Research article

Spectral IR reflectance analysis of black polymer samples with different electrical conductivities. Important results concerning plastics recycling

  • Published: 20 March 2026
  • The infrared spectroscopic analysis of black polypropylene (PP) polymers with varying electrical conductivities shows that increasing conductivity leads to a pronounced attenuation or complete masking of characteristic infrared absorption bands. This behavior arises from interactions between the incident electromagnetic radiation and free charge carriers, thereby limiting the applicability of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for reliable material identification. Comparable limitations may also occur in non-black polymers that exhibit sufficiently high electrical conductivity. Theoretical modeling and experimental measurements of the samples are presented.

    Citation: Wolfgang Becker, Wenka Schweikert, Stephan Müller, Patrick Weiss. Spectral IR reflectance analysis of black polymer samples with different electrical conductivities. Important results concerning plastics recycling[J]. Clean Technologies and Recycling, 2026, 6(2): 122-138. doi: 10.3934/ctr.2026006

    Related Papers:

  • The infrared spectroscopic analysis of black polypropylene (PP) polymers with varying electrical conductivities shows that increasing conductivity leads to a pronounced attenuation or complete masking of characteristic infrared absorption bands. This behavior arises from interactions between the incident electromagnetic radiation and free charge carriers, thereby limiting the applicability of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for reliable material identification. Comparable limitations may also occur in non-black polymers that exhibit sufficiently high electrical conductivity. Theoretical modeling and experimental measurements of the samples are presented.



    加载中


    [1] Plastics Europe, Plastics the fast facts 2024, accessed 7 October 2025. https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/plastics-the-fast-facts-2024/
    [2] Plastics Europe, The Circular Economy for Plastics—A European Analysis 2024. https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/the-circular-economy-for-plastics-a-european-analysis-2024/
    [3] Chen S, Hu YH (2024) Advancements and future directions in waste plastics recycling: From mechanical methods to innovative chemical processes. Chem Eng J 493: 152727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152727 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152727
    [4] Becker W (2006) Prozessanalytik in der Kunststoffindustrie. In: Kessler RW (ed) Prozessanalytik. Wiley, pp 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527608990.ch18
    [5] Irfan HB, Manasija B (2019) An IoT-based system for classification and identification of plastic waste using near infrared spectroscopy. In: Kundu S, Acharya US, De CK, Mukherjee S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Communication, Devices and Computing. ICCDC 2019. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 602. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0829-5_65
    [6] Zhu S, Chen H, Wang M, et al. (2019) Plastic solid waste identification system based on near infrared spectroscopy in combination with support vector machine. Adv Indust Eng Polymer Res 2: 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.04.001 doi: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.04.001
    [7] Pocheville A, Uria I, España P, Arnaiz S (2025) Raman spectroscopy integrated with machine learning techniques to improve industrial sorting of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) plastics. J Environ Manag 373: 123897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123897 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123897
    [8] Wan E, Tian D, Sun Z, Liu Y (2023) The online in situ detection of plastic and its combustion smoke via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectr Letters 56: 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2023.2165505 doi: 10.1080/00387010.2023.2165505
    [9] Abubaker SA, Chaqmaqchee FA, Taha AH (2021) Identification and characterization of different types of plastics wastes using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence techniques. ARO 9: 22–25. https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10840 doi: 10.14500/aro.10840
    [10] Becker W, Sachsenheimer K, Klemenz M (2017) Detection of black plastics in the Middle Infrared Spectrum (MIR) using photon up-conversion technique for polymer recycling purposes. Polymers 9: 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090435 doi: 10.3390/polym9090435
    [11] Frederick W (1972) Optical Properties of Solids. Academic Press New York and London. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-07656-6
    [12] Fox M (2008) Optical properties of solids, Repr., with corr. Oxford master series in physics Condensed matter physics, vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9780199573370
    [13] Dressel M, Grüner G (2002) Electrodynamics of solids. Optical properties of electrons in matter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606168
    [14] Grosse P (1979) Freie Elektronen in Festkörpern. Hochschultext. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95344-6
    [15] Youn SJ, Rho TH, Min BI, et al. (2007) Extended Drude model analysis of noble metals. Phys Status Solid 244: 1354–1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200642097 doi: 10.1002/pssb.200642097
    [16] Jung E, Lee S, Roh S, et al. (2014) Optical properties of graphite oxide and reduced graphite oxide. J Phys D Appl Phys 47: 265306. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/26/265306 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/47/26/265306
    [17] Sutliff BP, Goyal S, Martin TB, et al. (2024) Correlating near-infrared spectra to bulk properties in polyolefins. Macromolecules 57: 2329–2338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02290 doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02290
    [18] Nan C-W, Shen Y, Ma J (2010) Physical properties of composites near percolation. Annu Rev Mater Res 40: 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104529 doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104529
    [19] Choi H-J, Kim MS, Ahn D, Yeo SY, et al. (2019) Electrical percolation threshold of carbon black in a polymer matrix and its application to antistatic fibre. Sci Rep 9: 6338. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42495-1 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42495-1
    [20] Ma PC, Siddiqui NA, Marom G, et al. (2010) Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: A review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manufact 41: 1345–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.003 doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.003
    [21] Schroder DK (2005) Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization. Wiley. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/0471749095
    [22] Smits FM (1958) Measurement of sheet resistivities with the four-point probe. Bell Syst Techn J 37: 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1958.tb03883.x doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1958.tb03883.x
    [23] Guo R, Su F, Wang H, Guo Y, et al. (2019) Luminescence tuning of Layered Rare-earth Hydroxides (LRHs, R = Tb, Y) composites with 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid and application to the fluorescent detection of Al3. Inorg chem 58: 4979–4988. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03636 doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03636
    [24] Guo R, Li J, Chen L, Yu Z, et al. (2020) SDC/OS-LDH composite for highly sensitive fluorescence detection of Fe3+ at a much lower concentration. Dalton Transact 49: 10413–10420. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01873b doi: 10.1039/d0dt01873b
    [25] Lu J, Zhang H, Li S, et al. (2020) Oxygen-vacancy-enhanced peroxidase-like activity of reduced Co3O4 nanocomposites for the colorimetric detection of H2O2 and Glucose. Inorg Chem 59: 3152–3159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03512 doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03512
    [26] Sun Z, Liao Y, Zhang Y, et al. (2025) Sustainable carbon materials in environmental and energy applications. Sustain Carbon Mater 1: e007. https://doi.org/10.48130/scm-0025-0002 doi: 10.48130/scm-0025-0002
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2026 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(560) PDF downloads(20) Cited by(0)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(5)  /  Tables(2)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog