Embryonic development is widely studied due to its application in disease treatment. The published literature demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 8(KLF8) plays an important role in modulating mesendoderm to definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation. However, it is not clear how KLF8 interacts with other key genes and affects the differentiation process. To qualitatively and quantitatively explore the molecular mechanisms of KLF8 during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in detail, we developed a mathematical model to describe the dynamics between KLF8 and two other significant genes, E-cadherin(CDH1) and Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox1(ZEB1). Based on the single-cell RNA-seq data, the model structure and parameters were obtained using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The bifurcation analysis and simulation results reveal that the system can exhibit a complex tristable transition, which corresponds to the three states of embryonic development at the single-cell level. We further predict that the novel important gene KLF8 promotes the formation of DE cells by reciprocal inhibition between CDH1 and KLF8 and promotion of the expression of ZEB1. These results may help to shed light on the biological mechanism in the differentiation process of hESCs.
Citation: Xiao Tu, Qinran Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xiufen Zou. Single-cell data-driven mathematical model reveals possible molecular mechanisms of embryonic stem-cell differentiation[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(5): 5877-5896. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019294
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Abstract
Embryonic development is widely studied due to its application in disease treatment. The published literature demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 8(KLF8) plays an important role in modulating mesendoderm to definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation. However, it is not clear how KLF8 interacts with other key genes and affects the differentiation process. To qualitatively and quantitatively explore the molecular mechanisms of KLF8 during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in detail, we developed a mathematical model to describe the dynamics between KLF8 and two other significant genes, E-cadherin(CDH1) and Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox1(ZEB1). Based on the single-cell RNA-seq data, the model structure and parameters were obtained using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The bifurcation analysis and simulation results reveal that the system can exhibit a complex tristable transition, which corresponds to the three states of embryonic development at the single-cell level. We further predict that the novel important gene KLF8 promotes the formation of DE cells by reciprocal inhibition between CDH1 and KLF8 and promotion of the expression of ZEB1. These results may help to shed light on the biological mechanism in the differentiation process of hESCs.
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108064,
10.1016/j.aap.2025.108064
Figure 1. The core regulatory networks we build. The dashed line with (?) means that it is unknown whether the regulation relationship exists. Edges with an arrow stand for activation and edges with a blunt side stand for inhibition
Figure 2. Comparisons between the numerical simulation and the normalized data. We used 8 data points to represent the 758 scRNA-seq data. (a)(c)(e) are the solutions of ODEs and their uniformity with the normalized gene expression date of the and cell, respectively. The corresponding 8 time points are 0 h, 11.9 h, 23.8 h, 35.8 h, 47.7 h, 59.6 h, 71.5 h and 83.4 h. (b)(d)(f) are the solutions of the model with uniformly distributed random perturbations of the initial values
Figure 3. Dynamics of CDH1 with the change of relative degradation . (a) Simulation of the dimensionless concentration of CDH1 with different values of . (b) The one-parameter bifurcation graph for the dimensionless model (Eqs 5–7) with respect to . The solid lines describe the stable steady states of CDH1 versus . The dashed line between the two circles corresponds to the unstable steady states. SN represents the saddle node
Figure 4. Bifurcation analysis of parameters. (a) One parameter bifurcation graph of . The solid lines describe the steady states of CDH1 versus feedback intensity . The dashed line between two circles corresponds to an unstable state. SN represents the saddle node bifurcation point. (b) The bifurcation diagram of coefficient when varies. Solid lines denote stable equilibrium states and dashed lines denote unstable equilibrium states. (c) The bifurcation diagram with respect to . The vertical coordinates for each pair of shows the dimensionless concentration of the CDH1 expression. (d) The bifurcation diagram with respect toin the parametric plane. The color shows the dimensionless concentration of the CDH1 expression
Figure 5. The bifurcation diagrams of three components as a function of the inhibition coefficient that CDH1 targets on the expression of KLF8 (). The solid lines describe the steady states of CDH1, ZEB1 and KLF8 versus , respectively. The dashed line between the two circles corresponds to an unstable state. SN represents the saddle node
Figure 6. (a) The bifurcation diagram of CDH1 with respect to the feedback constant and the impact intensity . (b)The bifurcation diagram of CDH1 with respect to the feedback constant and the impact intensity . The solid lines describe the steady states of each gene. The dashed line between two circles corresponds to an unstable state. SN represents the saddle node. (c)The simulation when the KLF8-related production rate of ZEB1 degenerates into the constant . The production rate varies from 0 to 1. (d)The simulation where the CDH1-related production rate of KLF8 degenerates into the constant . The production rate varies from 0 to 1
Figure S1. The sensitivity analysis to the perturbation of parameters in the model
Figure S2. (a) The simulation of CDH1 under different intensity that ZEB1 is promoted by KLF8. (b)The simulation of CDH1 under different intensity that KLF8 is inhibited by CDH1
Figure S3. (c)(d)(e)The simulation of CDH1, ZEB1 and KLF8 and their uniformity with the original single cell gene expression levels
Figure S4. A comparison of the deterministic dynamic behavior with the stochastic simulation results of the Master equation. The bold line corresponds to the deterministic simulation; the lines with fluctuations correspond to the stochastic simulation results of the Master equation with the Gillespie algorithm. All of the other parameters are set to be the same as those in Table S1
Figure S5. A comparison of the deterministic dynamic behavior with stochastic simulation results of the chemical Langevin equation. The bold line corresponds to the deterministic simulation; the lines with fluctuations correspond to the stochastic simulation results of the chemical Langevin equation with the Gillespie algorithm. All of the other parameters are set to be the same as those in Table S1
Figure S6. The distribution diagrams of KLF8 under different values of for the Master Equation. The green and red lines correspond to the low and high steady states of the deterministic model, respectively. All the other parameters are set to be the same as those in Table S1