Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin are the most common malignant tumors in humans. The c-Kit (CD117) is a tyrosine kinase receptor protein that affects the behavior of some tumors and can be a target for new treatments. This study was designed to determine the expression of CD117 in patients with SCC and BCC. In this retrospective study, 69 paraffin blocks of specimens with a diagnosis of SCC and BCC from limbs, head/neck, trunk, and unknown sites were selected. Tumor tissue samples of 40 SCC and 29 BCC cases were then analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The monoclonal CD117 antibody was used. The severity and extent of tumor staining were grouped as follows: negative; weakly positive; moderately positive; and strongly positive. The CD117 was detected positive in 26 (89.7%) BCCs and only in 5 (12.5%) of SCCs. We detected a significant difference between the expression of CD117 in patients with SCC and BCC (P < 0.05). No significant relationship was shown between the marker expression and the lesion site in patients with SCC or BCC (P > 0.05). On the contrary, a significant relationship between CD117 expression and histopathologic grading was identified in patients with SCC (P < 0.05). According to our results, the expression of CD117 is significantly increased in BCCs than SCCs and this may be of benefit for diagnostic purposes in challenging cases and also for therapeutic purposes including targeted therapy if indicated.
Citation: Mazaher Ramezani, Marziyeh Masnadjam, Ali Azizi, Elisa Zavattaro, Sedigheh Khazaei, Masoud Sadeghi. Evaluation of c-Kit (CD117) expression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin[J]. AIMS Molecular Science, 2021, 8(1): 51-59. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2021004
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin are the most common malignant tumors in humans. The c-Kit (CD117) is a tyrosine kinase receptor protein that affects the behavior of some tumors and can be a target for new treatments. This study was designed to determine the expression of CD117 in patients with SCC and BCC. In this retrospective study, 69 paraffin blocks of specimens with a diagnosis of SCC and BCC from limbs, head/neck, trunk, and unknown sites were selected. Tumor tissue samples of 40 SCC and 29 BCC cases were then analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The monoclonal CD117 antibody was used. The severity and extent of tumor staining were grouped as follows: negative; weakly positive; moderately positive; and strongly positive. The CD117 was detected positive in 26 (89.7%) BCCs and only in 5 (12.5%) of SCCs. We detected a significant difference between the expression of CD117 in patients with SCC and BCC (P < 0.05). No significant relationship was shown between the marker expression and the lesion site in patients with SCC or BCC (P > 0.05). On the contrary, a significant relationship between CD117 expression and histopathologic grading was identified in patients with SCC (P < 0.05). According to our results, the expression of CD117 is significantly increased in BCCs than SCCs and this may be of benefit for diagnostic purposes in challenging cases and also for therapeutic purposes including targeted therapy if indicated.
In this paper, we are concerned with the sharp decay rates of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the isentropic Navier-Stokes equations:
{∂tρ+div(ρu)=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,∂t(ρu)+div(ρu⊗u)+∇p(ρ)=divT,(t,x)∈R+×R3,lim|x|→∞ρ=ˉρ,lim|x|→∞u=0,t∈R+,(ρ,u)|t=0=(ρ0,u0),x∈R3, | (1.1) |
which governs the motion of a isentropic compressible viscous fluid. The unknown functions
Using the classical spectral method, the optimal time decay rate (upper bound) of the linearized equations of the isentropic Navier-Stokes equations are well known. One may then expect that the small solution of the nonlinear equations (1.1) have the same decay rate as the linear one. Our work is devoted to proving the sharp time decay rate (for both upper and lower bound) for the nonlinear system.
In the case of one space dimension, Zeng [24] and Liu-Zeng [15] offered a detailed analysis of the solution to a class of hyperbolic-parabolic system through point-wise estimate, including the isentropic Navier-Stokes system. For multi-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations (and/or Navier-Stokes-Fourier system), the
When additional external force is taken into account, the external force does affect the long time behavior of solutions. The upper bound of time decay rates were studied intensively, see for instance [1] and [2] on unbounded domain, [22], [23] on the convergence of the non-stationary flow to the corresponding steady flow when the initial date are small in
The main goal of current paper is to establish the sharp decay rate, on both upper and lower bounds, to the solutions of (1.1) using relatively simple energy method. We remark that similar results had been pursued by M. Schonbek [20], [21] for incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and by Li, Matsumura-Zhang [13] for isentropic Navier-Stokes-Poisson system. Although they share the same spirit in obtaining the lower bound decay rates, the feature of the spectrum near zero exhibits quite different behaviors, leading to different analysis. For instance, we explored the elegant structure of the higher order nonlinear terms of Navier-Stokes, when choosing conservative variables: density and momentum. The conservative form of the sharp equations provided a natural derivative structure in these terms, leading to the possibility of a faster decay rate estimate. We will make a more detailed comparison later in this paper.
Define
{∂tn+divm=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,∂tm+c2∇n−ˉμ△m−(ˉμ+ˉν)∇divm=F,(t,x)∈R+×R3,lim|x|→∞n=0,lim|x|→∞m=0,t∈R+,(n,m)|t=0=(ρ0−ˉρ,ρ0u0),x∈R3, | (1.2) |
where
F=−div{m⊗mn+ˉρ+ˉμ∇(nmn+ˉρ)}−∇{(ˉμ+ˉν)div(nmn+ˉρ)+(p(n+ˉρ)−p(ˉρ)−c2n)}. |
It is this structure of
Our aim is to obtain a clear picture of the large time behavior of
{∂t˜n+div˜m=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,∂t˜m+c2∇˜n−ˉμ△˜m−(ˉμ+ˉν)∇div˜m=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,lim|x|→∞˜n=0,lim|x|→∞˜m=0,t∈R+,(˜n,˜m)|t=0=(ρ0−ˉρ,ρ0u0),x∈R3, | (1.3) |
where
Notation. For
We now state our main result.
Theorem 1.1. Assume that
∫R3(n0,m0)dx≠0, | (1.4) |
then there is a unique global classical solution
C−1(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇k˜n(t)‖L2(R3)≤C(1+t)−34−k2,k=0,1,2,3,C−1(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇k˜m(t)‖L2(R3)≤C(1+t)−34−k2,k=0,1,2,3, |
and the initial value problem (1.2) has a unique solution
‖∇k(nh,mh)(t)‖L2(R3)≲δ20(1+t)−54−k2,k=0,1,2,‖∇3mh(t)‖L2(R3)≲δ20(1+t)−114,‖∇3nh(t)‖L2(R3)≲δ0(1+t)−74. |
As a consequence, there exists a positive constant
C−11(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇kn(t)‖L2(R3)≤C1(1+t)−34−k2,k=0,1,2,C−11(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇km(t)‖L2(R3)≤C1(1+t)−34−k2,k=0,1,2,3. |
Remark 1.1. We remark that this theorem is valid under the condition (1.4) which is important in the lower bound estimate to the linearized problem. When (1.4) fails, the decay rate of the linearized system (1.3) depends on the order of the degeneracy of moments. Assume
Remark 1.2. In [13], Li, Matsumura-Zhang proved the lower bound decay rate of the linearized isentropic Navier-Stokes-Poisson system, they only require
In what follows, we will set
{∂tn+ˉρdivu=−ndivu−u⋅∇n,∂tu+γˉρ∇n−ˉμ△u−(ˉμ+ˉν)∇divu=−u⋅∇u−ˉμf(n)△u−(ˉμ+ˉν)f(n)∇divu−g(n)∇n,lim|x|→∞n=0,lim|x|→∞u=0,(n,u)|t=0=(ρ0−ˉρ,u0), | (2.1) |
where
f(n):=nn+ˉρ,g(n):=p′(n+ˉρ)n+ˉρ−p′(ˉρ)ˉρ. | (2.2) |
We assume that there exist a time of existence
‖n(t)‖H3+‖u(t)‖H3≤δ, | (2.3) |
holds for any
ˉρ2≤n+ˉρ≤2ˉρ. |
Hence, we immediately have
|f(n)|,|g(n)|≤C|n|,|∇kf(n)|,|∇kg(n)|≤C∀k∈N+, | (2.4) |
where
Next, we begin with the energy estimates including
Theorem 2.1. Assume that
‖n0‖H3+‖u0‖H3≤δ0, |
then the problem (2.1) admits a unique global solution
‖n(t)‖2H3+‖u(t)‖2H3+∫t0(‖∇n(τ)‖2H2+‖∇u(τ)‖2H3)dτ≤C(‖n0‖2H3+‖u0‖2H3), |
where
The proof of this theorem is divided into several subsections.
For
12ddt∫R3(γ|n|2+|u|2)dx+∫R3(ˉμ|∇u|2+(ˉμ+ˉν)|divu|2)dx=∫R3γ(−ndivu−u⋅∇n)n−(u⋅∇u+ˉμf(n)△u+(ˉμ+ˉν)f(n)∇divu+g(n)∇n)⋅udx≲‖n‖L3‖∇u‖L2‖n‖L6+(‖u‖L3‖∇u‖L2+‖n‖L3‖∇n‖L2)‖u‖L6+(‖u‖L∞‖∇n‖L2+‖n‖L∞‖∇u‖L2)‖∇u‖L2≲(‖n‖L3+‖u‖L3+‖n‖L∞+‖u‖L∞)(‖∇n‖2L2+‖∇u‖2L2). | (2.5) |
Now for
12ddt∫R3(γ|∇n|2+|∇u|2)dx+∫R3(ˉμ|∇2u|2+(ˉμ+ˉν)|∇divu|2)dx≲(‖n‖L∞+‖u‖L∞+‖∇n‖L∞+‖∇u‖L∞)(‖∇n‖2L2+‖∇u‖2L2+‖∇2u‖2L2). | (2.6) |
For
12ddt∫R3(γ|∇2n|2+|∇2u|2)dx+∫R3(ˉμ|∇3u|2+(ˉμ+ˉν)|∇2divu|2)dx≲(‖n‖L∞+‖u‖L∞+‖∇n‖L∞+‖∇u‖L∞)(‖∇2n‖2L2+‖∇2u‖2L2+‖∇3u‖2L2). | (2.7) |
For
12ddt∫R3(γ|∇3n|2+|∇3u|2)dx+∫R3(ˉμ|∇4u|2+(ˉμ+ˉν)|∇3divu|2)dx≲(‖n‖L∞+‖u‖L∞+‖∇n‖L∞+‖∇u‖L∞)(‖∇3n‖2L2+‖∇3u‖2L2+‖∇4u‖2L2)+‖∇n‖L3‖∇4u‖L2‖∇2n‖L6+‖∇u‖L3‖∇4u‖L2‖∇2u‖L6+‖∇2n‖L3(‖∇3n‖L2+‖∇4u‖L2)‖∇2u‖L6. | (2.8) |
Summing up the above estimates, noting that
ddt∑0≤k≤3(γ‖∇kn‖2L2+‖∇ku‖2L2)+C1∑1≤k≤4‖∇ku‖2L2≤C2δ∑1≤k≤3‖∇kn‖2L2. | (2.9) |
For
ddt∫R3u⋅∇ndx+γˉρ∫R3|∇n|2dx≲‖∇u‖2L2+‖∇n‖L2‖∇2u‖L2+(‖n‖L∞+‖u‖L∞)(‖∇n‖2L2+‖∇u‖2L2), | (2.10) |
for
ddt∫R3∇u⋅∇2ndx+γˉρ∫R3|∇2n|2dx≲‖∇2u‖2L2+‖∇2n‖L2‖∇3u‖L2+(‖(n,u)‖L∞+‖(∇n,∇u)‖L∞)×(‖∇n‖2L2+‖∇2n‖2L2+‖∇2u‖2L2), | (2.11) |
and for
ddt∫R3∇2u⋅∇3ndx+γˉρ∫R3|∇3n|2dx≲‖∇3u‖2L2+‖∇3n‖L2‖∇4u‖L2+(‖(n,u)‖L∞+‖(∇n,∇u)‖L∞)×(‖∇2n‖2L2+‖∇2u‖2L2+‖∇3n‖2L2+‖∇3u‖2L2). | (2.12) |
Plugging the above estimates, using the smallness of
ddt∑0≤k≤2∫R3∇ku⋅∇k+1ndx+C3∑1≤k≤3‖∇kn‖2L2≤C4∑1≤k≤4‖∇ku‖2L2. | (2.13) |
Proof of Theorem 2.1. Multiplying (2.13) by
ddt{∑0≤k≤3(γ‖∇kn‖2L2+‖∇ku‖2L2)+2C2δC3∑0≤k≤2∫R3∇ku⋅∇k+1ndx}+C5{∑1≤k≤3‖∇kn‖2L2+∑1≤k≤4‖∇ku‖2L2}≤0. | (2.14) |
Next, we define
ddtE(t)+‖∇n(t)‖2H2+‖∇u(t)‖2H3≤0. | (2.15) |
Observe that since
C−16(‖n(t)‖2H3+‖u(t)‖2H3)≤E(t)≤C6(‖n(t)‖2H3+‖u(t)‖2H3). |
Then integrating (2.15) directly in time, we get
sup0≤t≤T(‖n(t)‖2H3+‖u(t)‖2H3)+C6∫T0(‖∇n(τ)‖2H2+‖∇u(τ)‖2H3)dτ≤C26(‖n0‖2H3+‖u0‖2H3). |
Using a standard continuity argument along with classical local wellposedness theory, this closes the a priori assumption (2.3) if we assume
In this section, we consider the initial value problem for the linearized Navier-Stokes system
{∂t˜n+div˜m=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,∂t˜m+c2∇˜n−ˉμ△˜m−(ˉμ+ˉν)∇div˜m=0,(t,x)∈R+×R3,lim|x|→∞˜n=0,lim|x|→∞˜m=0,t∈R+,(˜n,˜m)|t=0=(ρ0−ˉρ,ρ0u0),x∈R3, | (3.1) |
where
In terms of the semigroup theory for evolutionary equations, the solution
˜Ut=B˜U,t≥0,˜U(0)=˜U0, |
which gives rise to
˜U(t)=S(t)˜U0=etB˜U0,t≥0, |
where
B=(0−div−c2∇ˉμ△angle+(ˉμ+ˉν)∇div). |
What left is to analyze the differential operator
∂tˆ˜U(t,ξ)=A(ξ)ˆ˜U(t,ξ),t≥0,ˆ˜U(0,ξ)=ˆ˜U0(ξ), |
where
A(ξ)=(0−iξt−c2iξ−ˉμ|ξ|2I3×3−(ˉμ+ˉν)ξ⊗ξ). |
The eigenvalues of the matrix
det(A(ξ)−λI)=−(λ+ˉμ|ξ|2)2(λ2+(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2λ+c2|ξ|2)=0, |
which implies
λ0=−ˉμ|ξ|2(double),λ1=λ1(|ξ|),λ2=λ2(|ξ|). |
The semigroup
etA=eλ0tP0+eλ1tP1+eλ2tP2, |
where the project operators
Pi=∏i≠jA(ξ)−λjIλi−λj. |
By a direct computation, we can verify the exact expression for the Fourier transform
ˆG(t,ξ)=etA=(λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ2−iξt(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2−c2iξ(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2e−λ0t(I−ξ⊗ξ|ξ|2)+ξ⊗ξ|ξ|2λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2)=(ˆNˆM). |
Indeed, we can make the following decomposition for
ˆ˜n=ˆN⋅ˆ˜U0=(ˆN+ˆN)⋅ˆ˜U0,ˆ˜m=ˆM⋅ˆ˜U0=(ˆM+ˆM)⋅ˆ˜U0, |
where
ˆN=(λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ20),ˆN=(0−iξt(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2),ˆM=(−c2iξ(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ20),ˆM=(0e−λ0t(I−ξ⊗ξ|ξ|2)+ξ⊗ξ|ξ|2λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2). |
We further decompose the Fourier transform
Define
ˆN=ˆN1+ˆN2,ˆN=ˆN1+ˆN2,ˆM=ˆM1+ˆM2,ˆM=ˆM1+ˆM2, |
where
χ(ξ)={1,|ξ|≤R,0,|ξ|≥R+1. |
Then we have the following decomposition for
ˆ˜n=ˆN⋅ˆ˜U0=ˆN1⋅ˆ˜U0+ˆN2⋅ˆ˜U0=(ˆN1+ˆN1)⋅ˆ˜U0+(ˆN2+ˆN2)⋅ˆ˜U0,ˆ˜m=ˆM⋅ˆ˜U0=ˆM1⋅ˆU0+ˆM2⋅ˆ˜U0=(ˆM1+ˆM1)⋅ˆ˜U0+(ˆM2+ˆM2)⋅ˆ˜U0. | (3.2) |
To derive the long time decay rate of solution, we need to use accurate approximation to the Fourier transform
λ1=−2ˉμ+ˉν2|ξ|2+i2√4c2|ξ|2−(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4=a+bi,λ2=−2ˉμ+ˉν2|ξ|2−i2√4c2|ξ|2−(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4=a−bi, | (3.3) |
and we have
λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ2=e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[cos(bt)+12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2sin(bt)b]∼O(1)e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t,|ξ|≤η, |
λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2=e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[cos(bt)−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2sin(bt)b]∼O(1)e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t,|ξ|≤η, |
eλ1t−eλ2tλ1−λ2=e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2tsin(bt)b∼O(1)1|ξ|e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t,|ξ|≤η, |
where
b=12√4c2|ξ|2−(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4∼c|ξ|+O(|ξ|3),|ξ|≤η. |
For the high frequency
λ1=−2ˉμ+ˉν2|ξ|2−12√(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4−4c2|ξ|2=a−b,λ2=−2ˉμ+ˉν2|ξ|2+12√(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4−4c2|ξ|2=a+b, | (3.4) |
and we have
λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ2=12e(a+b)t[1+e−2bt]−a2be(a+b)t[1−e−2bt]∼O(1)e−R0t,|ξ|≥η, |
λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2=a+b2be(a+b)t[1−e−2bt]+e(a−b)t∼O(1)e−R0t,|ξ|≥η, |
eλ1t−eλ2tλ1−λ2=12be(a+b)t[1−e−2bt]∼O(1)1|ξ|2e−R0t,|ξ|≥η, |
where
b=12√(2ˉμ+ˉν)2|ξ|4−4c2|ξ|2∼12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2−2c22ˉμ+ˉν+O(|ξ|−2),|ξ|≥η. |
Here
In this section, we apply the spectral analysis to the semigroup for the linearized Navier-Stokes system. We will establish the
With the help of the formula for Green's function in Fourier space and the asymptotic analysis on its elements, we are able to establish the
Proposition 4.1. Let
‖∇k(˜n,˜m)(t)‖L2(R3)≤C(1+t)−34−k2(‖U0‖L1(R3)+‖∇kU0‖L2(R3)), |
where
Proof. A straightforward computation together with the formula of the Green's function
ˆ˜n(t,ξ)=λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ2ˆn0−iξ⋅ˆm0(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2∼{O(1)e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t(|ˆn0|+|ˆm0|),|ξ|≤η,O(1)e−R0t(|ˆn0|+|ˆm0|),|ξ|≥η,ˆ˜m(t,ξ)=−c2iξ(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2ˆn0+e−λ0tˆm0+(λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2−e−λ0t)ξ(ξ⋅ˆm0)|ξ|2∼{O(1)e−ˉμ|ξ|2t(|ˆn0|+|ˆm0|),|ξ|≤η,O(1)e−R0t(|ˆn0|+|ˆm0|),|ξ|≥η, |
here and below,
‖(ˆ˜n,ˆ˜m)(t)‖2L2(R3)=∫|ξ|≤η|(ˆ˜n,ˆ˜m)(t,ξ)|2dξ+∫|ξ|≥η|(ˆ˜n,ˆ˜m)(t,ξ)|2dξ≲∫|ξ|≤ηe−2ˉμ|ξ|2t(|ˆn0|2+|ˆm0|2)dξ+∫|ξ|≥ηe−2R0t(|ˆn0|2+|ˆm0|2)dξ≲(1+t)−32‖(n0,m0)‖2L1(R3)∩L2(R3). |
And the
‖(^∇k˜n,^∇k˜m)(t)‖2L2(R3)=∫|ξ|≤η|ξ|2k|(ˆ˜n,ˆ˜m)(t,ξ)|2dξ+∫|ξ|≥η|ξ|2k|(ˆ˜n,ˆ˜m)(t,ξ)|2dξ≲∫|ξ|≤ηe−2ˉμ|ξ|2t|ξ|2k(|ˆn0|2+|ˆm0|2)dξ+∫|ξ|≥ηe−2R0t|ξ|2k(|ˆn0|2+|ˆm0|2)dξ≲(1+t)−32−k(‖(n0,m0)‖2L1(R3)+‖(∇kn0,∇km0)‖2L2(R3)). |
The proof of the Proposition 4.1 is completed.
It should be noted that the
Proposition 4.2. Let
C−1(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇k˜n(t)‖L2(R3)≤C(1+t)−34−k2,C−1(1+t)−34−k2≤‖∇k˜m(t)‖L2(R3)≤C(1+t)−34−k2, |
where
Proof. We only show the case of
ˆ˜n(t,ξ)=λ1eλ2t−λ2eλ1tλ1−λ2ˆn0−iξ⋅ˆm0(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2=e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[cos(bt)ˆn0−iξ⋅ˆm0sin(bt)b]+e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2sin(bt)bˆn0]=T1+T2,for|ξ|≤η, |
ˆ˜m(t,ξ)=−c2iξ(eλ1t−eλ2t)λ1−λ2ˆn0+e−λ0tˆm0+(λ1eλ1t−λ2eλ2tλ1−λ2−e−λ0t)ξ(ξ⋅ˆm0)|ξ|2=[e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[cos(bt)ξ(ξ⋅ˆm0)|ξ|2−c2iξsin(bt)bˆn0]+e−ˉμ|ξ|2t[ˆm0−ξ(ξ⋅ˆm0)|ξ|2]]−e−12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t[12(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2sin(bt)bξ(ξ⋅ˆm0)|ξ|2]=S1+S2,for|ξ|≤η, |
here and below,
It is easy to check that
‖ˆ˜n(t,ξ)‖2L2=∫|ξ|≤η|ˆ˜n(t,ξ)|2dξ+∫|ξ|≥η|ˆ˜n(t,ξ)|2dξ≥∫|ξ|≤η|T1+T2|2dξ≥∫|ξ|≤η12|T1|2−|T2|2dξ. | (4.1) |
We then calculate that
∫|ξ|≤η|T2|2dξ≲‖ˆn0‖2L∞∫|ξ|≤ηe−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t|ξ|4(sin(bt)b)2dξ≲‖ˆn0‖2L∞∫|ξ|≤ηe−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t|ξ|2dξ≲(1+t)−52‖n0‖2L1. | (4.2) |
Since
|ˆn0(ξ)|2≥1C|∫R3n0(x)dx|2≥M2nC,for|ξ|≤η. |
For
|ξ⋅ˆm0(ξ)|2|ξ|2≥|ξ⋅Mm|2C|ξ|2,for|ξ|≤η. |
When
∫|ξ|≤η|T1|2dξ≥M2nC∫|ξ|≤ηe−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2tcos2(bt)dξ+1C∫|ξ|≤η|ξ⋅Mm|2b2e−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2tsin2(bt)dξ |
≥min{M2n,M2m3c2}C∫|ξ|≤ηe−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2t(cos2(bt)+sin2(bt))dξ≥C1∫|ξ|≤ηe−(2ˉμ+ˉν)|ξ|2tdξ≥C−1(1+t)−32. | (4.3) |
If
We thus use the help of spherical coordinates and the change of variables
(4.4) |
In the case of
(4.5) |
Combining the above estimates (4.1), (4.2), (4.3), (4.4) and (4.5), we obtain the lower bound of the time decay rate for
The lower bound of the time decay rate for
(4.6) |
then we find that
(4.7) |
We then calculate that
A direct computation gives rise to
(4.8) |
Combining the above estimates (4.6), (4.7) and (4.8), we obtain the lower bound of the time decay rate for
Then the proof of Proposition 4.2 is completed.
In this subsection, we establish the following
Proposition 4.3. Let
where
To prove Proposition 4.3, the following two lemmas in [6] are helpful.
Lemma 4.1. Let
where
where
and
where
Lemma 4.2. Let
Then
In particular,
Now let us turn to the proof of Proposition 4.3.
Proof of Proposition 4.3. We first analyze above higher frequency terms denoted by
We shall prove that the higher frequency terms are
By a direct computation, it is easy to verify
which gives rise to
here and below,
We can regard
(4.9) |
for all integer
We also need to deal with the corresponding lower frequency terms denoted by
which imply that for
for some constants
(4.10) |
Combining (4.9) and (4.10), we finally have for
The proof of Proposition 4.3 is completed.
We are ready to prove Theorem 1.1 on the sharp time decay rate of the global solution to the initial value problem for the nonlinear Navier-Stokes system.
In what follows, we will set
(5.1) |
where
Denote
where the nonlinear term
which
(5.2) |
(5.3) |
Furthermore, in view of the above definition for
Thus, applying a similar argument as in the proof of Proposition 4.1, we have
(5.4) |
(5.5) |
(5.6) |
for any non-negative integer
(5.7) |
For readers' convenience, we show how to estimate
In this subsection, we establish the faster decay rate for
We begin with following Lemma.
Lemma 5.1. Let
and
where
Proposition 5.1. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1, the solution
where
From (5.7), we deduce
which implies for a smooth solution
Define
(5.8) |
Proposition 5.2. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1, if for some
where
The proof of this Proposition 5.2 consists of following three steps.
Starting with (5.4), (5.5), (5.6) and (5.8), we have after a complicate but straightforward computation that
(5.9) |
It is easy to verify that
Indeed, by virtue of Hölder's inequality and Gagliardo-Nirenberg's inequality, we obtain that
which implies that
Furthermore, exactly as in the estimate of the high order derivatives, we have
(5.10) |
Similarly, it holds that
Thus, we also get that
(5.11) |
Finally, we have
In this subsection, we will close the a priori estimates and complete the proof of Proposition 5.2. For this purpose, we need to derive the time decay rate of higher order derivatives of
Lemma 5.2. Under the assumption of Theorem 1.1, one has
In particular, it holds that
Proof. First of all, in view of (2.12), recovering the dissipation estimate for
(5.12) |
Summing up (2.7) and (2.8) in the energy estimate for
(5.13) |
Multiplying (5.12) by
Next, we define
Observe that since
Then we arrive at
Denote
Hence we have
Multiplying the above equation by
Integrating it with respect to time from
which implies that
Finally, we have
This completes the proof of this Lemma.
In this subsection, we first combine the above a priori estimates of (5.8), (5.9), (5.10), (5.11) and Lemma 5.2 together to give the proof of the Proposition 5.2. In deed, for any
(5.14) |
With the help of standard continuity argument, Proposition 5.2 and the smallness of
Consequently, for any
(5.15) |
From (5.11) and (5.15), thus we also get that
For
Hence, we finish the proof of the Proposition 5.1. Theorem 1.1 follows.
Y. Chen is partially supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under grant 2019M663198, Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under grant 2019A1515110733, NNSF of China under grants 11801586, 11971496 and China Scholarship Council. The research of R. Pan is partially supported by National Science Foundation under grants DMS-1516415 and DMS-1813603, and by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 11628103. L. Tong's research is partially supported by China Scholarship Council.
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