Review

Unraveling the urban climate crisis: Exploring the nexus of urbanization, climate change, and their impacts on the environment and human well-being – A global perspective

  • Received: 18 April 2024 Revised: 16 June 2024 Accepted: 05 July 2024 Published: 27 August 2024
  • The accelerating pace of urbanization, coupled with the intensifying impacts of climate change, poses unprecedented challenges to both the environment and human well-being. In this review, we delved into the intricate interaction between climate change and urbanization and the various effects they have on the environment and human well-being, shedding light on the emergent urban climate crisis. Urban areas serve as epicenters for diverse socio-economic activities, yet they also contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we explored the root causes of the urban climate crisis, examining how rapid urbanization exacerbates climate change and vice versa. By synthesizing current research and case studies, we elucidate the various environmental and social ramifications of this nexus, ranging from urban heat island effects to heightened vulnerability to extreme weather events. Furthermore, we delve into the unequal distribution of climate risks within urban populations, highlighting the disproportionate burden borne by marginalized communities. Finally, the chapter presents strategies and interventions for mitigating and adapting to the urban climate crisis, emphasizing the imperative of holistic and equitable approaches that prioritize both environmental sustainability and human well-being. Overall, this review calls for concerted efforts to unravel the complexities of the urban climate crisis and forge a path toward resilient, sustainable, and equitable urban futures.

    Citation: Sumanta Das, Malini Roy Choudhury, Bhagyasree Chatterjee, Pinanki Das, Sandeep Bagri, Debashis Paul, Mahadev Bera, Suman Dutta. Unraveling the urban climate crisis: Exploring the nexus of urbanization, climate change, and their impacts on the environment and human well-being – A global perspective[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2024, 11(3): 963-1001. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024050

    Related Papers:

  • The accelerating pace of urbanization, coupled with the intensifying impacts of climate change, poses unprecedented challenges to both the environment and human well-being. In this review, we delved into the intricate interaction between climate change and urbanization and the various effects they have on the environment and human well-being, shedding light on the emergent urban climate crisis. Urban areas serve as epicenters for diverse socio-economic activities, yet they also contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we explored the root causes of the urban climate crisis, examining how rapid urbanization exacerbates climate change and vice versa. By synthesizing current research and case studies, we elucidate the various environmental and social ramifications of this nexus, ranging from urban heat island effects to heightened vulnerability to extreme weather events. Furthermore, we delve into the unequal distribution of climate risks within urban populations, highlighting the disproportionate burden borne by marginalized communities. Finally, the chapter presents strategies and interventions for mitigating and adapting to the urban climate crisis, emphasizing the imperative of holistic and equitable approaches that prioritize both environmental sustainability and human well-being. Overall, this review calls for concerted efforts to unravel the complexities of the urban climate crisis and forge a path toward resilient, sustainable, and equitable urban futures.



    加载中

    Acknowledgments



    The authors would like to thank Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Kolkata, India for providing the basic facilities to carry out this work. Additionally, the authors extend gratitude to the researchers for their pioneering work in the field of urbanization and climate change, and to the anonymous reviewers for their forthcoming review of our manuscript. Additionally, the first/corresponding author appreciates the collaboration and support of the co-authors in finalizing the manuscript.

    Authors' contribution



    Sumanta Das: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Software, Literature search and review, Formal analysis, Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Co-ordination, Writing-original draft, Writing- Review & Editing; Malini Roy Choudhury: Conceptualization, Methodology, Literature search and review, Visualization, Writing- Review & Editing; Bhagyasree Chatterjee: Literature search and review, Writing-original draft; Pinanki Das: Literature search and review, Writing-original draft; Sandeep Bagri: Literature search and review, Writing-original draft; Debashis Paul: Literature search and review, Writing-original draft; Mahadev Bera: Writing- Review & Editing; Suman Dutta: Writing- Review & Editing.

    Conflict of interest



    The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

    [1] Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, et al. (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319: 756-760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
    [2] Corburn J (2009) Cities, climate change and urban heat Island mitigation: Localising global environmental science. Urban Studies 46: 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008099361
    [3] Li Y, Smith AB, Johnson CD (2021) Understanding the urban heat island effect: A comprehensive study of temperature variations in urban areas. J Clim Stud 15: 102-118.
    [4] Rosenzweig C, Solecki W, Blake R, et al. (2020) Climate change and the urban future: Flooding and storm surges. Climate change and cities: Second assessment report of the urban climate change research network. UK: Cambridge University Press 65-98.
    [5] Anguelovski I, Carmin J, Collier MJ, et al. (2021) Why green “climate gentrification” threatens poor and racially marginalized communities. P Natl Acad Sci 118: e2009314118.
    [6] (2019) United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population DivisionWorld Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). New York: United Nations 1-126. Available from: https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf.
    [7] IPCCGlobal warming of 1.5°C (2018). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf
    [8] (2021) World BankCities and climate change: An urgent agenda (English). Urban development series knowledge papers, no. 10. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group 1-92. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/194831468325262572/Cities-and-climate-change-an-urgent-agenda.
    [9] (2018) Global Commission on the Economy and ClimateUnlocking the inclusive growth story of the 21st Century: Accelerating climate action in urgent times. USA: New Climate Economy, World Resources Institute. Available from: https://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/.
    [10] Seto KC, Davis SJ, Christensen P (2014) Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning. Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. UK: Cambridge University Press 923-977. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf
    [11] Grimm NB, Chapin FS, Bierwagen B, et al. (2016) The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and function. Front Ecol Environ 11: 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1890/120282
    [12] Rosenzweig C, Solecki W, Romero-Lankao P, et al. (2018) Urban resilience to extreme weather events: Theoretical perspectives and practical insights. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 60: 14-25.
    [13] McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT, et al. (2019) Research gaps in knowledge of the impact of urban growth on biodiversity. Nat Sustain 2: 1048-1053. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0436-6
    [14] Shi L, Zhang G, Chen Y, et al. (2016) Urban heat islands: Challenges towards sustainable heat mitigation. Climate 4: 56.
    [15] Díaz-Reviriego I, Fernandez-Giménez ME, Howard SE, et al. (2020) Climate change impacts on water-related illnesses in Sub-Saharan Africa. P Natl A Sci 117: 32367-32376.
    [16] World BankWorld development indicators (2023). Available from: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators
    [17] Pandey B, Ghosh A (2023) Urban ecosystem services and climate change: A dynamic interplay. Front Sustain Cities 5: 1281430. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2023.1281430
    [18] Zhang XQ (2016) The trends, promises and challenges of urbanisation in the world. Habitat Int 54: 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.018
    [19] Elmqvist T, Setälä H, Handel SN, et al. (2015) Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Curr Opin Env Sust 14: 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001
    [20] Yang X, Shen J (2018) Urban land expansion and its driving factors in China: A comparative study of Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. Habitat Int 71: 11-21.
    [21] (2018) United Nations, Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation division “2018 revision of world urbanization prospects”. New York: United Nations. Available from: https://population.un.org/wup/.
    [22] Gupta PK, Khan M (2020) Urbanization and urban growth in India: A critical review. J Reg Dev Planning 9: 73-86.
    [23] Couch C, Leontidou L, Arnstberg K (2008) Urban sprawl in Europe: Landscape, land-use change and policy. USA: John Wiley & Sons 242-267.
    [24] Meloche, Jean-Philippe (2015) Revitalizing American Cities. Revitalizing American Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. J Urban Res https://doi.org/10.4000/articulo.2617
    [25] Teixeira R, Cervero R (2019) Exploring the determinants of the suburbanization of jobs in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2005–2016. Urban Stud 56: 2367-2388.
    [26] Patel S (2017) Urban growth and sprawl in Delhi-NCR region: A comparative analysis. JURA 9: 191-206.
    [27] Roy A, Alsayed AA (2019) The political ecology of urban development: Infrastructure and everyday life in Dharavi, Mumbai. Int J Urban Reg Res 43: 329-347.
    [28] Liu X, Bae J (2018) Urbanization and industrialization impact of CO2 emissions in China. J Clean Prod 172: 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.156
    [29] Leal Filho W, Perry P, Heim H, et al. (2022) An overview of the contribution of the textiles sector to climate change. Front Environ Sci 10: 973102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.973102
    [30] IEAGlobal energy review: CO2 emissions in 2021 (2022). Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-co2-emissions-in-2021-2
    [31] Kumar JCR, Majid MA (2020) Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: Current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities. Energy Sustain Soc 10: 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1
    [32] Wegrowski B Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest (2019). Available from: https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/deforestation-in-the-amazon-rainforest
    [33] Hinz R, Sulser TB, Huefner R, et al. (2020) Agricultural development and land use change in India: A scenario analysis of trade-offs between UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Earth's Future 8: e2019EF001287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001287
    [34] Sovacool BK, Axsen J, Kempton W (2017) The future promise of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration: A sociotechnical review and research agenda. Annu Rev Environ Resour 42: 377-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030117-020220
    [35] Verma A, Harsha V, Subramanian G (2021) Evolution of urban transportation policies in India: A review and analysis. Transp in Dev Econ 7: 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-021-00136-1
    [36] Paravantis JA, Tasios PD, Dourmas V, et al. (2021) A regression analysis of the carbon footprint of megacities. Sustainability 13: 1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031379
    [37] Allen TR, Crawford T, Montz B, et al. (2019) Linking water infrastructure, public health, and sea level rise: Integrated assessment of flood resilience in coastal cities. Public Works Manag Policy 24: 110-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X18798380
    [38] UN-HabitatWorld cities report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization, The world cities report 2020, 418, UN-Habitat (2020) 1-418. Available from: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/wcr_2020_report.pdf
    [39] Lankao PR, Nychka D, Tribbia JL (2008) Development and greenhouse gas emissions deviate from the ‘modernization’ theory and ‘convergence’ hypothesis. Clim Res 38: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00773
    [40] Anand P, Seetharam K (2010) Climate change and living cities: Global problems with local solutions. In Climate change and sustainable urban development in Africa and Asia. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer 21-35.
    [41] EEA (European Environment Agency).Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. EEA Report No 12/2012, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark (2012) 1-29. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-impacts-and-vulnerability-2012#:~:text=Potential%20physical%2C%20cultural%20and%20social,major%20roads%2C%20railways%2C%20airports%2C
    [42] Hebbert M, Jankovic V, Webb B (2011) City weathers: Meteorology and urban design 1950–2020. University of Manchester, Manchester Architecture Research Centre . Available from: https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/city-weathers-meteorology-and-urban-design-1950-2020
    [43] Carter JG, Connelly A, Handley J, et al. (2012) European cities in a changing climate: exploring climate change hazards, impacts and vulnerabilities. University of Manchester, Centre of Urban and Regional Ecology . Available from: https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/european-cities-in-a-changing-climate-exploring-climate-change-ha
    [44] Haase D, Frantzeskaki N, Elmqvist T (2014) Ecosystem services in urban landscapes: Practical applications and governance implications. Ambio 43: 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0503-1
    [45] McPhearson T, Hamstead ZA, Kremer P (2014) Urban ecosystem services for resilience planning and management in New York City. Ambio 43: 502-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0509-8
    [46] Nowak DJ, Greenfield EJ, Hoehn RE, et al. (2013) Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States. Environ Pollut 178: 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.019
    [47] Agbelade AD, Onyekwelu JC (2020) Tree species diversity, volume yield, biomass and carbon sequestration in urban forests in two Nigerian cities. Urban Ecosyst 23: 957-970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00994-4
    [48] Klein LJ, Zhou W, Albrecht CM (2021) Quantification of carbon sequestration in urban forests. arXiv preprint : 2106.00182. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2106.00182
    [49] Pandey AK, Ghosh A, Rai K, et al. (2019) Abiotic stress in plants: A general outline. Approaches for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. USA: CRC Press 1-46.
    [50] Zhao H, Li G, Guo D, et al. (2021) Response mechanisms to heat stress in bees. Apidol 52: 388-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00830-w
    [51] Xu Y, Ramanathan V, Victor DG (2018) Global warming will happen faster than we think. Nat 564: 30-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5
    [52] Mora C, Frazier AG, Longman RJ, et al. (2013) The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. Nat 502: 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12540
    [53] Grimmond S (2007) Urbanization and global environmental change: Local effects of urban warming. Geogr J 173: 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2007.232_3.x
    [54] Kumar A, Pandey DAC, Khan ML (2020) Urban risk and resilience to climate change and natural hazards: A perspective from million plus cities on the Indian subcontinent. Techniques for disaster risk management and mitigation. USA: John Wiley & Sons 33-46.
    [55] Cheela VRS, John M, Biswas W, et al. (2021) Combating urban heat island effect—A review of reflective pavements and tree shading strategies. Build 11: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030093
    [56] Imam AU, Banerjee UK (2016) Urbanisation and greening of Indian cities: Problems, practices, and policies. Ambio 45: 442-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0763-4
    [57] Arnfield AJ (2003) Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Int J Climatol 23: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859
    [58] Santamouris M, Cartalis C, Synnefa A, et al. (2015) On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review. Energy Build 98: 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.052
    [59] Grover A, Singh RB (2015) Analysis of Urban Heat Island (UHI) in relation to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): A comparative study of Delhi and Mumbai. Environ 2: 125-138. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2020125
    [60] López-Guerrero RE, Verichev K, Moncada-Morales G, et al. (2022) How do urban heat islands affect the thermo-energy performance of buildings?. J Clean Prod 373: 133713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133713
    [61] Kumari P, Garg V, Kumar R, et al. (2021) Impact of urban heat island formation on energy consumption in Delhi. Urban Clim 36: 100763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100763
    [62] Hsu A, Sheriff G, Chakraborty T, et al. (2021) Disproportionate exposure to urban heat island intensity across major US cities. Nat Commun 12: 2721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22799-5
    [63] Mohammad P, Goswami A (2021) Quantifying diurnal and seasonal variation of surface urban heat island intensity and its associated determinants across different climatic zones over Indian cities. GIScience Remote Sens 58: 955-981. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1940739
    [64] Zhan C, Xie M, Lu H, et al. (2023) Impacts of urbanization on air quality and the related health risks in a city with complex terrain. Atmos Chem Phys 23: 771-788. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-771-2023
    [65] Heidari H, Arabi M, Warziniack T, et al. (2021) Effects of urban development patterns on municipal water shortage. Front Water 3: 694817. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.694817
    [66] Veena K, Parammasivam KM, Venkatesh TN (2020) Urban heat island studies: Current status in India and a comparison with the international studies. J Earth Syst Sci 129: 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-1351-y
    [67] Voelkel J, Hellman D, Sakuma R, et al. (2018) Assessing vulnerability to urban heat: A study of disproportionate heat exposure and access to refuge by socio-demographic status in Portland, Oregon. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040640
    [68] Asian Development BankBeating the heat: Investing in pro-poor solutions for urban resilience, Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2022) 1-104. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/815696/beating-heat-pro-poor-solutions-urban-resilience.pdf
    [69] Wang K, Jiang S, Wang J, et al. (2017) Comparing the diurnal and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric and surface urban heat islands based on the Beijing urban meteorological network. J Geophys Res: Atmos 122: 2131-2154. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025304
    [70] Lacke MC, Mote TL, Shepherd JM (2009) Aerosols and associated precipitation patterns in Atlanta. Atmos Environ 43: 4359-4373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.022
    [71] Hoornweg D, Sugar L, Gomez CLT (2020) Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: Moving forward. Urbanisation 5: 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455747120923557
    [72] da Encarnação Paiva AC, Nascimento N, Rodriguez DA, et al. (2020) Urban expansion and its impact on water security: The case of the Paraíba do Sul River Basin, São Paulo, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 720: 137509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137509
    [73] Griggs G, Reguero BG (2021) Coastal adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise. Water 13: 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162151
    [74] Kantamaneni K, Panneer S, Krishnan A, et al. (2022) Appraisal of climate change and cyclone trends in Indian coastal states: A systematic approach towards climate action. Arab J Geosci 15: 814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10076-8
    [75] Singh G, Khole M, Rase D (2015) Extreme rainfall events and urban floods in the growing cities of India. MAUSAM 66: 825-840. https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v66i4.592
    [76] Weiskopf SR, Rubenstein MA, Crozier LG, et al. (2020) Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. Sci Total Environ 733: 137782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782
    [77] Plane E, Hill K, May C (2019) A rapid assessment method to identify potential groundwater flooding hotspots as sea levels rise in coastal cities. Water 11: 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112228
    [78] Speak A, Escobedo FJ, Russo A, et al. (2020) Total urban tree carbon storage and waste management emissions estimated using a combination of LiDAR, field measurements and an end-of-life wood approach. J Cleaner Prod 256: 120420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120420
    [79] Carlan I, Haase D, Große-Stoltenberg A, et al. (2020) Mapping heat and traffic stress of urban park vegetation based on satellite imagery-A comparison of Bucharest, Romania and Leipzig, Germany. Urban Ecosyst 23: 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00916-z
    [80] Kabisch N, Kraemer R, Brenck ME, et al. (2021) A methodological framework for the assessment of regulating and recreational ecosystem services in urban parks under heat and drought conditions. Eco People 17: 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2021.1958062
    [81] Haase D, Hellwig R (2022) Effects of heat and drought stress on the health status of six urban street tree species in Leipzig, Germany. Trees, Forests and People 8: 100252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100252
    [82] Bett B, Kiunga P, Gachohi J, et al. (2017) Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. Prev Vet Med 137: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.019
    [83] Ayanleye S, Udele K, Nasir V, et al. (2022) Durability and protection of mass timber structures: A review. J Build Eng 46: 103731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103731
    [84] Landry SM, Koeser AK, Kane B, et al. (2021) Urban forest response to Hurricane Irma: The role of landscape characteristics and sociodemographic context. Urban For Urban Greening 61: 127093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127093
    [85] Sabiiti EN, Katongole CB, Katuromunda S, et al. Building urban resilience: Assessing urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kampala, Uganda (2014). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Constantine-Katongole/publication/269405657_Assessing_Urban_and_Peri-urban_Agriculture_in_Kampala_Uganda/links/548ab72e0cf214269f1ae50d/Assessing-Urban-and-Peri-urban-Agriculture-in-Kampala-Uganda.pdf
    [86] Pandey B, Ghosh A (2022) Toxicological implications of fine particulates: Sources, chemical composition, and possible underlying mechanism. Airborne Particulate Matter: Source, Chemistry and Health. Singapore, Singapore: Springer Nature 131-166.
    [87] Green H, Bailey J, Schwarz L, et al. (2019) Impact of heat on mortality and morbidity in low and middle income countries: A review of the epidemiological evidence and considerations for future research. Environ Res 171: 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.010
    [88] Schwarz N, Manceu AM (2015) Analyzing the influence of urban forms on surface urban heat islands in Europe. J Urban Plan Dev 141: A4014003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000263
    [89] Lu H, Gaur A, Krayenhoff ES, et al. (2023) Thermal effects of cool roofs and urban vegetation during extreme heat events in three Canadian regions. Sustain Cities Soc 99: 104925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104925
    [90] Tsoka S, Tsikaloudaki K, Theodosiou T, et al. (2020) Urban warming and cities' microclimates: Investigation methods and mitigation strategies—A review. Energies 13: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061414
    [91] Yang J, Wang ZH, Kaloush KE (2015) Environmental impacts of reflective materials: Is high albedo a ‘silver bullet’ for mitigating urban heat island?. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47: 830-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.092
    [92] Masson V, Lemonsu A, Hidalgo J, et al. (2020) Urban climates and climate change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083623
    [93] Faurie C, Varghese BM, Liu J, et al. (2022) Association between high temperature and heatwaves with heat-related illnesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 852: 158332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158332
    [94] Berardi U, Jafarpur P (2020) Assessing the impact of climate change on building heating and cooling energy demand in Canada. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 121: 109681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109681
    [95] Burillo D, Chester MV, Pincetl S, et al. (2019) Electricity infrastructure vulnerabilities due to long-term growth and extreme heat from climate change in Los Angeles County. Energy Policy 128: 943-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.053
    [96] IPCCClimate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability (2022). Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/
    [97] Day JW, Gunn JD, Burger JR (2021) Diminishing opportunities for sustainability of coastal cities in the anthropocene: A review. Front Environ Sci 9: 663275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.663275
    [98] O'Donnell EC, Thorne CR (2020) Drivers of future urban flood risk. Philos Trans R Soc A 378: 20190216. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0216
    [99] Merz B, Blöschl G, Vorogushyn S, et al. (2021) Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods. Nat Rev Earth Environ 2: 592-609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3
    [100] Nazarnia H, Nazarnia M, Sarmasti H, et al. (2020) A systematic review of civil and environmental infrastructures for coastal adaptation to sea level rise. Civ Eng J 6: 1375-1399. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091555
    [101] Tully K, Gedan K, Epanchin-Niell R, et al. (2019) The invisible flood: The chemistry, ecology, and social implications of coastal saltwater intrusion. BioScience 69: 368-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz027
    [102] White N (2020) GMSL from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2 satellite altimeter data. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) . Available from: https://www.physics.unlv.edu/~jeffery/astro/earth/water_bodies/sea_level_rise.html
    [103] Nicholls R, Zanuttigh B, Vanderlinden JP, et al. (2015) Developing a holistic approach to assessing and managing coastal flood risk. Coastal risk management in a changing climate. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann 9-53.
    [104] Abd-Elhamid HF, Abd-Elaty I, Hussain MS (2020) Mitigation of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers using coastal earth fill considering future sea level rise. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27: 23234-23245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08891-1
    [105] NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)Sea Level Trend 1993–2020 (2020). Available from: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level#:~:text=Between%201993%20and%202023%20mean,(15%2D20%20centimeters)
    [106] Revi A, Satterthwaite D, Aragón-Durand F, et al. (2014) Urban areas. Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 535-612.
    [107] Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, et al. (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ 121: 2331-2378. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
    [108] Li T, Horton RM, Kinney P (2013) Future projections of seasonal patterns in temperature-related deaths for Manhattan. Nat Clim Chang 3: 717-721. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1902
    [109] Debnath KB, Jenkins D, Patidar S, et al. (2023) Climate change, extreme heat, and South Asian megacities: Impact of heat stress on inhabitants and their productivity. ASME J Engi Sust Build Cities 4: 4. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064021
    [110] World Health OrganizationAir pollution (2021). Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
    [111] Kaur R, Pandey P (2021) Air pollution, climate change, and human health in Indian cities: A brief review. Front Sustain Cities 3: 705131. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.705131
    [112] Wieser AA, Scherz M, Passer A, et al. (2021) Challenges of a healthy built environment: Air pollution in construction industry. Sustainability 13: 10469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810469
    [113] Rizwan S, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK (2013) “Air pollution in Delhi: Its magnitude and effects on health”. IJCM: IAPSM 38: 4-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.106617
    [114] Pradeep BS, Gururaj G, Varghese M, et al. (2016) National mental health survey of India, 2016- Rationale, design and methods. PLoS One 13: e0205096. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205096
    [115] Ventriglio A, Torales J, Castaldelli-Maia JM, et al. (2021) Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS Spectrums 26: 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920001236
    [116] Gupta N, Aithal BH (2022) Effects of rising urban temperatures on the wellbeing of the residents: A case study of Kolkata Metropolitan Region. Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev 10: 79-98. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.4_79
    [117] Kalkstein LS, Smoyer KE (1993) The impact of climate change on human health: Some international implications. Experientia 49: 969-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02125644
    [118] Kolstad EW, Johansson KA (2011) Uncertainties associated with quantifying climate change impacts on human health: A case study for diarrhea. Environ Health Perspect 119: 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002060
    [119] Ajjur SB, Al-Ghamdi SG (2022) Exploring urban growth–climate change–flood risk nexus in fast growing cities. Sci Rep 12: 12265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16475-x
    [120] D'Souza RM, Becker NG, Hall G, et al. (2004) Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease?. Epidemiol 15: 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000101021.03453.3e
    [121] Naumova EN, Jagai JS, Matyas B, et al. (2007) Seasonality in six enterically transmitted diseases and ambient temperature. Epidemiol Infec 135: 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268806006698
    [122] Onozuka D, Hashizume M, Hagihara A (2010) Effects of weather variability on infectious gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infec 138: 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809990574
    [123] Hashizume M, Armstrong B, Hajat S, et al. (2007) Association between climate variability and hospital visits for non-cholera diarrhoea in Bangladesh: Effects and vulnerable groups. Int J Epidemiol 36: 1030-1037. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym148
    [124] Clayton S, Manning C, Krygsman K, et al. (2017) Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, and ecoAmerica. Available from: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental-health-climate.pdf
    [125] Hanna EG, McIver L (2018) Climate change: A brief overview of the science and health impacts for Australia. Med J Aust 208: 311-315. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00640
    [126] Murari KK, Ghosh S, Patwardhan A, et al. (2015) Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect on heat stress and mortality. Reg Environ Change 15: 569-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0660-6
    [127] Kovats RS, Hajat S (2008) Heat stress and public health: A critical review. Annual Review of Public Health 29: 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
    [128] Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, et al. (2014) Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 3286-3291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302089111
    [129] Confalonieri UE, Marinho DP, Rodriguez RE (2009) Public health vulnerability to climate change in Brazil. Clim Res 40: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00808
    [130] Harlan SL, Pellow DN, Roberts JT, et al. (2015) Climate justice and inequality. Climate change and society: Sociological perspectives. New York: Oxford Academic 127-163. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199356102.003.0005
