It is well-known that smoking tobacco harms the respiratory system and can lead to various health problems. Regarding COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, smoking may have implications for both the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. Several studies have explored the association between smoking and COVID-19. However, findings have been somewhat inconsistent and vary from region to region for sample size. This article aims to study the prevalence of COVID-19 among those affected with their ongoing smoking history by computing pooled estimates of the published research. Fixed effect meta-analysis by following the guidelines of PRISMA has been carried out on 34 studies. The patients with confirmed RT-PCR and CT-scan were included, a total of 13,368; The studies' quality assessment was performed according to the Appraisal Checklist recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The effect sizes of the published research are presented in the form of pooled estimates with their respective confidence intervals. Forest plots are used to represent the effect size graphically. Current smokers' effect sizes are 0.12 (CI = 0.11–0.12); for non-smokers, it is estimated to be 0.88 (CI = 0.88–0.89). The heterogeneity statistic I2 describes 0% of the total variation, meaning no heterogeneity among studies exists. A higher prevalence of COVID-19 among non-smokers is observed than the smokers.
Citation: Rafia Butt, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani, Muhammad Aslam, Mohammed Albassam. Smoking and prevalence of COVID-19: Evidence from studies from January 2020 – May 2020[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(3): 538-552. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023038
| [1] | Yue Shi, Xin Zhang, Chunlan Yang, Jiechuan Ren, Zhimei Li, Qun Wang . A review on epileptic foci localization using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2020, 17(3): 2496-2515. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020137 |
| [2] | Ning Huang, Zhengtao Xi, Yingying Jiao, Yudong Zhang, Zhuqing Jiao, Xiaona Li . Multi-modal feature fusion with multi-head self-attention for epileptic EEG signals. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2024, 21(8): 6918-6935. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024304 |
| [3] | Francesca Sapuppo, Elena Umana, Mattia Frasca, Manuela La Rosa, David Shannahoff-Khalsa, Luigi Fortuna, Maide Bucolo . Complex spatio-temporal features in meg data. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2006, 3(4): 697-716. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2006.3.697 |
| [4] | Yunyuan Gao, Zhen Cao, Jia Liu, Jianhai Zhang . A novel dynamic brain network in arousal for brain states and emotion analysis. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(6): 7440-7463. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021368 |
| [5] | N Arunkumar, B Nagaraj, M Ruth Keziah . EpilepIndex: A novel feature engineering tool to detect epilepsy using EEG signals. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(12): 21670-21691. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023959 |
| [6] | Zhi Li, Jiyang Fu, Qisheng Liang, Huajian Mao, Yuncheng He . Modal identification of civil structures via covariance-driven stochastic subspace method. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(5): 5709-5728. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019285 |
| [7] | Shinsuke Koyama, Lubomir Kostal . The effect of interspike interval statistics on the information gainunder the rate coding hypothesis. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2014, 11(1): 63-80. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2014.11.63 |
| [8] | Jing Cao, Hui Gan, Han Xiao, Hui Chen, Dan Jian, Ning Jiang, Xuan Zhai . Key protein-coding genes related to microglia in immune regulation and inflammatory response induced by epilepsy. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(6): 9563-9578. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021469 |
| [9] | Avery Meiksin . Using the SEIR model to constrain the role of contaminated fomites in spreading an epidemic: An application to COVID-19 in the UK. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(4): 3564-3590. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022164 |
| [10] | Bei Liu, Hongzi Bai, Wei Chen, Huaquan Chen, Zhen Zhang . Automatic detection method of epileptic seizures based on IRCMDE and PSO-SVM. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(5): 9349-9363. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023410 |
It is well-known that smoking tobacco harms the respiratory system and can lead to various health problems. Regarding COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, smoking may have implications for both the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. Several studies have explored the association between smoking and COVID-19. However, findings have been somewhat inconsistent and vary from region to region for sample size. This article aims to study the prevalence of COVID-19 among those affected with their ongoing smoking history by computing pooled estimates of the published research. Fixed effect meta-analysis by following the guidelines of PRISMA has been carried out on 34 studies. The patients with confirmed RT-PCR and CT-scan were included, a total of 13,368; The studies' quality assessment was performed according to the Appraisal Checklist recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The effect sizes of the published research are presented in the form of pooled estimates with their respective confidence intervals. Forest plots are used to represent the effect size graphically. Current smokers' effect sizes are 0.12 (CI = 0.11–0.12); for non-smokers, it is estimated to be 0.88 (CI = 0.88–0.89). The heterogeneity statistic I2 describes 0% of the total variation, meaning no heterogeneity among studies exists. A higher prevalence of COVID-19 among non-smokers is observed than the smokers.
| [1] |
Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New Engl J Med 382: 1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 
|
| [2] |
Li K, Fang Y, Li W, et al. (2020) CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Eur Radiol 30: 4407-4416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06817-6
|
| [3] |
Zhang J, Dong X, Cao Y, et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 75: 1730-1741. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238
|
| [4] | World Health OrganizationOrigin of SARS-CoV-2, 26 March 2020 (2020). Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332197/WHO-2019-nCoV-FAQ-Virus_origin-2020.1-eng.pdf. |
| [5] |
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395: 1054-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
|
| [6] |
Yang J, Zheng YA, Gou X, et al. (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94: 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
|
| [7] |
Covid CDC, Team R, Chow N, et al. (2020) Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019—United States, February 12–March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69: 382-386. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2
|
| [8] |
Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. (2020) Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69: 458-464. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
|
| [9] |
Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R, et al. (2020) The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID-19: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 92: 1915-1921. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25889
|
| [10] |
Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, et al. (2021) Epidemiology of lung cancer. Współczesna Onkol 25: 45-52. https://doi.org/10.5114/wo.2021.103829
|
| [11] |
Vardavas CI, Nikitara K (2020) COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis 18: 20. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/119324
|
| [12] |
Wang X, Ricciuti B, Nguyen T, et al. (2021) Association between smoking history and tumor mutation burden in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 81: 2566-2573. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-3991
|
| [13] |
Tsai J, Walton K, Coleman BN, et al. (2018) Reasons for electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 196-200. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6706a5
|
| [14] |
Umnuaypornlert A, Kanchanasurakit S, Lucero-Prisno DE, et al. (2021) Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 19: 09. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/132411
|
| [15] |
Feldman C, Anderson R (2013) Cigarette smoking and mechanisms of susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract and other organ systems. J Infect 67: 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2013.05.004
|
| [16] |
Farsalinos KE, Polosa R (2014) Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 5: 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098614524430
|
| [17] |
Lippi G, Henry BM (2020) Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Intern Med 75: 107-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.014
|
| [18] |
Coccia M (2022) Optimal levels of vaccination to reduce COVID-19 infected individuals and deaths: A global analysis. Environ Res 204: 112314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112314
|
| [19] |
Qin X, Zhang W, Xu S, et al. (2023) Prevalence and risk factors of anxious and depressive symptoms in first-trimester females and their partners: a study during the pandemic era of COVID-19 in China. BMC Psychiatry 23: 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04621-2
|
| [20] |
Coccia M (2022) COVID-19 pandemic over 2020 (with lockdowns) and 2021 (with vaccinations): similar effects for seasonality and environmental factors. Environ Res 208: 112711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112711
|
| [21] | Salim Bahrami SAR, Khamse M, Sanaei Z, et al. (2023) Relationship of Oxygen Saturation Percentage (SaO2) and Arterial Oxygen Pressure (PaO2) with the Outcome of Covid-19 Patients Hospitalized in intensive care Units. Avicenna J Med 29: 204-210. |
| [22] |
Scaramuzzo G, Nucera F, Asmundo A, et al. (2023) Cellular and molecular features of COVID-19 associated ARDS: therapeutic relevance. J Inflamm 20: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-023-00333-2
|
| [23] |
Nunez-Delgado A, Bontempi E, Coccia M, et al. (2021) SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. Environ Res 201: 111606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111606
|
| [24] |
Rashid A, Misya'il A, Md Noh MSF, et al. (2023) Establishing a hyperacute stroke service during the COVID-19 pandemic: our institution's one year experience. BMC Neurol 23: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-023-03102-z
|
| [25] | Benati I, Coccia M (2022) Global analysis of timely COVID-19 vaccinations: improving governance to reinforce response policies for pandemic crises. Int J Health Gov 27: 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-07-2021-0072 |
| [26] |
Nishimura M, Asai K, Tabuchi T, et al. (2023) Association of combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products use with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in Japan: a JASTIS 2022 cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 13: 1120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28006-3
|
| [27] |
Arya S, Kaji AH, Boermeester MA (2021) PRISMA reporting guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews. JAMA Surg 156: 789-790. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0546
|
| [28] |
Pormohammad A, Ghorbani S, Baradaran B, et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes of 61,742 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 147: 104390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104390
|
| [29] |
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8: 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
|
| [30] |
Munn Z, Moola S, Riitano D, et al. (2014) The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence. Int J Health Policy Manag 3: 123-128. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2014.71
|
| [31] | Hak T, van Rhee H, Suurmond R (2016) How to interpret results of meta-analysis. SSRN : 3241367. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3241367 |
| [32] |
Nyaga VN, Arbyn M, Aerts M (2014) Metaprop: a Stata command to perform meta-analysis of binomial data. Arch Public Health 72: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-3258-72-39
|
| [33] |
Haleem A, Javaid M, Vaishya R, et al. (2020) Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in the field of orthopaedics. J Clin Orthop Trauma 11: 498-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2020.03.015
|
| [34] | Guo FR (2020) Active smoking is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): an update of a meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 18: 37. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/121915 |
| [35] |
Chen T, Wu DI, Chen H, et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 368: m1091. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091
|
| [36] |
Wang R, Pan M, Zhang X, et al. (2020) Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Fuyang, Anhui, China. Int J Infect Dis 95: 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.070
|
| [37] |
Liu F, Xu A, Zhang Y, et al. (2020) Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression. Int J Infect Dis 95: 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.013
|
| [38] | World Health OrganizationAdvice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. |
| 1. | Montn Phothisonothai, Yuko Yoshimura, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Yoshio Minabe, Katsumi Watanabe, 2013, Posterior probability estimation for actual and artifactual components from MEG data, 978-1-4673-4853-9, 176, 10.1109/KST.2013.6512811 | |
| 2. | David Hsu, Murielle Hsu, Zwanzig-Mori projection operators and EEG dynamics: deriving a simple equation of motion, 2009, 2, 1757-5036, 10.1186/1757-5036-2-6 | |
| 3. | Montri Phothisonothai, Fang Duan, Hiroyuki Tsubomi, Aki Kondo, Kazuyuki Aihara, Yuko Yoshimura, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Yoshio Minabe, Katsumi Watanabe, 2012, Artifactual component classification from MEG data using support vector machine, 978-1-4673-4892-8, 1, 10.1109/BMEiCon.2012.6465462 |
Rafia Butt, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani, Muhammad Aslam, Mohammed Albassam. Smoking and prevalence of COVID-19: Evidence from studies from January 2020 – May 2020[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(3): 538-552. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023038
DownLoad: