
Endophytes represent microorganisms residing within plant tissues without typically causing any adverse effect to the plants for considerable part of their life cycle and are primarily known for their beneficial role to their host-plant. These microorganisms can in vitro synthesize secondary metabolites similar to metabolites produced in vivo by their host plants. If microorganisms are isolated from certain plants, there is undoubtedly a strong possibility of obtaining beneficial endophytes strains producing host-specific secondary metabolites for their potential applications in sustainable agriculture, pharmaceuticals and other industrial sectors. Few products derived from endophytes are being used for cultivating resilient crops and developing non-toxic feeds for livestock. Our better understanding of the complex relationship between endophytes and their host will immensely improve the possibility to explore their unlimited functionalities. Successful production of host-secondary metabolites by endophytes at commercial scale might progressively eliminate our direct dependence on high-valued vulnerable plants, thus paving a viable way for utilizing plant resources in a sustainable way.
Citation: Hemant Sharma, Arun Kumar Rai, Divakar Dahiya, Rajen Chettri, Poonam Singh Nigam. Exploring endophytes for in vitro synthesis of bioactive compounds similar to metabolites produced in vivo by host plants[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2021, 7(2): 175-199. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2021012
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Endophytes represent microorganisms residing within plant tissues without typically causing any adverse effect to the plants for considerable part of their life cycle and are primarily known for their beneficial role to their host-plant. These microorganisms can in vitro synthesize secondary metabolites similar to metabolites produced in vivo by their host plants. If microorganisms are isolated from certain plants, there is undoubtedly a strong possibility of obtaining beneficial endophytes strains producing host-specific secondary metabolites for their potential applications in sustainable agriculture, pharmaceuticals and other industrial sectors. Few products derived from endophytes are being used for cultivating resilient crops and developing non-toxic feeds for livestock. Our better understanding of the complex relationship between endophytes and their host will immensely improve the possibility to explore their unlimited functionalities. Successful production of host-secondary metabolites by endophytes at commercial scale might progressively eliminate our direct dependence on high-valued vulnerable plants, thus paving a viable way for utilizing plant resources in a sustainable way.
In this paper, we consider the following initial-boundary value problem
{ut−Δut−Δu=|x|σ|u|p−1u,x∈Ω,t>0,u(x,t)=0,x∈∂Ω,t>0,u(x,0)=u0(x),x∈Ω | (1) |
and its corresponding steady-state problem
{−Δu=|x|σ|u|p−1u,x∈Ω,u=0,x∈∂Ω, | (2) |
where
1<p<{∞,n=1,2;n+2n−2,n≥3,σ>{−n,n=1,2;(p+1)(n−2)2−n,n≥3. | (3) |
(1) was called homogeneous (inhomogeneous) pseudo-parabolic equation when
The homogeneous problem, i.e.
Li and Du [12] studied the Cauchy problem of equation in (1) with
(1) If
(2) If
Φα:={ξ(x)∈BC(Rn):ξ(x)≥0,lim inf|x|↑∞|x|αξ(x)>0}, |
and
Φα:={ξ(x)∈BC(Rn):ξ(x)≥0,lim sup|x|↑∞|x|αξ(x)<∞}. |
Here
In view of the above introductions, we find that
(1) for Cauchy problem in
(2) for zero Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain
The difficulty of allowing
σ>(p+1)(n−2)2−n⏟<0 if n≥3 |
for
The main results of this paper can be summarized as follows: Let
(1) (the case
(2) (the case
(3) (arbitrary initial energy level) For any
(4) Moreover, under suitable assumptions, we show the exponential decay of global solutions and lifespan (i.e. the upper bound of blow-up time) of the blowing-up solutions.
The organizations of the remain part of this paper are as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the notations used in this paper and the main results of this paper; in Section 3, we give some preliminaries which will be used in the proofs; in Section 4, we give the proofs of the main results.
Throughout this paper we denote the norm of
‖ϕ‖Lγ={(∫Ω|ϕ(x)|γdx)1γ, if 1≤γ<∞;esssupx∈Ω|ϕ(x)|, if γ=∞. |
We denote the
Lp+1σ(Ω):={ϕ:ϕ is measurable on Ω and ‖u‖Lp+1σ<∞}, | (4) |
where
‖ϕ‖Lp+1σ:=(∫Ω|x|σ|ϕ(x)|p+1dx)1p+1,ϕ∈Lp+1σ(Ω). | (5) |
By standard arguments as the space
We denote the inner product of
(ϕ,φ)H10:=∫Ω(∇ϕ(x)⋅∇φ(x)+ϕ(x)φ(x))dx,ϕ,φ∈H10(Ω). | (6) |
The norm of
‖ϕ‖H10:=√(ϕ,ϕ)H10=√‖∇ϕ‖2L2+‖ϕ‖2L2,ϕ∈H10(Ω). | (7) |
An equivalent norm of
‖∇ϕ‖L2≤‖ϕ‖H10≤√λ1+1λ1‖∇ϕ‖L2,ϕ∈H10(Ω), | (8) |
where
λ1=infϕ∈H10(Ω)‖∇ϕ‖2L2‖ϕ‖2L2. | (9) |
Moreover, by Theorem 3.2, we have
for p and σ satisfying (4), H10(Ω)↪Lp+1σ(Ω) continuously and compactly. | (10) |
Then we let
Cpσ=supu∈H10(Ω)∖{0}‖ϕ‖Lp+1σ‖∇ϕ‖L2. | (11) |
We define two functionals
J(ϕ):=12‖∇ϕ‖2L2−1p+1‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ | (12) |
and
I(ϕ):=‖∇ϕ‖2L2−‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ. | (13) |
By (3) and (10), we know that
We denote the mountain-pass level
d:=infϕ∈NJ(ϕ), | (14) |
where
N:={ϕ∈H10(Ω)∖{0}:I(ϕ)=0}. | (15) |
By Theorem 3.3, we have
d=p−12(p+1)C−2(p+1)p−1pσ, | (16) |
where
For
Jρ={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J(ϕ)<ρ}. | (17) |
Then, we define the set
Nρ={ϕ∈N:‖∇ϕ‖2L2<2(p+1)ρp−1},ρ>d. | (18) |
For
λρ:=infϕ∈Nρ‖ϕ‖H10,Λρ:=supϕ∈Nρ‖ϕ‖H10 | (19) |
and two sets
Sρ:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):‖ϕ‖H10≤λρ,I(ϕ)>0},Sρ:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):‖ϕ‖H10≥Λρ,I(ϕ)<0}. | (20) |
Remark 1. There are two remarks on the above definitions.
(1) By the definitions of
(2) By Theorem 3.4, we have
√2(p+1)dp−1≤λρ≤Λρ≤√2(p+1)(λ1+1)ρλ1(p−1). | (21) |
Then the sets
‖sϕ‖H10≤√2(p+1)dp−1⇔s≤δ1:=√2(p+1)dp−1‖ϕ‖−1H10,I(sϕ)=s2‖∇ϕ‖2L2−sp+1‖ϕ‖p−1Lp+1σ>0⇔s<δ2:=(‖∇ϕ‖2L2‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ)1p−1,‖sϕ‖H10≥√2(p+1)(λ1+1)ρλ1(p−1)⇔s≥δ3:=√2(p+1)(λ1+1)ρλ1(p−1)‖ϕ‖−1H10,I(sϕ)=s2‖∇ϕ‖2L2−sp+1‖ϕ‖p−1Lp+1σ<0⇔s>δ2. |
So,
{sϕ:0<s<min{δ1,δ2}}⊂Sρ,{sϕ:s>max{δ2,δ3}}⊂Sρ. |
In this paper we consider weak solutions to problem (1), local existence of which can be obtained by Galerkin's method (see for example [22,Chapter II,Sections 3 and 4]) and a standard limit process and the details are omitted.
Definition 2.1. Assume
∫Ω(utv+∇ut⋅∇v+∇u⋅∇v−|x|σ|u|p−1uv)dx=0 | (22) |
holds for any
u(⋅,0)=u0(⋅) in H10(Ω). | (23) |
Remark 2. There are some remarks on the above definition.
(1) Since
(2) Denote by
(3) Taking
‖u(⋅,t)‖2H10=‖u0‖2H10−2∫t0I(u(⋅,s))ds,0≤t≤T, | (24) |
where
(4) Taking
J(u(⋅,t))=J(u0)−∫t0‖us(⋅,s)‖2H10ds,0≤t≤T, | (25) |
where
Definition 2.2. Assume (3) holds. A function
∫Ω(∇u⋅∇v−|x|σ|u|p−1uv)dx=0 | (26) |
holds for any
Remark 3. There are some remarks to the above definition.
(1) By (10), we know all the terms in (26) are well-defined.
(2) If we denote by
Φ={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J′(ϕ)=0 in H−1(Ω)}⊂(N∪{0}), | (27) |
where
With the set
Definition 2.3. Assume (3) holds. A function
J(u)=infϕ∈Φ∖{0}J(ϕ). |
With the above preparations, now we can state the main results of this paper. Firstly, we consider the case
(1)
(2)
(3)
Theorem 2.4. Assume (3) holds and
‖∇u(⋅,t)‖L2≤√2(p+1)J(u0)p−1,0≤t<∞, | (28) |
where
V:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J(ϕ)≤d,I(ϕ)>0}. | (29) |
In, in addition,
‖u(⋅,t)‖H10≤‖u0‖H10exp[−λ1λ1+1(1−(J(u0)d)p−12)t]. | (30) |
Remark 4. Since
J(u0)>p−12(p+1)‖∇u0‖2L2>0. |
So the equality (28) makes sense.
Theorem 2.5. Assume (3) holds and
limt↑Tmax∫t0‖u(⋅,s)‖2H10ds=∞, |
where
W:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J(ϕ)≤d,I(ϕ)<0} | (31) |
and
Tmax≤4p‖u0‖2H10(p−1)2(p+1)(d−J(u0)). | (32) |
Remark 5. There are two remarks.
(1) If
(2) The sets
f(s)=J(sϕ)=s22‖∇ϕ‖2L2−sp+1p+1‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ,g(s)=I(sϕ)=s2‖∇ϕ‖2L2−sp+1‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ. |
Then (see Fig. 2)
(a)
maxs∈[0,∞)f(s)=f(s∗3)=p−12(p+1)(‖∇ϕ‖L2‖ϕ‖Lp+1σ)2(p+1)p−1≤d⏟By (14) since s∗3ϕ∈N, | (33) |
(b)
maxs∈[0,∞)g(s)=g(s∗1)=p−1p+1(2p+1)2p−1(‖∇ϕ‖L2‖ϕ‖Lp+1σ)2(p+1)p−1, |
(c)
f(s∗2)=g(s∗2)=p−12p(p+12p)2p−1(‖∇ϕ‖L2‖ϕ‖Lp+1σ)2(p+1)p−1, |
where
s∗1:=(2‖∇ϕ‖2L2(p+1)‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ)1p−1<s∗2:=((p+1)‖∇ϕ‖2L22p‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ)1p−1<s∗3:=(‖∇ϕ‖2L2‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ)1p−1<s∗4:=((p+1)‖∇ϕ‖2L22‖ϕ‖p+1Lp+1σ)1p−1. |
So,
Theorem 2.6. Assume (3) holds and
G:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J(ϕ)=d,I(ϕ)=0}. | (34) |
Remark 6. There are two remarks on the above theorem.
(1) Unlike Remark 5, it is not easy to show
(2) To prove the above Theorem, we only need to show
Theorem 2.7. Assume (3) holds and let
Secondly, we consider the case
Theorem 2.8. Assume (3) holds and the initial value
(i): If
(ii): If
Here
Next, we show the solution of the problem (1) can blow up at arbitrary initial energy level (Theorem 2.10). To this end, we firstly introduce the following theorem.
Theorem 2.9. Assume (3) holds and
Tmax≤8p‖u0‖2H10(p−1)2(λ1(p−1)λ1+1‖u0‖2H10−2(p+1)J(u0)) | (35) |
and
limt↑Tmax∫t0‖u(⋅,s)‖2H10ds=∞, |
where
ˆW:={ϕ∈H10(Ω):J(ϕ)<λ1(p−1)2(λ1+1)(p+1)‖ϕ‖2H10}. | (36) |
and
By using the above theorem, we get the following theorem.
Theorem 2.10. For any
The following lemma can be found in [11].
Lemma 3.1. Suppose that
F″(t)F(t)−(1+γ)(F′(t))2≥0 |
for some constant
T≤F(0)γF′(0)<∞ |
and
Theorem 3.2. Assume
Proof. Since
We divide the proof into three cases. We will use the notation
Case 1.
(37) |
Then we have, for any
which, together with (37), implies
Case 2.
(38) |
for any
which, together with (38), implies
Case 3.
By the second inequality of the above inequalities, we have
So,
(39) |
Then by Hölder's inequality, for any
which, together with (39), implies
Theorem 3.3. Assume
where
Proof. Firstly, we show
(40) |
where
(41) |
By the definition of
On one hand, since
On the other hand, since
Then (40) follows from the above two inequalities.
By (40), the definition of
Theorem 3.4. Assume (3) holds. Let
(42) |
Proof. Let
(43) |
Since
which implies
On the other hand, by (8) and (18), we have
Combining the above two inequalities with (43), we get (42), the proof is complete.
Theorem 3.5. Assume (3) holds and
Proof. We only prove the invariance of
For any
which implies
(44) |
Let
(45) |
Then by (24),
(46) |
We argument by contradiction. Since
(47) |
(note (25) and (46),
which, together with
which contradicts (47). So the conclusion holds.
Theorem 3.6. Assume (3) holds and
(48) |
where
Proof. Let
By the proof in Theorem 3.3,
where we have used
Then
and (48) follows from the above inequality.
Theorem 3.7. Assume (3) holds and
Proof. Firstly, we show
which implies
Secondly, we prove
(49) |
On the other hand, by (24), (12), (13) and
which contradicts (49). The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 2.4. Let
which implies
(50) |
Next, we prove
which leads to
The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 2.5. Let
Firstly, we consider the case
(51) |
For any
(52) |
Then
(53) |
(54) |
and (by (24), (12), (13), (48), (25))
(55) |
Since
Then
(56) |
By (6), Schwartz's inequality and Hölder's inequality, we have
which, together with the definition of
Then it follows from (54) and the above inequality that
(57) |
In view of (55), (56), and (57), we have
If we take
(58) |
then
Then for
(59) |
we get
Minimizing the above inequality for
Minimizing the above inequality for
By the arbitrariness of
Secondly, we consider the case
Proof of Theorems 2.6 and 2.7. Since Theorem 2.6 follows from Theorem 2.7 directly, we only need to prove Theorem 2.7.
Firstly, we show
Then a minimizing sequence
(60) |
which implies
(1)
(2)
Now, in view of
(60) |
We claim
(62) |
In fact, if the claim is not true, then by (61),
By the proof of Theorem 3.3, we know that
(63) |
where
(63) |
On the other hand, since
which contradicts to (63). So the claim is true, i.e.
which, together with
Second, we prove
Then
is a curve on
where
Since (62), we get
(65) |
Let
Since
So,
Finally, in view of Definition 2.3 and
(66) |
In fact, by the above proof and (27), we have
and
Proof of Theorem 2.8. Let
the
(i) Assume
is a global weak solution of problem (1), and the proof is complete.
We claim that
(67) |
Since
(68) |
and
(69) |
which together with the definition of
(70) |
On the other hand, it follows from (24), (68) and
which contradicts (70). So (67) is true. Then by (24) again, we get
which implies
By (24) and (67),
Taking
Note that
(71) |
Let
(72) |
Then by (71), we get
(73) |
As the above, one can easily see
which implies
(ⅱ) Assume
(74) |
Since
(75) |
and
(76) |
Since (75), by (44) and
which, together with the definition of
(77) |
On the other hand, it follows from (24), (75) and
which contradicts (77). So (74) is true.
Suppose by contradiction that
Taking
Note
(78) |
Let
(79) |
Since
Then by (78), we get
(80) |
By (24), (25) and (74), one can easily see
which implies
Proof of Theorem 2.9. Let
(81) |
The remain proofs are similar to the proof of Theorem 2.9. For any
(82) |
We also have (56) and (57). Then it follows from (56), (57) and (82) that
If we take
(83) |
then
Then for
(84) |
we get
Minimizing the above inequality for
Minimizing the above inequality for
By the arbitrariness of
Proof of Theorem 2.10. For any
(85) |
For such
(86) |
where (see Remark 5)
(86) |
which can be done since
and
By Remark 5 again,
(87) |
By (87) and (86), we can choose
and (note (85))
Let
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