Figure 1.
Stature for measurement.
An important task of the forensic anthropologist in unidentified human remains cases is establishing the identity of the deceased. A forensic anthropologist typically examines the remains in such a case to determine the biological characteristics of the deceased, such as their age, sex, height, and ethnicity, to narrow down the search for the missing. The purpose of this study was the comparison stature estimation from foot, forearm and hand length between Iranian and Pakistani students.
Our measurement procedure involved measuring the foot, forearm and hand lengths of 160 Iranian and 200 Pakistani students. A random sampling of 18 to 22-year-olds was used to carry out the survey. Cluster sampling was used to select the subjects for the present descriptive and analytic study. In order to measure the anthropometrics, we used metal and plastic tape, a goniometer, a caliper, and a scale. Foot forearm and hand measurements were taken separately.
The mean ± SD of the stature were 178.228 ± 6.319 cm and 167.610 ± 7.580 cm in Pakistani males and females, respectively, and in Iranian males and females were 180.446 ± 5.569 cm and 164.435 ± 5.072 cm, respectively. In both Pakistani and Iranian populations, the regression model is meaningful (P = 0.000), except for Pakistani male students' foot length (P = 0.107) and Iranian female students' hand length (P = 0.102).
We found that the foot, forearms, and hand length are correlated with height. Therefore, they can be used for estimating stature.
Citation: Ali Fathi Jouzdani, Soheila Madadi, Mohammad Azhar Abbas, Hania Razavi, Tahereh Alizamir. The comparison stature estimation from forearm, hand length and foot length between Iranian and Pakistani medical students[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2022, 9(4): 496-511. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022027
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An important task of the forensic anthropologist in unidentified human remains cases is establishing the identity of the deceased. A forensic anthropologist typically examines the remains in such a case to determine the biological characteristics of the deceased, such as their age, sex, height, and ethnicity, to narrow down the search for the missing. The purpose of this study was the comparison stature estimation from foot, forearm and hand length between Iranian and Pakistani students.
Our measurement procedure involved measuring the foot, forearm and hand lengths of 160 Iranian and 200 Pakistani students. A random sampling of 18 to 22-year-olds was used to carry out the survey. Cluster sampling was used to select the subjects for the present descriptive and analytic study. In order to measure the anthropometrics, we used metal and plastic tape, a goniometer, a caliper, and a scale. Foot forearm and hand measurements were taken separately.
The mean ± SD of the stature were 178.228 ± 6.319 cm and 167.610 ± 7.580 cm in Pakistani males and females, respectively, and in Iranian males and females were 180.446 ± 5.569 cm and 164.435 ± 5.072 cm, respectively. In both Pakistani and Iranian populations, the regression model is meaningful (P = 0.000), except for Pakistani male students' foot length (P = 0.107) and Iranian female students' hand length (P = 0.102).
We found that the foot, forearms, and hand length are correlated with height. Therefore, they can be used for estimating stature.
Anthropology is the science that studies what makes humans. Physical Anthropology is a branch of anthropology that investigates the skeletal characteristics of the human body in more detail [1]. Anthropometry is derived from the Greek words “Anthropos” (human) and “metron” (measure) [2]. Anthropometry has been a valuable tool in studying human variations over the years. Anthropometry knowledge has proven to be useful in studying human variations [3]. Physical anthropology is primarily concerned with external measurements (Anthropometry) and descriptions (Morphology) of the human body [4]. These measurements are helpful in the analysis and classification of fossil remains and the study of living populations and can determine current variations between different populations [5]. Scientists use human variations to make accurate diagnoses and treatments for diseases and classify people based on race and ethnicity [6]. This is due to various factors, including genetic mutations and the law of natural selection. Some of the factors associated with anthropometric variations in various populations include genetic influences, environmental conditions, and nutritional status [7]. Stature, age, race, gender parameters, and human body skeleton features are among the major parameters studied in anthropology [8]–[10].
Because of the factors such as sexual dimorphism, topography, climate, geographical location, and diet, modern humans exhibit a wide range of physical differences [11]. The physical differences between different races, tribes, and ethnicities have significant implications for a person's health and identification [12]; hence, it is necessary to establish the health and physical identification measures of each population. In addition to age, race and gender Stature is an important factor for identifying the dimensions of different parts of the body [13],[14]. It can be affected by some factors such as Genetic and environmental factors [15],[16]. Predicting biological characteristics of individuals using different parts of the body, can confirm the results of forensic identifications [17]. In this way, anthropological studies on body parts are widely used to identify victims in criminal cases, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters [14]. Anatomical methods based on whole-body reconstruction cannot be used to estimate stature. We must select the body part that is documentable in order to determine the structure [18]. However, stature estimation can be performed using mathematical methods, and linear regression equations can be used to find the relationship between different parts of the body and the stature [19]. Estimating stature based on gender, age, and ethnicity are critical in identifying decomposed or mutilated bodies [20]. Many studies used upper and lower limb bones for estimating stature; such as the metatarsal [21], foot [22],[23], tibia [24],femur [25], ulna [26], upper arm [27], hand finger [23],[28] and phalanges lengths [29]. Some studies made use of bony parts, while others made use of radiological techniques [30]. Iranian and Pakistan are neighboring countries with many similarities. In both countries, there are many students studying in another country. In light of these facts, this study can be scientifically valuable in investigating the anthropological differences between students of these neighbors. The purpose of our study is to compare the stature estimates of Iranian and Pakistani students based on their forearm, hand, and foot lengths.
160 Iranian and 200 Pakistani medical students aged 18–22 (Iranian students mean age: 19.08 and Pakistani students mean age: 19.32) were included in this analytical-descriptive study, and samples were drawn randomly. Subjects with fractures within the forearm, hand, and foot were excluded. All members of the measurement team were trained in anatomy and body landmarks. The superficial forearm, hand and foot sizes of 360 samples were determined using indirect measurement methods. Components such as stature, non-dominant forearm, hand, and foot length were measured. The stature measurement was taken in centimeters from the highest point of the head to the heel. The apparent size of the non-dominant forearm was measured from the tip of the olecranon to the point between the radius and ulnar styloid. AFJ, MAA, and HR were experimenters involved in measuring procedures according to our landmarks and procedures. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) anthropometry procedures manual were used to determine the point-to-point distance on the human surface under the supervision of an expert anatomist [31]. TA supervised all the measurement steps as an expert anatomist. The hand's length was measured between the midpoint of the radius and ulnar styloid and the tip of the middle finger. The foot length was measured from the rearmost point of the heel to the end of the longest toe (Table 1). Plastic meters and scales were used in the measurement (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
| Body parts | Dimension | Definition |
| Hand | Hand length | Midpoint of the radius and ulnar styloid and tip of the middle finger |
| Forearm | Forearm length | Tip of the olecranon to the point between the radius and ulnar styloid |
| Foot | Foot length | The rearmost point of the heel to the end of the longest toe |
| Stature | Stature | Highest point of the head to the heel |
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SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The association of parameters was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient r. Regression equations were computed to examine the relationship between the stature with the forearm, hand and foot length. The P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
In this study, the mean hand length, forearm length, and foot length in Pakistani students were 18.085 ± 1.151 cm, 26.930 ± 1.759, and 25.702 ± 1.731 cm, respectively (Table 2). According to Table 2, the average hand length in Pakistani males 18.637 ± 1.009 cm and the average hand length in Pakistani females was 17.534 ± 1.016 cm. The mean hand length in Pakistani males was significantly higher than in Pakistani females (P = 0.000, Table 3). The mean forearm length in Pakistani males and females was 27.904 ± 1.331 cm and 25.956 ± 1.592, respectively, which was statistically significant (P = 0.000, Table 3). Also, the average foot length in Pakistani males is 26.668 ± 1.158 cm and in Pakistani females is 24.737 ± 1.673 cm, which shows that the average foot length in Pakistani men is higher than in Pakistani women (P = 0.000, Table 3).
In this study, the stature of Pakistani male and female students was also measured and the results showed that the average stature of all samples was 172,919 ± 8,762 cm, while the average stature of Pakistani male and female students was 178.228 ± 6.319 and 167.610 ± 7.580, respectively. The difference between the two sex groups was significant (P = 0.000, Table 3). Also all Iranian student samples are listed in Table 2 by their means of stature, hand, forearm, and foot length. In addition to the other parameters, Table 3 compares the stature of Iranian male and female students. Statistically, all parameters also showed significant differences between the genders (P = 0.000) in Iranian students.
| Population | ||
| Pakistanis (200) | Iranian (160) | |
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Stature | 172.919 ± 8.762 | 172.440 ± 9.627 |
| Hand Length | 18.085 ± 1.151 | 18.387 ± 1.979 |
| Forearm Length | 26.930 ± 1.759 | 26.328 ± 1.941 |
| Foot Length | 25.702 ± 1.731 | 25.170 ± 1.864 |
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| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||||
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | P-value | Mean ± SD | P-value | ||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (80) | Iranian Female (80) | |||
| Stature | 178.228 ± 6.319 | 167.610 ± 7.580 | 0.000 | 180.446 ± 5.569 | 164.435 ± 5.072 | 0.000 |
| Hand Length | 18.637 ± 1.009 | 17.534 ± 1.016 | 0.000 | 19.418 ± 0.888 | 17.356 ± 2.223 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 27.904 ± 1.331 | 25.956 ± 1.592 | 0.000 | 27.751 ± 1.294 | 24.906 ± 1.347 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 26.668±1.158 | 24.737 ± 1.673 | 0.000 | 26.566 ± 1.337 | 23.775 ± 1.123 | 0.000 |
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Based on the results of this study, there is a relationship between stature and other parameters that is statistically significant. Pearson correlation (r) between stature and hand length, forearm length, and foot length in all Pakistani male and female samples are 0.592, 0.639, and 0.538, respectively. Based on the results of this study, forearm length can predict the stature parameter better than hand and foot length in Pakistani samples (P = 0.000, Table 4). Also, in all Iranian student's stature and other parameters showed a significant correlation (P = 0.000) (Table 4).
The results showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between stature and hand length in Pakistani male students was 0.499 and in Pakistani female students was 0.377 and this relationship was significant in both sex groups (P = 0.000, Table 4). Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between stature and forearm length in Pakistani male and female students was 0.565 and 0.383, respectively, which is statistically significant (P = 0.000, Table 5). Pearson correlation (r) between stature and foot length was 0.162 among Pakistani male students, which is not significant (P = 0.107, Table 5) while Pearson correlation (r) between Pakistani female students was 0.384 and this relationship is statistically significant (P = 0.000, Table 5). There was a clear correlation between Iranian male and female students' stature and all other parameters (P = 0.000), with the exception of Iranian female students' hand length (P = 0.102) (Table 5). The regression model is meaningful in both genders in Pakistani and Iranian populations (P = 0.000) (Tables 6, 7 and 8), with the exception of Pakistani male students' foot length (P = 0.107) and Iranian female students' hand length (P = 0.102) (Tables 6, 7 and 8). When stature and forearm length were used as independent variables in the linear regression, the regression model was significant for the entire study population (P = 0.000) (Table 7).
Also, the relationship between stature and hand length, forearm length, and foot length in all male and female specimens and separately in each sex group, is shown in scatter graphs (Figures 4, 5, and 6).
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.592 | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 0.639 | 0.000 | 0.813 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.538 | 0.000 | 0.849 | 0.000 |
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| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (180) | |||||||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (90) | Iranian Female (90) | |||||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.499 | 0.000 | 0.377 | 0.000 | 0.546 | 0.000 | 0.184 | 0.102 NS |
| Forearm Length | 0.565 | 0.000 | 0.383 | 0.000 | 0.619 | 0.000 | 0.449 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.162 | 0.107 | 0.384 | 0.000 | 0.576 | 0.000 | 0.657 | 0.000 |
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| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (90) | Female (90) | Total (180) | |
| Regression equation | S = 120.040 + 3.122 (HL) | S = 118.296 + 2.812 (HL) | S = 91.506 + 4.502 (HL) | S = 113.975 + 3.423 (HL) | S = 157.147 + 0.420 (HL) | S = 122.327 + 2.725 (HL) |
| R | 0.499 | 0.377 | 0.592 | 0.546 | 0.184 | 0.560 |
| R² | 0.249 | 0.142 | 0.350 | 0.298 | 0.034 | 0.314 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.241 | 0.133 | 0.347 | 0.289 | 0.021 | 0.310 |
| SEE | 0.548 | 0.698 | 0.436 | 0.595 | 0.254 | 0.320 |
| B | 120.040 | 118.296 | 91.506 | 113.975 | 157.147 | 122.327 |
| 3.122 | 2.812 | 4.502 | 3.423 | 0.420 | 2.725 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.102 NS | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, HL: Hand Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
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| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 103.389 + 2.682 (FL) | S = 120.356 + 1.821 (FL) | S = 87.194 + 3.183 (FL) | S = 106.489 + 2.665 (FL) | S = 122.302 + 1.692 (FL) | S = 66.268 + 4.033 (FL) |
| R | 0.565 | 0.383 | 0.639 | 0.619 | 0.449 | 0.813 |
| R² | 0.319 | 0.146 | 0.409 | 0.383 | 0.202 | 0.661 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.312 | 0.138 | 0.406 | 0.375 | 0.192 | 0.659 |
| SEE | 0.396 | 0.444 | 0.272 | 0.383 | 0.381 | 0.230 |
| B | 103.389 | 120.356 | 87.194 | 106.489 | 122.302 | 66.268 |
| 2.682 | 1.821 | 3.183 | 2.665 | 1.692 | 4.033 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, FL: forearm Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
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| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 154.621 + 0.885 (FtL) | S = 124.608 + 1.738 (FtL) | S = 102.917 + 2.724 (FtL) | S = 116.735 + 2.398 (FtL) | S = 93.946 + 2.965 (FtL) | S = 62.137 + 4.382 (FtL) |
| R | 0.162 | 0.384 | 0.538 | 0.576 | 0.657 | 0.849 |
| R² | 0.026 | 0.147 | 0.290 | 0.332 | 0.431 | 0.720 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.016 | 0.139 | 0.286 | 0.323 | 0.424 | 0.719 |
| SEE | 0.544 | 0.422 | 0.303 | 0.385 | 0.385 | 0.217 |
| B | 154.621 | 124.608 | 102.917 | 116.735 | 93.946 | 62.137 |
| 0.885 | 1.738 | 2.724 | 2.398 | 2.965 | 4.382 | |
| P-value | 0.107 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, FtL: Foot Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
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Identification of the cadaver is a major challenge in forensic medicine, and stature estimation is an effective factor in anthropometry [32]. In a mass disaster, war, or definite murder situation where parts of the dead body have been severed or mutilated, only a small part of a human remains, Individual identification must be carried out in such a case [33]. A total of 160 Iranians and 200 Pakistanis were randomly selected for the study from among medical students without abnormal skeletal characteristics. This suggests a balanced distribution of ages between the sexes could help create a population with a normal distribution. According to our findings, Iranian and Pakistani male students are higher than female counterparts in their respective populations. which is consistent with the findings of Ilayperuma et al in Sri Lankan [34] and Srivastava et al. in Egyptian population [35] and also with our last study in Iranian student population [1]. In Pakistani population the males and females had a mean stature of 178.228 ± 6.319 and 167.610 ± 7.580 respectively. In Iranian population the males and females had a mean stature of 180.446 ± 5.569 and 164.435 ± 5.072 respectively. The difference in stature between the sexes was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Iranian male student statures are higher than Pakistani male students, but this is not true for female students, so Pakistani female students stature are higher than Iranian female students. As shown in the previous study, stature estimation could be done using the regressions in the Malaysian population. Linear regression is supposed to be a good method for estimating the relationship between stature and body fragments [36]. Our study found a significant positive correlation between hand length and stature, as well as a moderate positive correlation between forearm and foot length with stature.
An anthropological study of a Turkish adult population found statistically significant correlations between stature and hand length for both genders, which is consistent with our findings [37]. We discovered significant differences in forearm, hand and foot length between the male and female groups. A study carried out for estimating the stature from forearm and hand length in Iranian pupolation by Akhlaghi. et al and they found that the forearm lengths has a poor correlation with stature [38]. Also the forearm length was used to predict stature in north Indians by Singh et al. [39]. Furthermore, our results showed that the forearm length in males was higher than females and sexual dimorphism was evident. Our results is consistent with that of Akhlaghi et al. [38].
Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.499 in Pakistani males and 0.377 in Pakistani females for the length of the hand. In Iranian population, correlation coefficient (r) for the length of the hand was 0.546 and 0.184 in males and females respectively; However, the correlation coefficient is higher in males, as reported by Sanli et al. [37] and opposite to reports by Ileperuma et al. [34], and 0.162 in Pakistani males and 0.384 in Pakistani females for the length of the foot; and 0.576 in males and 0.657 in females for the length of the foot in Iranian population. According to the study conducted on stature and forearm, hand, and foot measurement sizes of Iranian and Pakistani students, males were significantly larger than females in each of these regions. This is consistent with finding other races [40]–[42]. The genetic difference in height between males and females and the earlier maturity associated with the cessation of growth in girls may explain why there are gender differences [43]. As a consequence, it appears sex-specific regression equations must be used when estimating stature from body part measurements [44],[45]. An analysis of hand and foot length with stature in the Slovak population showed that foot length in both males and females have the largest correlation with stature [44]. Also, compared to the dimensions of the upper extremities, the dimensions of the lower extremities correspond more than the other parts with stature in previous studies [46],[47].
The results of this study are used in forensic medicine and corpse identification and anthropology of two neighboring countries, Iran and Pakistan. The ergonomic design of devices is made better and more efficient if racial differences are considered. A work task, a work movement, and a work activity interact with one another. In addition to the workstation components, furniture, and other equipment, the environment also affects and influences them. All of these factors must contribute to the well-being of the individual and the work output he or she produces. It is possible to design better ergonomics for Iranian and Pakistani students by using the results of this study to estimate body size and stature.
This study has several limitations, including limited sample size. A larger sample size was not possible due to the increased costs of the project and the difficulty gathering data from the participants. In order to make use of the results in the future, further research is necessary to evaluate and validate them. If this limitation could be overcome, studies with machine learning algorithms may provide acceptable results in future studies. Also In recent studies, different anatomical features of the foot have been used to estimate height using three-dimensional scanning, which can be a new step for further studies [48],[49].
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Figures(6) / Tables(8)
Ali Fathi Jouzdani, Soheila Madadi, Mohammad Azhar Abbas, Hania Razavi, Tahereh Alizamir. The comparison stature estimation from forearm, hand length and foot length between Iranian and Pakistani medical students[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2022, 9(4): 496-511. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022027
| Body parts | Dimension | Definition |
| Hand | Hand length | Midpoint of the radius and ulnar styloid and tip of the middle finger |
| Forearm | Forearm length | Tip of the olecranon to the point between the radius and ulnar styloid |
| Foot | Foot length | The rearmost point of the heel to the end of the longest toe |
| Stature | Stature | Highest point of the head to the heel |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Population | ||
| Pakistanis (200) | Iranian (160) | |
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Stature | 172.919 ± 8.762 | 172.440 ± 9.627 |
| Hand Length | 18.085 ± 1.151 | 18.387 ± 1.979 |
| Forearm Length | 26.930 ± 1.759 | 26.328 ± 1.941 |
| Foot Length | 25.702 ± 1.731 | 25.170 ± 1.864 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||||
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | P-value | Mean ± SD | P-value | ||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (80) | Iranian Female (80) | |||
| Stature | 178.228 ± 6.319 | 167.610 ± 7.580 | 0.000 | 180.446 ± 5.569 | 164.435 ± 5.072 | 0.000 |
| Hand Length | 18.637 ± 1.009 | 17.534 ± 1.016 | 0.000 | 19.418 ± 0.888 | 17.356 ± 2.223 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 27.904 ± 1.331 | 25.956 ± 1.592 | 0.000 | 27.751 ± 1.294 | 24.906 ± 1.347 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 26.668±1.158 | 24.737 ± 1.673 | 0.000 | 26.566 ± 1.337 | 23.775 ± 1.123 | 0.000 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.592 | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 0.639 | 0.000 | 0.813 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.538 | 0.000 | 0.849 | 0.000 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (180) | |||||||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (90) | Iranian Female (90) | |||||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.499 | 0.000 | 0.377 | 0.000 | 0.546 | 0.000 | 0.184 | 0.102 NS |
| Forearm Length | 0.565 | 0.000 | 0.383 | 0.000 | 0.619 | 0.000 | 0.449 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.162 | 0.107 | 0.384 | 0.000 | 0.576 | 0.000 | 0.657 | 0.000 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (90) | Female (90) | Total (180) | |
| Regression equation | S = 120.040 + 3.122 (HL) | S = 118.296 + 2.812 (HL) | S = 91.506 + 4.502 (HL) | S = 113.975 + 3.423 (HL) | S = 157.147 + 0.420 (HL) | S = 122.327 + 2.725 (HL) |
| R | 0.499 | 0.377 | 0.592 | 0.546 | 0.184 | 0.560 |
| R² | 0.249 | 0.142 | 0.350 | 0.298 | 0.034 | 0.314 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.241 | 0.133 | 0.347 | 0.289 | 0.021 | 0.310 |
| SEE | 0.548 | 0.698 | 0.436 | 0.595 | 0.254 | 0.320 |
| B | 120.040 | 118.296 | 91.506 | 113.975 | 157.147 | 122.327 |
| 3.122 | 2.812 | 4.502 | 3.423 | 0.420 | 2.725 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.102 NS | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, HL: Hand Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 103.389 + 2.682 (FL) | S = 120.356 + 1.821 (FL) | S = 87.194 + 3.183 (FL) | S = 106.489 + 2.665 (FL) | S = 122.302 + 1.692 (FL) | S = 66.268 + 4.033 (FL) |
| R | 0.565 | 0.383 | 0.639 | 0.619 | 0.449 | 0.813 |
| R² | 0.319 | 0.146 | 0.409 | 0.383 | 0.202 | 0.661 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.312 | 0.138 | 0.406 | 0.375 | 0.192 | 0.659 |
| SEE | 0.396 | 0.444 | 0.272 | 0.383 | 0.381 | 0.230 |
| B | 103.389 | 120.356 | 87.194 | 106.489 | 122.302 | 66.268 |
| 2.682 | 1.821 | 3.183 | 2.665 | 1.692 | 4.033 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, FL: forearm Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 154.621 + 0.885 (FtL) | S = 124.608 + 1.738 (FtL) | S = 102.917 + 2.724 (FtL) | S = 116.735 + 2.398 (FtL) | S = 93.946 + 2.965 (FtL) | S = 62.137 + 4.382 (FtL) |
| R | 0.162 | 0.384 | 0.538 | 0.576 | 0.657 | 0.849 |
| R² | 0.026 | 0.147 | 0.290 | 0.332 | 0.431 | 0.720 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.016 | 0.139 | 0.286 | 0.323 | 0.424 | 0.719 |
| SEE | 0.544 | 0.422 | 0.303 | 0.385 | 0.385 | 0.217 |
| B | 154.621 | 124.608 | 102.917 | 116.735 | 93.946 | 62.137 |
| 0.885 | 1.738 | 2.724 | 2.398 | 2.965 | 4.382 | |
| P-value | 0.107 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Note: S: Stature, FtL: Foot Length, R: Pearson's correlation, R²: Coefficient of Determination, SEE: Standard Error of the Estimate, B: Unstandardized Coefficients.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Body parts | Dimension | Definition |
| Hand | Hand length | Midpoint of the radius and ulnar styloid and tip of the middle finger |
| Forearm | Forearm length | Tip of the olecranon to the point between the radius and ulnar styloid |
| Foot | Foot length | The rearmost point of the heel to the end of the longest toe |
| Stature | Stature | Highest point of the head to the heel |
| Population | ||
| Pakistanis (200) | Iranian (160) | |
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Stature | 172.919 ± 8.762 | 172.440 ± 9.627 |
| Hand Length | 18.085 ± 1.151 | 18.387 ± 1.979 |
| Forearm Length | 26.930 ± 1.759 | 26.328 ± 1.941 |
| Foot Length | 25.702 ± 1.731 | 25.170 ± 1.864 |
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||||
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | P-value | Mean ± SD | P-value | ||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (80) | Iranian Female (80) | |||
| Stature | 178.228 ± 6.319 | 167.610 ± 7.580 | 0.000 | 180.446 ± 5.569 | 164.435 ± 5.072 | 0.000 |
| Hand Length | 18.637 ± 1.009 | 17.534 ± 1.016 | 0.000 | 19.418 ± 0.888 | 17.356 ± 2.223 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 27.904 ± 1.331 | 25.956 ± 1.592 | 0.000 | 27.751 ± 1.294 | 24.906 ± 1.347 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 26.668±1.158 | 24.737 ± 1.673 | 0.000 | 26.566 ± 1.337 | 23.775 ± 1.123 | 0.000 |
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (160) | |||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.592 | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.000 |
| Forearm Length | 0.639 | 0.000 | 0.813 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.538 | 0.000 | 0.849 | 0.000 |
| Pakistani (200) | Iranian (180) | |||||||
| Pakistani Male (100) | Pakistani Female (100) | Iranian Male (90) | Iranian Female (90) | |||||
| Variables | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value | Pearson correlation (r) | P-value |
| Stature | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Hand Length | 0.499 | 0.000 | 0.377 | 0.000 | 0.546 | 0.000 | 0.184 | 0.102 NS |
| Forearm Length | 0.565 | 0.000 | 0.383 | 0.000 | 0.619 | 0.000 | 0.449 | 0.000 |
| Foot Length | 0.162 | 0.107 | 0.384 | 0.000 | 0.576 | 0.000 | 0.657 | 0.000 |
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (90) | Female (90) | Total (180) | |
| Regression equation | S = 120.040 + 3.122 (HL) | S = 118.296 + 2.812 (HL) | S = 91.506 + 4.502 (HL) | S = 113.975 + 3.423 (HL) | S = 157.147 + 0.420 (HL) | S = 122.327 + 2.725 (HL) |
| R | 0.499 | 0.377 | 0.592 | 0.546 | 0.184 | 0.560 |
| R² | 0.249 | 0.142 | 0.350 | 0.298 | 0.034 | 0.314 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.241 | 0.133 | 0.347 | 0.289 | 0.021 | 0.310 |
| SEE | 0.548 | 0.698 | 0.436 | 0.595 | 0.254 | 0.320 |
| B | 120.040 | 118.296 | 91.506 | 113.975 | 157.147 | 122.327 |
| 3.122 | 2.812 | 4.502 | 3.423 | 0.420 | 2.725 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.102 NS | 0.000 |
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 103.389 + 2.682 (FL) | S = 120.356 + 1.821 (FL) | S = 87.194 + 3.183 (FL) | S = 106.489 + 2.665 (FL) | S = 122.302 + 1.692 (FL) | S = 66.268 + 4.033 (FL) |
| R | 0.565 | 0.383 | 0.639 | 0.619 | 0.449 | 0.813 |
| R² | 0.319 | 0.146 | 0.409 | 0.383 | 0.202 | 0.661 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.312 | 0.138 | 0.406 | 0.375 | 0.192 | 0.659 |
| SEE | 0.396 | 0.444 | 0.272 | 0.383 | 0.381 | 0.230 |
| B | 103.389 | 120.356 | 87.194 | 106.489 | 122.302 | 66.268 |
| 2.682 | 1.821 | 3.183 | 2.665 | 1.692 | 4.033 | |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pakistani | Iranian | |||||
| Male (100) | Female (100) | Total (200) | Male (80) | Female (80) | Total (160) | |
| Regression equation | S = 154.621 + 0.885 (FtL) | S = 124.608 + 1.738 (FtL) | S = 102.917 + 2.724 (FtL) | S = 116.735 + 2.398 (FtL) | S = 93.946 + 2.965 (FtL) | S = 62.137 + 4.382 (FtL) |
| R | 0.162 | 0.384 | 0.538 | 0.576 | 0.657 | 0.849 |
| R² | 0.026 | 0.147 | 0.290 | 0.332 | 0.431 | 0.720 |
| Adjusted R² | 0.016 | 0.139 | 0.286 | 0.323 | 0.424 | 0.719 |
| SEE | 0.544 | 0.422 | 0.303 | 0.385 | 0.385 | 0.217 |
| B | 154.621 | 124.608 | 102.917 | 116.735 | 93.946 | 62.137 |
| 0.885 | 1.738 | 2.724 | 2.398 | 2.965 | 4.382 | |
| P-value | 0.107 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
