrostatic attraction and lead precipitation within the pores of biochar. The pseudo-first order and Langmuir models provided the most precise characterization of Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption onto PTCs in the batch adsorption study. An increased Pb (Ⅱ) concentration, reduced flow velocity, and elevated bed height collectively enhanced Pb (Ⅱ) sorption in the fixed bed column. The Clark model most accurately represented the adsorption process and aligned with the experimental data in comparison to the other column models (Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Clark, and Bohart-Adams models). The supplemental experimental results were consistent with the breakthrough curves. The maximum adsorption capacity achieved using the column approach was 8.16 mg/g. In contrast to rival adsorbents, PTCs exhibited significant reusability potential and enhanced adsorption efficiency.
- invasive biomass valorization,
- environmental sustainability,
- circular economy,
- lead contamination,
- water purification
Citation: Kamran Younas, Asma Jamil, Mahtab Ahmad, Nazish Iftikhar, Qaisar Mahmood, Yung-Tse Hung. Innovative biochar adsorbent from Parthenium hysterophorus for carcinogenic lead removal: A step toward cleaner water and sustainable materials[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2026, 13(2): 362-394. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2026015

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Abstract

The study involved pyrolyzing biomass from Parthenium hysterophorus at temperatures of 300,500, and 700℃ to generate charcoal adsorbents (PTC 300, PTC 500, and PTC 700) at reduced prices. Subsequently, the PTCs were evaluated for their efficacy in eliminating Pb (Ⅱ) from industrial effluent. Through the manipulation of operational parameters and the analysis of mathematical models, PTC 500 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents, achieving 20.40 mg Pb (Ⅱ)/g. The major mechanisms for Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption onto biochar derived from P. hysterophorus are ion exchange with inherent mineral cations and surface complexation with oxygenated functional groups (-COOH, -OH). The enhanced immobilization efficacy is due to electrostatic attraction and lead precipitation within the pores of biochar. The pseudo-first order and Langmuir models provided the most precise characterization of Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption onto PTCs in the batch adsorption study. An increased Pb (Ⅱ) concentration, reduced flow velocity, and elevated bed height collectively enhanced Pb (Ⅱ) sorption in the fixed bed column. The Clark model most accurately represented the adsorption process and aligned with the experimental data in comparison to the other column models (Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Clark, and Bohart-Adams models). The supplemental experimental results were consistent with the breakthrough curves. The maximum adsorption capacity achieved using the column approach was 8.16 mg/g. In contrast to rival adsorbents, PTCs exhibited significant reusability potential and enhanced adsorption efficiency.

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