    [131] Narzetti DA, Marques RC (2021) Access to water and sanitation services in Brazilian vulnerable areas: The role of regulation and recent institutional reform. Water 13: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060787
    [132] Wiryomartono B (2020) Capitalist agenda behind the seawall development in Jakarta bay, Indonesia: The marginalization of urban poor. Traditions and transformations of habitation in Indonesia. Singapore: Springer 223-245.
    [133] Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls RJ, et al. (2013) Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat Clim Chang 3: 802-806. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979
    [134] Colten CE, Kates RW, Laska SB (2008) Three years after Katrina: Lessons for community resilience. Environ: Sci Policy Susta Dev 50: 36-47. https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.50.5.36-47
    [135] Eriksen SH, Nightingale AJ, Eakin H (2015) Reframing adaptation: The political nature of climate change adaptation. Global Environ Change 35: 523-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.014
    [136] Luber G, McGeehin M (2008) Climate change and extreme heat events. Am J Prev Med 35: 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.021
    [137] Pataki DE, Carreiro MM, Cherrier J, et al. (2011) Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: Ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Fron Ecol Environ 9: 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1890/090220
    [138] Hoyer J, Dickhaut W, Kronawitter L, et al. (2011) Water sensitive urban design: Principles and inspiration for sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future. Berlin, Germany: Jovis 18-20.
    [139] Lancaster T (2006) Planning and implementation of sustainable stormwater management systems in the city of Vancouver: The green roof example [Doctoral dissertation]. [UK]: University of British Columbia 123p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106455
    [140] Sanchez FG, Govindarajulu D (2023) Integrating blue-green infrastructure in urban planning for climate adaptation: Lessons from Chennai and Kochi, India. Land Use Policy 124: 106455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106455
    [141] Schoenefeld JJ, Hildén M, Schulze K (2022) Policy innovation for sustainable development. Handbook on the governance of sustainable development. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing 161-174.
    [142] Bardosh KL, Ryan SJ, Ebi K, et al. (2017) Addressing vulnerability, building resilience: community-based adaptation to vector-borne diseases in the context of global change. Infect Dis Poverty 6: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0375-2
    [143] Meng M, Dabrowski M, Stead D (2020) Enhancing flood resilience and climate adaptation: The state of the art and new directions for spatial planning. Sustainability 12: 7864. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197864
    [144] Hemani S, Das AK (2016) Humanising urban development in India: Call for a more comprehensive approach to social sustainability in the urban policy and design context. Int J Urban Sustain Dev 8: 144-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2015.1074580
    [145] Waisman H, Bataille C, Winkler H, et al. (2019) A pathway design framework for national low greenhouse gas emission development strategies. Nat Clim Change 9: 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0442-8
    [146] Lamsal P, Bajracharya S, Rijal H (2021) Guidelines for climate responsive building design in three regions of Nepal. Build Environ : 63-74.
    [147] Simeonova K, Diaz BH (2005) Integrated climate-change strategies of industrialized countries. Energy 30: 2537-2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.014
    [148] Konidari P, Mavrakis D (2007) A multi-criteria evaluation method for climate change mitigation policy instruments. Energy Policy 35: 6235-6257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.007
    [149] Turton H (2008) ECLIPSE: An integrated energy-economy model for climate policy and scenario analysis. Energy 33: 1754-1769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.07.008
    [150] Sethi M, Sharma R, Mohapatra S, et al. (2021) How to tackle complexity in urban climate resilience? Negotiating climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in India. PLoS One 16: e0253904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253904
    [151] Gartland LM, Luber G, Runkle J (2021) Urban heat islands: Disproportionate risks to underserved communities. Am J Public Health 111: 202-204. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306060
    [152] Albino V, Berardi U, Dangelico RM (2015) Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. J Urban Technol 22: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
    [153] Ramaswami A, Russell AG, Culligan PJ, et al. (2016) Meta-principles for developing smart, sustainable, and healthy cities. Sci 352: 940-943. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7160
    [154] Gómez-Baggethun E, Barton DN, Berry P (2013) The case of ecosystem services in urban resilience: A review of the literature. Cities 31: 160-168.
    [155] Bulkeley H, Castán Broto V (2013) Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. T I Brit Geogr 38: 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00535.x
    [156] Anguelovski I, Carmin J, Roberts D (2016) The urban climate justice agenda: A transformative action policy agenda. J Plan Educ Res 36: 333-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16645166
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(1199) PDF downloads(127) Cited by(1)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(10)  /  Tables(2)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog