Stability and bifurcation analysis of a discrete Leslie predator-prey system via piecewise constant argument method

Saud Fahad Aldosary; Rizwan Ahmed; Saud Fahad Aldosary; Rizwan Ahmed

doi:10.3934/math.2024226

AIMS Mathematics

2024, Volume 9, Issue 2: 4684-4706. doi: 10.3934/math.2024226

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Research article

Stability and bifurcation analysis of a discrete Leslie predator-prey system via piecewise constant argument method

Saud Fahad Aldosary ¹,
Rizwan Ahmed ^{2
,
,}

1.
Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Alkharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
2.
Department of Mathematics, Air University Multan Campus, Multan, Pakistan

Received: 28 November 2023 Revised: 07 January 2024 Accepted: 15 January 2024 Published: 19 January 2024
MSC : 39A28, 39A30

The objective of this study was to analyze the complex dynamics of a discrete-time predator-prey system by using the piecewise constant argument technique. The existence and stability of fixed points were examined. It was shown that the system experienced period-doubling (PD) and Neimark-Sacker (NS) bifurcations at the positive fixed point by using the center manifold and bifurcation theory. The management of the system's bifurcating and fluctuating behavior may be controlled via the use of feedback and hybrid control approaches. Both methods were effective in controlling bifurcation and chaos. Furthermore, we used numerical simulations to empirically validate our theoretical findings. The chaotic behaviors of the system were recognized through bifurcation diagrams and maximum Lyapunov exponent graphs. The stability of the positive fixed point within the optimal prey growth rate range $A_1 < a < A_2$ was highlighted by our observations. When the value of $a$ falls below a certain threshold $A_1$ , it becomes challenging to effectively sustain prey populations in the face of predation, thereby affecting the survival of predators. When the growth rate surpasses a specific threshold denoted as $A_2$ , it initiates a phase of rapid expansion. Predators initially benefit from this phase because it supplies them with sufficient food. Subsequently, resource depletion could occur, potentially resulting in long-term consequences for populations of both the predator and prey. Therefore, a moderate amount of prey's growth rate was beneficial for both predator and prey populations.

Keywords:

Citation: Saud Fahad Aldosary, Rizwan Ahmed. Stability and bifurcation analysis of a discrete Leslie predator-prey system via piecewise constant argument method[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(2): 4684-4706. doi: 10.3934/math.2024226

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Abstract

1. Introduction

Let $\phi:I \subseteq \Bbb R\rightarrow \Bbb R$ be a convex function and $\alpha, \beta \in I$ with $\alpha < \beta$ , then the following inequality holds,

$\begin{eqnarray} \phi(\frac{{\alpha + \beta}}{2}) \le \frac{1}{{\beta - \alpha}}\int_\alpha^\beta {\phi(x)} dx \le \frac{{\phi(\alpha) + \phi(\beta)}}{2}, \end{eqnarray}$

(1.1)

which is well known as Hermite-Hadamard's inequality ^[1] for convex functions. Both inequalities hold in the reversed direction if $\phi$ is concave.

Convex function is an important function in mathematical analysis and has been applied in many aspects ^[2,3]. With the extension of the definition of convex function, Hermite-Hadamard's inequality has been deeply studied. Some improvement and generalizations for Hermite-Hadamard's inequality (1.1) can been found in the references ^{[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]}.

In ^[11], İşcan gave the definition of harmonically convexity as follows:

Definition 1. Let $I\subset\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}$ be a real interval. A function $\phi:I\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is said to be harmonically convex, if

$\begin{align} \phi\left(\frac{xy}{tx+(1-t)y}\right)\leq t\phi(y)+(1-t)\phi(x) \end{align}$

(1.2)

for all $x, y\in I$ and $t\in[0, 1]$ . If the inequality in (1.2) is reversed, then $\phi$ is said to be harmonically concave.

In recent years, many researchers presented many kinds of fractional calculus by different methods and explored their applications. For example, Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals and its applications in inequalities ^{[13,14,15,16]}. Recently, Yang stated the theory of local fractional calculus on Yang's fractal sets systematically in ^[17,18,19]. Local fractional calculus can explain the behavior of continuous but nowhere differentiable function. In view of the special advantages of local fractional calculus, more and more researchers extended their studies to Yang's fractal space, see ^{[20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]}.

In ^[22], Sun introduced the definition of the generalized harmonically convex function on Yang's fractal sets as follows:

Definition 2. Let $I\subset\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}$ be a real interval. A function $\phi:I\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}(0 < \epsilon\leq1)$ is said to be generalized harmonically convex, if

$\begin{align} \phi\left(\frac{xy}{tx+(1-t)y}\right)\leq t^{\epsilon}\phi(y)+(1-t)^{\epsilon}\phi(x) \end{align}$

(1.3)

for all $x, y\in I$ and $t\in[0, 1]$ . If the inequality in (1.3) is reversed, then $\phi$ is said to be generalized harmonically concave. The sign $\epsilon$ represents the fractal dimension.

Example 1. Let $\phi:(0, \infty)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ and $\psi:(-\infty, 0)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ , then $\phi(x) = x^{\epsilon}$ is a generalized harmonically convex function and $\psi(x) = x^{\epsilon}$ is a generalized harmonically concave function.

The following result related to Hermite-Hadamard's inequalities holds.

Theorem 1. ^[22] Let $\phi: I\subset\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ be a generalized harmonically convex function on fractal space and $\alpha, \beta\in I$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . If $\phi(x)\in I_{x}^{(\epsilon)}[\alpha, \beta]$ , then

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)} \phi(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}) \le \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta - \alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}} \le \frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\left[\phi(\alpha) + \phi(\beta)\right]. \end{align}$

(1.4)

Based on the theory of local fractional calculus and the definition of the generalized harmonically convex function on Yang's fractal sets, the main aim of this paper is using a new integral identity and monotonicity of functions to establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities involving local fractional calculus.

2. Preliminaries

Let $\mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}(0 < \epsilon\leq1)$ be $\epsilon$ -type set of the real line numbers on Yang's fractal sets, and give the following operation rules, see^[17,18]. The sign $\epsilon$ represents the fractal dimension, not the exponential sign.

If $\alpha^{\epsilon}, \beta^{\epsilon}, \gamma^{\epsilon}\in\mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ , then addition and multiplication operations satisfy

(a) $\alpha^{\epsilon}+\beta^{\epsilon}\in\mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ , $\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}\in\mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ ,

(b) $\alpha^{\epsilon}+\beta^{\epsilon} = \beta^{\epsilon}+\alpha^{\epsilon} = (\alpha+\beta)^{\epsilon} = (\beta+\alpha)^{\epsilon}$ ,

(d) $\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon} = \beta^{\epsilon} \alpha^{\epsilon} = (\alpha\beta)^{\epsilon} = (\beta\alpha)^{\epsilon}$ ,

(e) $\alpha^{\epsilon}(\beta^{\epsilon}\gamma^{\epsilon}) = (\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon})\gamma^{\epsilon}$ ,

(f) $\alpha^{\epsilon}(\beta^{\epsilon}+\gamma^{\epsilon}) = \alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}+\alpha^{\epsilon}\gamma^{\epsilon}$ ,

(g) $\alpha^{\epsilon}+0^{\epsilon} = \alpha^{\epsilon}$ , $\alpha^{\epsilon}+(-\alpha)^{\epsilon} = 0^{\epsilon}$ and $\alpha^{\epsilon}1^{\epsilon} = 1^{\epsilon}\alpha^{\epsilon} = \alpha^{\epsilon}$ ,

(h) $(\alpha-\beta)^{\epsilon} = \alpha^{\epsilon}-\beta^{\epsilon}$ .

Definition 3. ^[18,19] If there exists the relation

$|\phi(x)-\phi(x_{0})| < \varepsilon^{\epsilon}$

with $|x-x_{0}| < \delta$ , for $\varepsilon, \delta > 0$ and $\varepsilon, \delta\in\mathbb{R}$ .Then the function $\phi(x)$ is called local fractional continuous at $x_{0}$ . If $\phi(x)$ is local fractional continuous on $(\alpha, \beta)$ , we denote by $\phi(x)\in C_{\epsilon}(\alpha, \beta)$ .

Definition 4. ^[17,19] Supposing that $\phi(x)\in C_{\epsilon}(\alpha, \beta)$ , the local fractional derivative of $\phi(x)$ of order $\epsilon$ at $x = x_{0}$ is defined by

$\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x_{0}) = \frac{d^{\epsilon}\phi(x)}{dx^{\epsilon}}\bigg|_{x = x_{0}} = \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow x_{0}}\frac{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)(\phi(x)-\phi(x_{0}))}{(x-x_{0})^{\epsilon}}.$

For any $x\in(\alpha, \beta)$ , there exists $\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x) = D_{x}^{(\epsilon)}$ , denoted by $\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x)\in D_{x}^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha, \beta)$ . $D_{\epsilon}(\alpha, \beta)$ is called $\epsilon$ -local fractional derivative set. If there exits $\phi^{((n+1)\epsilon)}(x) = \overbrace{D_{x}^{\epsilon}\cdot\cdot\cdot D_{x}^{\epsilon}}^{(n+1) \rm{times}}\phi(x)$ for any $x\in I\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ , then we denote $\phi\in D_{(n+1)\epsilon}(I)$ , where $n = 0, 1, 2, \cdot\cdot\cdot$

Definition 5. ^[17,19] Let $\phi(x)\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ . The local fractional integral of function $\phi(x)$ of order $\epsilon$ is defined by

${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}\phi(t)(dt)^{\epsilon} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\lim\limits_{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{N-1}f(t_{j})(\Delta t_{j})^{\epsilon},$

where $\alpha = t_{0} < t_{1} < \cdot\cdot\cdot < t_{N-1} < t_{N} = \beta, [t_{j}, t_{j+1}]$ is a partition of the interval $[\alpha, \beta]$ , $\Delta t_{j} = t_{j+1}-t_{j}, \Delta t = \max\{\Delta t_{0}, \Delta t_{1} \cdot\cdot\cdot\Delta t_{N-1}\}$ .

Note that ${}_{\alpha}I_{\alpha}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x) = 0$ , and ${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x) = -{}_{\beta}I_{\alpha}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x)$ if $\alpha < \beta$ . We denote $\phi(x)\in I_{x}^{(\epsilon)}[\alpha, \beta]$ if there exits ${}_{\alpha}I_{x}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x)$ for any $x\in(\alpha, \beta)$ .

Lemma 1. ^[17]

(1) Suppose that $\phi(x) = \varphi^{(\epsilon)}(x)\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ , then

${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x) = \varphi(\beta)-\varphi(\alpha).$

(2) (Local fractional integration by parts)

Suppose that $\phi(x), \varphi(x)\in D_{\epsilon}(\alpha, \beta)$ , and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x), \varphi^{(\epsilon)}(x)\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ , then

${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x)\varphi^{(\epsilon)}(x) = [\phi(x)\varphi(x)]\bigg |_{\alpha}^{\beta}-{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x)\varphi(x).$

Lemma 2. ^[17] Suppose that $\phi(x)\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ and $\alpha < \gamma < \beta$ , then

${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x) = {}_{\alpha}I_{\gamma}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x)+{}_{\gamma}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}\phi(x).$

Lemma 3. ^[17]

$\frac{d^{\epsilon}x^{k\epsilon}}{dx^{\epsilon}} = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k-1)\epsilon)}x^{(k-1)\epsilon};$

$\frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}x^{k\epsilon}(dx)^{\epsilon} = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}(\beta^{(k+1)\epsilon}-\alpha^{(k+1)\epsilon}), k > 0.$

Lemma 4. ^[18,30] (Generalized Hölder's inequality) Let $\phi, \varphi\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta], p, q > 1$ , with $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1$ , then

$\frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}|\phi(x)\varphi(x)|(dx)^{\epsilon}\leq\left(\frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}|\phi(x)|^{p}(dx)^{\epsilon}\right)^{1/p} \left(\frac{1}{\Gamma(\epsilon+1)}\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}|\varphi(x)|^{q}(dx)^{\epsilon}\right)^{1/q}.$

Lemma 5. ^[17]

${}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)}1^{\epsilon} = \frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}.$

Let us introduce the special functions on Yang's fractal sets as follows:

(1) The generalized Beta function is given by

$\begin{align*} B_{\epsilon}(x,y) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{0}^{1}t^{(x-1)\epsilon}(1-t)^{(y-1)\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}, x > 0, y > 0, \end{align*}$

(2) The generalized hypergeometric function is given by

$\begin{align*} {}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}(\alpha,\beta;\gamma;z) = \frac{1}{B_{\epsilon}(\beta,\gamma-\beta)}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{0}^{1}t^{(\beta-1)\epsilon}(1-t)^{(\gamma-\beta-1)\epsilon}(1-zt)^{-\alpha\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}, \gamma > \beta > 0, |z| < 1. \end{align*}$

3. Main results

For convenience, we use the symbol $A_{t}$ to denote $t\alpha+(1-t)\beta$ in the following sections.

Lemma 6. Let $I\subset(0, \infty)$ be an interval, $\phi: I^{\circ}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ ( $I^{\circ}$ is the interior of $I$ ) such that $\phi\in D_{\epsilon}(I^{\circ})$ and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}\in C_{\epsilon}(\alpha, \beta)$ for $\alpha, \beta\in I^{\circ}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . Then the following equality holds

$\begin{align} \phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta -\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}} = I_{1}+I_{2}+I_{3}, \end{align}$

(3.1)

where

$\begin{align*} I_{1}& = \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1/2} \phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}, \nonumber\\ I_{2}& = -\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{1/2}^1 \phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}, \nonumber\\ I_{3}& = -\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1} (1-2t)^{\epsilon}\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}. \end{align*}$

Proof. Calculating $I_{1}, I_{2}$ , from Lemma 1(1), we get

$\begin{align*} I_{1} = & \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1/2} \phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}\nonumber\\ = &\frac{1^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\phi\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Bigg|_{0}^{1/2} = \frac{1^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Big[\phi\left(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\right)-\phi(\alpha)\Big] \end{align*}$

and

$\begin{align*} I_{2} = & -\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{1/2}^1 \phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}\nonumber\\ = &-\frac{1^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\phi\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Bigg|_{1/2}^1 = \frac{1^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Big[\phi\left(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\right)-\phi(\beta)\Big]. \end{align*}$

Calculating $I_{3}$ , by the local fractional integration by parts, we have

$\begin{align*} I_{3}& = \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\alpha-\beta)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \frac{(2t-1)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\phi\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Bigg|_{0}^{1}-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\phi\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \frac{\phi(\alpha)+\phi(\beta)}{2^{\epsilon}}-\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \phi\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{t\alpha+(1-t)\beta}\right)(dt)^{\epsilon}. \end{align*}$

Using changing variable with $x = \frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}$ , we have

$\begin{align*} I_{3}& = \frac{\phi(\alpha)+\phi(\beta)}{2^{\epsilon}}-\Gamma(1+\epsilon)\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{\beta-\alpha}\right)^{\epsilon}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_\alpha^\beta \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}(dx)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \frac{\phi(\alpha)+\phi(\beta)}{2^{\epsilon}}- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta -\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}} . \end{align*}$

Adding $I_{1}-I_{3}$ , the desired result is obtained. This completes the proof.

Theorem 2. Let $I\subset(0, \infty)$ be an interval, $\phi:I^{\circ}\rightarrow \Bbb R^{\epsilon}$ ( $I^{\circ}$ is the interior of $I$ ) is an increasing function on $I^{\circ}$ such that $\phi\in D_{\epsilon}(I^{\circ})$ and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ for $\alpha, \beta\in I^{\circ}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . If $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ for some fixed $q > 1$ , then for all $x\in[\alpha, \beta]$ , the following local fractional integrals inequality holds,

$\begin{align} &\Bigg|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta - \alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\Bigg|\\ \leq& \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Big(K^{\epsilon}_{1}(\alpha,\beta)\Big)^{1-\frac{1}{q}} \Big(K^{\epsilon}_{2}(\alpha,\beta)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}+ K^{\epsilon}_{3}(\alpha,\beta)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}\Big)^{\frac{1}{q}}, \end{align}$

(3.2)

where

$\begin{align*} K^{\epsilon}_{1}(\alpha,\beta) = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}+ {}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)} \nonumber\\ &-\frac{{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\Bigg],\nonumber\\ K^{\alpha}_{2}(\alpha,\beta) = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[\frac{1}{2^{\epsilon}}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;4;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\Big(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}-\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}\Big)\nonumber\\ &+2^{\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,3;4;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}-{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg],\nonumber\\ K^{\epsilon}_{3}(\alpha,\beta) = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\nonumber\\ &+2^{\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;4;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}-\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}\Bigg)-{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon} \Big(2,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg]. \end{align*}$

Proof. Since $\phi$ is an increasing function on $I^{\circ}$ , and $0 < \alpha < \frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta} < \beta$ , we can obtain

$\phi(\alpha) < \phi\big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\big) < \phi(\beta).$

From the proof of Lemma 6, we have

$\begin{align} |I_{1}|+|I_{2}| = \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}. \end{align}$

(3.3)

Taking modulus in equality (3.1), we obtain

$\begin{align} \left|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\right| & \leq |I_{1}|+|I_{2}|+|I_{3}| \\ & = \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+|I_{3}|. \end{align}$

(3.4)

From Lemma 6, using the property of the modulus and the generalized Hölder's inequality, we have

$\begin{align} |I_{3}| = &\Bigg|\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1} (1-2t)^{\epsilon}\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\frac{(dt)^{\epsilon}}{(A_{t})^{2\epsilon}}\Bigg|\\ \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ = & \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|^{(1-\frac{1}{q})+\frac{1}{q}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{align}$

(3.5)

Since $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ , thus

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q} (dt)^{\epsilon} \\ \leq&\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\Big(t^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}+ (1-t)^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}\Big)(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q} \\ &+ \Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}. \end{align}$

(3.6)

By calculating, we get

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_\frac{1}{2}^1\frac{(2t -1)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ &+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{(2t )^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1(1-u)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-\frac{u}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(du)^{\epsilon} \\ &+\frac{ 2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)} \int_0^1t^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ &-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Big[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)B_{\epsilon}(1,2)+ 2^{\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(2,1) \\ &-{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(1,1)\Big]\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}+ {}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)} \\ &-\frac{{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\Bigg]\\ = &K^{\epsilon}_{1}(\alpha,\beta). \end{align}$

(3.7)

Similarly, we get

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_\frac{1}{2}^1\frac{(2t -1)^{\epsilon}t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{t^{\epsilon}(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{2^{\epsilon}t^{2\epsilon} }{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[\frac{1}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1u^{\epsilon}(1-u)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-\frac{u}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(du)^{\epsilon}+\frac{ 2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)} \int_0^1t^{2\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ &-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1t^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[\frac{1}{2^{\epsilon}}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;4;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\Big(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}-\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}\Big)\\ &+2^{\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,3;4;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}-{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg] = K^{\epsilon}_{2}(\alpha,\beta), \end{align}$

(3.8)

and

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{(2t -1)^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ \leq&\frac{2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-2t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{2^{\epsilon}t^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon} }{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ &-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1(1-u)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-\frac{u}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(du)^{\epsilon} \\ &+\frac{ 2^{\epsilon}}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)} \int_0^1t^{\epsilon}(1-t)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ &-\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1(1-t)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]\\ = &\beta^{-2\epsilon}\Bigg[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\\ &+2^{\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,2;4;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}-\frac{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+3\epsilon)}\Bigg) \\ &-{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg] = K^{\epsilon}_{3}(\alpha,\beta). \end{align}$

(3.9)

From (3.4)–(3.9), we get inequality (3.2). This completes the proof.

Theorem 3. Let $I\subset(0, \infty)$ be an interval, $\phi:I^{\circ}\rightarrow \Bbb R^{\epsilon}$ is an increasing function on $I^{\circ}$ such that $\phi\in D_{\epsilon}(I^{\circ})$ and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ for $\alpha, \beta\in I^{\circ}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . If $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ , $q > 1, \frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1$ , then for all $x\in[\alpha, \beta]$ , the following local fractional integrals inequality holds.

$\begin{align} &\Bigg|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta - \alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\Bigg|\\ \leq& \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}}\\ &\times\Bigg[{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}+{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{align}$

(3.10)

Proof. From inequality (3.4), we have

$\begin{align} \left|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta - \alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\right| \leq\frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+|I_{3}|. \end{align}$

(3.11)

From Lemma 6, using the property of the modulus and the generalized Hölder's inequality, we have

(3.12)

Since $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ , we can get

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon q}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q} (dt)^{\epsilon} \\ \leq&\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2q\epsilon }}\Big(t^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}+ (1-t)^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}\Big)(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2q\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}+ \Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2q\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}. \end{align}$

(3.13)

By calculating, we have

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2q\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}& = \beta^{-2q\epsilon}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1t^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2q\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \beta^{-2q\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(2,1),\\ & = \frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\beta^{2q\epsilon}\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big), \end{align}$

(3.14)

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2q\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}& = \beta^{-2q\epsilon}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1(1-t)^{\epsilon}\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2q\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \beta^{-2q\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(1,2),\\ & = \frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\beta^{2q\epsilon}\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big), \end{align}$

(3.15)

and

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 |1-2t|^{\epsilon p}(dt)^{\epsilon} = \frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}. \end{align}$

(3.16)

Thus, combining (3.11)–(3.16), we obtain the required inequality. The proof is completed.

Theorem 4. Let $I\subset(0, \infty)$ be an interval, $\phi:I^{\circ}\rightarrow \Bbb R^{\epsilon}$ is an increasing function on $I^{\circ}$ such that $\phi\in D_{\epsilon}(I^{\circ})$ and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ for $\alpha, \beta\in I^{\circ}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . If $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ , $q > 1, \frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1$ , then for all $x\in[\alpha, \beta]$ , the following local fractional integrals inequality holds.

$\begin{align} &\Bigg|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\Bigg|\\ \leq& \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon }\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+q\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(q+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}}\\ &\times\Bigg[\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}+\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{align}$

(3.17)

Proof. From Lemma 6, using the generalized Hölder's inequality and the generalized harmonically convexity of $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ , we have

$\begin{align} \Big|I_{3}\Big| \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 |1-2t|^{\epsilon}\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{p}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1|1-2t|^{\epsilon q}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}} \\ \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\times\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1|1-2t|^{\epsilon q}\Big(t^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}+ (1-t)^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}\Big)(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{align}$

(3.18)

By calculating, we have

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\frac{1}{A_{t}^{2p\epsilon}}(dt)^{\epsilon}& = \beta^{-2p\epsilon}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big(1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big)^{-2p\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \beta^{-2p\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(1,1),\\ & = \frac{{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)}{\beta^{2p\epsilon}\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}, \end{align}$

(3.19)

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1|1-2t|^{\epsilon q}t^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon} & = \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1/2}(1-2t)^{\epsilon q}t^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ &+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{1/2}^1(2t-1)^{\epsilon q}t^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ & = \frac{\Gamma(1+q\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(q+1)\epsilon)}, \end{align}$

(3.20)

and

$\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1|1-2t|^{\epsilon q}(1-t)^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^{1/2}(1-2t)^{\epsilon q}(1-t)^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ &+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_{1/2}^1(2t-1)^{\epsilon q}(1-t)^{\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon}\\ = &\frac{\Gamma(1+q\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(q+1)\epsilon)}. \end{align}$

(3.21)

From (3.11) in Theorem 3, combining (3.18)–(3.21), we obtain the required inequality. The proof is completed.

Theorem 5. Let $I\subset(0, \infty)$ be an interval, $\phi:I^{\circ}\rightarrow \Bbb R^{\epsilon}$ is an increasing function on $I^{\circ}$ such that $\phi\in D_{\epsilon}(I^{\circ})$ and $\phi^{(\epsilon)}\in C_{\epsilon}[\alpha, \beta]$ for $\alpha, \beta\in I^{\circ}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ . If $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ is generalized harmonically convex on $[\alpha, \beta]$ , $q > 1, \frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1$ , then for all $x\in[\alpha, \beta]$ , the following local fractional integrals inequality holds.

$\begin{align} &\Bigg|\phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta - \alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}}\Bigg|\\ \leq& \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}}+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{p}}\Bigg[\Bigg({}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}}\\ &+\Bigg({}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,p+1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big) \Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg] \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}} \Bigg[\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}+\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}\Bigg]^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{align}$

(3.22)

Proof. Note that $(\alpha-\beta)^{\epsilon} = \alpha^{\epsilon}-\beta^{\epsilon}$ . From Lemma 6, using the generalized Hölder's inequality and the generalized harmonically convexity of $|\phi^{(\epsilon)}|^{q}$ , we have

$\begin{align} \Big|I_{3}\Big| \leq& \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{|1-2t|^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ = &\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{|(1-t)^{\epsilon}-t^{\epsilon}|}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ \leq&\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ &+\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{t^{\epsilon}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon}}\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg] \\ \leq&\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p}\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/q} \\ &+\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{t^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p}\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/q}\Bigg] \\ = &\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p} \\ &+\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{t^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p}\Bigg] \\ &\times\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{A_{t}}\right)\Big|^{q}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/q} \\ \leq&\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}\Bigg[\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p} \\ &+\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{t^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/p}\Bigg] \\ &\times\Bigg(\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1\Big[t^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\beta)\big|^{q}+(1-t)^{\epsilon}\big|\phi^{(\epsilon)}(\alpha)\big|^{q}\Big](dt)^{\epsilon}\Bigg)^{1/q}. \end{align}$

(3.23)

By calculating, we have

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-t)^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}& = \beta^{-2 p\epsilon}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 (1-t)^{\epsilon p}\Big[1-(1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta})t\Big]^{-2 p\epsilon}(dt)^{\epsilon} \\ & = \beta^{-2 p\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(1,p+1) \\ & = \frac{\beta^{-2 p\epsilon}\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big). \end{align}$

(3.24)

Similarly,

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 \frac{t^{\epsilon p}}{A_{t}^{2\epsilon p}}(dt)^{\epsilon}& = \beta^{-2 p\epsilon}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,p+1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)B_{\epsilon}(p+1,1) \\ & = \frac{\beta^{-2 p\epsilon}\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,p+1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big). \end{align}$

(3.25)

And

$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 t^{\epsilon }(dt)^{\epsilon} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\int_0^1 (1-t)^{\epsilon }(dt)^{\epsilon} = \frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}. \end{align}$

(3.26)

From (3.11) in Theorem 3, combining (3.23)–(3.26), we obtain the required inequality. The proof is completed.

4. Applications to special means

We consider the following $\epsilon$ -type generalized special means of the real line numbers $\alpha^{\epsilon}, \beta^{\epsilon}$ with $\alpha < \beta$ on Yang's fractal sets.

(1) The generalized arithmetic mean

$\begin{align*} A_{\epsilon}(\alpha,\beta) = \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}+\beta^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}; \end{align*}$

(2) The generalized p-logarithmic mean

$\begin{align*} L_{p\epsilon}(\alpha,\beta) = \left[\frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon) }{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}\frac{\beta^{(p+1)\epsilon}-\alpha^{(p+1)\epsilon}}{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}\right]^{1/p} ,p\in \mathbb{R}\backslash\{-1,0\}; \end{align*}$

(3) The generalized geometric mean

$\begin{align*} G_{\epsilon}(\alpha,\beta) = (\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon})^{\frac{1}{2}}; \end{align*}$

(4) The generalized harmonic mean

$\begin{align*} H_{\epsilon}(\alpha,\beta) = \frac{(2\alpha\beta)^{\epsilon}}{\alpha^{\epsilon}+\beta^{\epsilon}}. \end{align*}$

Consider the function $\phi: (0, \infty)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\epsilon}$ , $\phi(x) = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}x^{(k+1)\epsilon}$ , $x > 0, k\geq1$ and $q\geq1$ . Because the function $\varphi(x) = |\phi^{(\epsilon)}(x)|^{q} = x^{kq\epsilon}$ is generalized convex and nondecreasing on $(0, \infty)$ , by Proposition 3.3 in ^[22], the function $\varphi(x)$ is generalized harmonically convex on $(0, \infty)$ .

Let $\phi(x) = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}x^{(k+1)\epsilon}$ , $x > 0, k > 1$ and $q > 1$ . Then

$\begin{align*} \phi\Big(\frac{2\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\Big) = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}H_{\epsilon}^{k+1}(\alpha,\beta), \end{align*}$

$\begin{align*} \frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}}{(\beta -\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{}_{\alpha}I_{\beta}^{(\epsilon)} \frac{\phi(x)}{x^{2\epsilon}} = \frac{\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)} L_{(k-1)\epsilon}^{k-1}(\alpha,\beta)G_{\epsilon}^{2}(\alpha,\beta), \end{align*}$

$\begin{align*} \frac{\phi(\beta)-\phi(\alpha)}{2^{\epsilon}} = \frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}}{2^{\epsilon}}L_{k\epsilon}^{k}(\alpha,\beta). \end{align*}$

Proposition 1. From Theorem 2, we obtain the following inequality

$\begin{align*} &\Bigg|H_{\epsilon}^{k+1}(\alpha,\beta)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)L_{(k-1)\epsilon}^{k-1}(\alpha,\beta)G_{\epsilon}^{2}(\alpha,\beta)\Bigg|\nonumber\\ \leq&\frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}\Bigg[ L_{k\epsilon}^{k}(\alpha,\beta)+\alpha^{\epsilon}\beta^{\epsilon}\Big(K^{\epsilon}_{1}(\alpha,\beta)\Big)^{1-\frac{1}{q}} \Big(K^{\epsilon}_{2}(\alpha,\beta)\alpha^{kq\epsilon}+ K^{\epsilon}_{3}(\alpha,\beta)\beta^{kq\epsilon}\Big)^{\frac{1}{q}}\Bigg], \end{align*}$

where $K^{\epsilon}_{1}(\alpha, \beta), K^{\epsilon}_{2}(\alpha, \beta)$ and $K^{\epsilon}_{3}(\alpha, \beta)$ as in Theorem 2.

Proposition 2. From Theorem 3, we obtain the following inequality

$\begin{align*} &\Bigg|H_{\epsilon}^{k+1}(\alpha,\beta)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)L_{(k-1)\epsilon}^{k-1}(\alpha,\beta)G_{\epsilon}^{2}(\alpha,\beta)\Bigg|\nonumber\\ \leq&\frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}\Bigg[ L_{k\epsilon}^{k}(\alpha,\beta)+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}}{\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg( \frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}}\nonumber\\ &\times\Bigg({}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,2;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\alpha^{kq\epsilon}+{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2q,1;3;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\beta^{kq\epsilon}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}}\Bigg], \end{align*}$

where $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1, q > 1$ .

Proposition 3. From Theorem 4, we obtain the following inequality

$\begin{align*} &\Bigg|H_{\epsilon}^{k+1}(\alpha,\beta)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)L_{(k-1)\epsilon}^{k-1}(\alpha,\beta)G_{\epsilon}^{2}(\alpha,\beta)\Bigg|\nonumber\\ \leq&\frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}\Bigg[ L_{k\epsilon}^{k}(\alpha,\beta)+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}}{\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg(\frac{{}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+q\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(q+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}}\nonumber\\ &\times\Big(\alpha^{kq\epsilon}+\beta^{kq\epsilon}\Big)^{\frac{1}{q}}\Bigg], \end{align*}$

where $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1, q > 1$ .

Proposition 4. From Theorem 5, we obtain the following inequality

$\begin{align*} &\Bigg|H_{\alpha}^{k+1}(\alpha,\beta)- \Gamma(1+\epsilon)L_{(k-1)\epsilon}^{k-1}(\alpha,\beta)G_{\epsilon}^{2}(\alpha,\beta)\Bigg|\nonumber\\ \leq&\frac{(\beta-\alpha)^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+(k+1)\epsilon)}{2^{\epsilon}\Gamma(1+k\epsilon)}\Bigg\{ L_{k\epsilon}^{k}(\alpha,\beta)+\frac{\alpha^{\epsilon}}{\beta^{\epsilon}}\Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+p\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+(p+1)\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}}\Bigg[\Bigg({}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big)\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}}\nonumber\\ &+\Bigg({}_{2}F_{1}^{\epsilon}\Big(2p,p+1;p+2;1-\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\Big) \Bigg)^{\frac{1}{p}} \Bigg] \Bigg(\frac{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}{\Gamma(1+2\epsilon)}\Bigg)^{\frac{1}{q}} \Big(\alpha^{kq\epsilon}+\beta^{kq\epsilon}\Big)^{\frac{1}{q}}\Bigg\}, \end{align*}$

where $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q} = 1, q > 1$ .

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the research on Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities is extended to Yang's fractal space. By using the definitions of generalized harmonically convex function and the theory of local fractional calculus, we construct some new Hermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities for monotonically increasing functions with generalized harmonically convexity. Some applications related to the special mean are established by using the obtained inequalities, which shows that our results have certain application significance. Our research may inspire more scholars to further explore Hermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities on Yang's fractal sets.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2020JJ4554) and Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Education Department (No. 18B433).

Conflict of interest

This work does not have any conflicts of interest.

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