What Japan can learn from Canada's guidelines on food and nutritional support during emergencies: A scoping review

Hiroka Sato; Noriko Sudo; Yasuyo Wada; Hiroka Sato; Noriko Sudo; Yasuyo Wada

doi:10.3934/urs.2025006

Urban Resilience and Sustainability

2025, Volume 3, Issue 2: 119-153. doi: 10.3934/urs.2025006

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Review

What Japan can learn from Canada's guidelines on food and nutritional support during emergencies: A scoping review

1.
Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
2.
JSPS Research Fellow (DC2), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda City, Tokyo 112-0083, Japan
3.
Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
4.
Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako City, Saitama 351-0197, Japan

Received: 15 March 2025 Revised: 29 July 2025 Accepted: 04 August 2025 Published: 13 August 2025

Background
Providing meals to an evacuated population is important for sustaining their health during disasters. In the 2023 wildfires in Canada, Emergency Social Services played an important role in disaster management, cooperating with restaurants. In contrast, Japan faced operational problems in disaster management during the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake.
Objective
We aimed to investigate the national model for food service management and dietary considerations during disasters in Canada to reveal novel insights for Japan.
Methods
We conducted a scoping review to identify websites, manuals, and guidelines published between 2019 and 2024 using Google. Consequently, a nationwide manual from Canada titled "Emergency food services: Planning for disaster" (EFS manual) was extracted, and eight nationwide guidelines or manuals from Japan were identified that contained items applicable to the EFS manual.
Results
We found that external professional associations actively participate in emergency food services in Canada, whereas public health dietitians mainly take responsibility for food management in Japan. Volunteer organizations or professional meal provision operators, such as restaurant owners, are members of the Food Service Planning Committee in Canadian emergency food management. In Canada, a Food Service Coordinator conducts surveys on food resources that are prepared and reviews them once a year before disasters. Canada followed its national food guidelines for normal situations even in emergency cases, whereas Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued nutritional reference values for evacuation shelters. The Canadian EFS manual highlights the importance of providing adequate support, including meal services, to staff for effective disaster management of evacuees.
Conclusions
Japan, particularly, should utilize external professional associations from the planning stage and dietary care for staff, as in Canada. Our findings may contribute to the revision of the disaster nutrition manual for Japan to improve nutritional assistance in evacuation shelters during disasters.
- Canada,
- disaster management,
- emergency meal service,
- Japan,
- nutrition,
- public health,
- scoping review
Citation: Hiroka Sato, Noriko Sudo, Yasuyo Wada. What Japan can learn from Canada's guidelines on food and nutritional support during emergencies: A scoping review[J]. Urban Resilience and Sustainability, 2025, 3(2): 119-153. doi: 10.3934/urs.2025006

Related Papers:

Abstract

Background

Providing meals to an evacuated population is important for sustaining their health during disasters. In the 2023 wildfires in Canada, Emergency Social Services played an important role in disaster management, cooperating with restaurants. In contrast, Japan faced operational problems in disaster management during the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake.

Objective

We aimed to investigate the national model for food service management and dietary considerations during disasters in Canada to reveal novel insights for Japan.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review to identify websites, manuals, and guidelines published between 2019 and 2024 using Google. Consequently, a nationwide manual from Canada titled "Emergency food services: Planning for disaster" (EFS manual) was extracted, and eight nationwide guidelines or manuals from Japan were identified that contained items applicable to the EFS manual.

Results

We found that external professional associations actively participate in emergency food services in Canada, whereas public health dietitians mainly take responsibility for food management in Japan. Volunteer organizations or professional meal provision operators, such as restaurant owners, are members of the Food Service Planning Committee in Canadian emergency food management. In Canada, a Food Service Coordinator conducts surveys on food resources that are prepared and reviews them once a year before disasters. Canada followed its national food guidelines for normal situations even in emergency cases, whereas Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued nutritional reference values for evacuation shelters. The Canadian EFS manual highlights the importance of providing adequate support, including meal services, to staff for effective disaster management of evacuees.

Conclusions

Japan, particularly, should utilize external professional associations from the planning stage and dietary care for staff, as in Canada. Our findings may contribute to the revision of the disaster nutrition manual for Japan to improve nutritional assistance in evacuation shelters during disasters.

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