Forging a global shield against HMPV: Uniting healthcare systems and community action to counter a silent respiratory epidemic

Mona Gamal Mohamed; Shaimaa Hashem Elsalous; Mona Gamal Mohamed; Shaimaa Hashem Elsalous

doi:10.3934/publichealth.2026010

AIMS Public Health

2026, Volume 13, Issue 1: 158-177. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2026010

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Review

Forging a global shield against HMPV: Uniting healthcare systems and community action to counter a silent respiratory epidemic

Mona Gamal Mohamed ^{1
,
,},
Shaimaa Hashem Elsalous ²

1.
Adult Health Nursing Department, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
2.
Maternity and Newborn Health Nursing Department, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

Received: 06 July 2025 Revised: 06 November 2025 Accepted: 17 December 2025 Published: 21 January 2026

Background
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has emerged as a significant global cause of acute respiratory infections, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite its considerable impact, contributing to 5%–15% of pediatric respiratory hospitalizations and 10% of respiratory deaths in children under five, HMPV often remains underdiagnosed and receives insufficient attention within public health frameworks. The absence of specific antiviral treatments and preventative vaccines further exacerbates its clinical consequences.
Aim
This review aims to consolidate current understanding regarding HMPV's epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies, while also identifying existing gaps in prevention and research efforts.
Methods
A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2001 and 2024 was conducted. The search encompassed databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and those maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). Keywords utilized for the search included “human metapneumovirus”, “HMPV epidemiology”, and “HMPV treatment”. Studies selected for inclusion were rigorously assessed for their epidemiological data, diagnostic methodologies, clinical management protocols, and preventative measures. The collected data were then synthesized to pinpoint critical knowledge deficiencies and areas requiring future research focus.
Results
Our comprehensive analysis indicates that HMPV contributes significantly to global morbidity, exhibiting seasonal patterns that vary geographically with hemisphere and climate. Diagnostic challenges persist due to the symptomatic overlap with other common respiratory viruses like RSV and influenza, and current treatment approaches remain primarily supportive. Promising advancements in vaccine development, including candidates targeting the F-protein and utilizing mRNA technology, are underway but necessitate further clinical evaluation. Populations at high risk, particularly those in resource-limited settings, experience a disproportionately higher burden of disease due to inadequate diagnostic capabilities and underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure.
Conclusions
HMPV represents a substantial, yet frequently underestimated, respiratory pathogen demanding immediate public health attention. Key priorities for addressing this include (1) the development of rapid and accessible diagnostic tools, (2) accelerating vaccine candidates through rigorous clinical trials, (3) establishing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and (4) strengthening global surveillance systems. A coordinated international effort is imperative to mitigate the considerable health and economic repercussions of HMPV infection.
- human metapneumovirus,
- respiratory infections,
- pediatric pneumonia,
- viral diagnostics,
- vaccine development
Citation: Mona Gamal Mohamed, Shaimaa Hashem Elsalous. Forging a global shield against HMPV: Uniting healthcare systems and community action to counter a silent respiratory epidemic[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2026, 13(1): 158-177. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2026010

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Abstract

Background

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has emerged as a significant global cause of acute respiratory infections, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite its considerable impact, contributing to 5%–15% of pediatric respiratory hospitalizations and 10% of respiratory deaths in children under five, HMPV often remains underdiagnosed and receives insufficient attention within public health frameworks. The absence of specific antiviral treatments and preventative vaccines further exacerbates its clinical consequences.

Aim

This review aims to consolidate current understanding regarding HMPV's epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies, while also identifying existing gaps in prevention and research efforts.

Methods

A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2001 and 2024 was conducted. The search encompassed databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and those maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). Keywords utilized for the search included “human metapneumovirus”, “HMPV epidemiology”, and “HMPV treatment”. Studies selected for inclusion were rigorously assessed for their epidemiological data, diagnostic methodologies, clinical management protocols, and preventative measures. The collected data were then synthesized to pinpoint critical knowledge deficiencies and areas requiring future research focus.

Results

Our comprehensive analysis indicates that HMPV contributes significantly to global morbidity, exhibiting seasonal patterns that vary geographically with hemisphere and climate. Diagnostic challenges persist due to the symptomatic overlap with other common respiratory viruses like RSV and influenza, and current treatment approaches remain primarily supportive. Promising advancements in vaccine development, including candidates targeting the F-protein and utilizing mRNA technology, are underway but necessitate further clinical evaluation. Populations at high risk, particularly those in resource-limited settings, experience a disproportionately higher burden of disease due to inadequate diagnostic capabilities and underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure.

Conclusions

HMPV represents a substantial, yet frequently underestimated, respiratory pathogen demanding immediate public health attention. Key priorities for addressing this include (1) the development of rapid and accessible diagnostic tools, (2) accelerating vaccine candidates through rigorous clinical trials, (3) establishing evidence-based treatment guidelines, and (4) strengthening global surveillance systems. A coordinated international effort is imperative to mitigate the considerable health and economic repercussions of HMPV infection.

Authors' contributions

M G M conceived the review idea, designed the study framework, conducted the literature search, screened and selected the studies, and drafted the initial manuscript. M G M and S H E contributed to the literature screening, data extraction, critical appraisal of the included studies, and substantive revision of the manuscript. Both authors contributed to the interpretation and synthesis of the findings, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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