Solvability and stability analysis of a coupled system involving generalized fractional derivatives

1.   Introduction

A century ago, the first metric fixed-point theorem was published by Banach ^[1]. In fact, before Banach, some famous mathematicians such as Picard and Liouville had used the fixed point approach to solve certain differential equations, more precisely, initial value problems. Inspired by their results, Banach considered it as a separated and independent result in the framework of the nonlinear functional analysis and point-set topology. The statement and the proof of an outstanding work of Banach, also known as contraction mapping principle, can be considered as an art piece: Each contraction, in the setting of a complete metric space, possesses a unique fixed point. Metric fixed point theory has been appreciated and investigated by several researchers. These researchers have different reasons and motivations to study this theory. The most important reason why the researchers find worthful to work and investigate metric fixed point theory is the natural and strong connection of the theoretical result in nonlinear functional analysis with applied sciences. If we look at it with the chronological aspect, we note that the fixed point theory was born as a tool to solve certain differential equations. Banach liberated the theory from being a tool in applied mathematics to an independent work of nonlinear functional analysis. On Picard and Liouville's side, it is a tool to solve the initial value problem. On the other side, from Banach's point of view, the fixed point theory is an independent research topic that has enormous application potential on almost all qualitative sciences, including applied mathematics. Secondly, Banach fixed point theorem not only guarantee the solution (the existence of a fixed point) but also indicate how we reach the mentioned solution (how to find the fixed point). Finally, we need to underline that almost all real world problems can be transferred to a fixed point problem, easily.

With this motivation, several generalizations and extensions of Banach's fixed point theory have been released by introducing new contractions or by changing the structure of the studied abstract space. Among, we shall mention only a few of them that set up the skeleton of the contraction dealt with it. Historically, the first contraction we shall focus on it is the Meir-Keeler contraction ^[2]. Roughly speaking, the Meir-Keeler contraction can be considered as a uniform contraction. The second contraction that we dealt with is Jaggi contraction ^[3]. The interesting part of Jaggi's contraction is the following: Jaggi's contraction is one of the first of its kind that involves some rational expression. The last one is called as an interpolative contraction ^[4]. In the interpolative contraction the terms are used exponentially instead of standard usage of them.

In this paper, we shall introduce a new contraction, hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction, as a unification and generalization of the Meir-Keeler's contraction, the Jaggi's contraction and interpolative contraction in the setting of a complete metric space. We propose certain assumptions to guarantee the existence of a fixed point for such mappings. In addition, we express some example to indicate the validity of the derived results.

Before going into details, we would like to reach a consensus by explaining the concepts and notations: Throughout the paper, we presume the sets, we deal with, are non-empty. The letter $\mathbb N$ presents the set of positive integers. Further, we assume that the pair $(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is a complete metric space. This notation is required in each of the following theorems, definitions, lemma and so on. We shall use the pair $(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ everywhere without repeating that it is a complete metric space.

In what follows we recall the notion of the uniform contraction which is also known as Meir-Keeler contraction:

Definition 1.1. ^[2] A mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is said to be a Meir-Keeler contraction on $\mathsf{X}$, if for every $\mathscr{E} > 0$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that

for every ${x}, {y}\in \mathsf{X}$.

Theorem 1.1. ^[2] Any $\textrm{Meir-Keeler contraction}$ $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ possesses a unique fixed point.

Very recently, Bisht and Rakočević ^[5] suggested the following extension of the uniform contraction:

Theorem 1.2. ^[5] Suppose a mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ fulfills the following statements:

(1) for a given $\mathscr{E} > 0$ there exists a $\delta(\mathscr{E}) > 0$ such that

(2) $\mathsf{d}(\mathsf{f} {x}, \mathsf{f} {y}) < M( {x}, {y})$, whenever $M( {x}, {y}) > 0$;

for any ${x}, {y}\in \mathsf{X}$, where

with $0 < \alpha < 1, \, 0\leq\beta < 1$.Then, $\mathsf{f}$ has a unique fixed point $u\in \mathsf{X}$ and $\mathsf{f}^n {x}\rightarrow u$ for each ${x}\in \mathsf{X}$.

On the other hand, in 2018, the idea of interpolative contraction was consider to revisit the well-known Kannan's fixed point theorem ^[6]:

Definition 1.2. ^[4] A mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is said to be an interpolative Kannan type contraction on $\mathsf{X}$ if there exist $\kappa\in[0, 1)$ and $\gamma\in(0, 1)$ such that

for every ${x}, {y}\in \mathsf{X}\backslash \operatorname{Fix}(\mathsf{f})$, where $\operatorname{Fix}(\mathsf{f}) = \left\{ {x}\in \mathsf{X} | \mathsf{f} {x} = {x}\right\}.$

Theorem 1.3. ^[4] Any interpolative Kannan-contraction mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ possesses a fixed point.

For more interpolative contractions results, we refer to ^{[7,8,9,10,11]} and related references therein.

Definition 1.3. A mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is called a Jaggi type hybrid contraction if there is $\psi \in \Psi$ so that

for all distinct ${x}, {y} \in \mathsf{X}$ where $p\geq0$ and $\sigma_i\geq0, i = 1, 2, 3, 4,$ such that $\sigma_1+\sigma_2 = 1$ and

where $\mathfrak{F}_ \mathsf{f}(\mathsf{X}) = \{ {z}\in \mathsf{X} : \mathsf{f} {z} = {z}\}$.

Theorem 1.4. A continuous mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ possesses a fixed point ${x}$ if it forms a Jaggi-type hybrid contraction.In particular, for any ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$, the sequence $\{ \mathsf{f}^{n} {x}_0\}$ converges to ${x}$.

Definition 1.4. ^[12] Let $\alpha: \mathsf{X} \times \mathsf{X} \rightarrow [0, +\infty)$ be a mapping, where $\mathsf{X}\neq \emptyset$. A self-mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is called triangular $\alpha$-orbital admissible and denote as $\mathsf{f} \in \mathcal{T}_X^{\alpha}$ if

and

for all ${x}, {y}\in \mathsf{X}$.

This concept, was used by many authors, in order to prove variant fixed point results (see, for instance ^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19]} and the corresponding references therein).

Lemma 1.1. ^[12] Assume that $\mathsf{f} \in \mathcal{T}_X^{\alpha}$. If there exists ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1$, then $\alpha( {x}_m, {x}_k)\ge1$, for all $m, n\in\mathbb{N}$, where the sequence $\left\{ {x}_k\right\}$ is defined by ${x}_{k+1} = {x}_k$.

The following condition is frequently considered to avoid the continuity of the mappings involved.

$({\rm{R}})$ if the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ in $\mathsf{X}$ is such that for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$,

then there exists a subsequence $\left\{ {x}_{n(j)}\right\}$ of $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ such that

2.   Main results

We start this section by introducing the new contraction, namely, hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction.

Consider the mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ and the set of fixed point, $\mathfrak{F}_ \mathsf{f}(\mathsf{X}) = \{ {z}\in \mathsf{X} : \mathsf{f} {z} = {z}\}$. We define the crucial expression $\mathcal{R}^{s}_{ \mathsf{f}}$ as follows:

where $p\geq 1$ and $\beta_i\geq 0$, $i = 1, 2, 3$ are such that $\beta_1+\beta_2+\beta_3 = 1$.

Definition 2.1. Assume that $\mathsf{f} \in \mathcal{T}_X^{\alpha}$. We say that $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is an $\alpha$-hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction on $\mathsf{X}$, if for all distinct ${x}, {y} \in \mathsf{X}$ we have:

$(a_1)$ for given $\mathscr{E} > 0$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that

$(a_2)$

Theorem 2.1. Any continuous $\alpha$-hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ provide a fixed point if there exists ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$, such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1$ and $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f}^2 {x}_0)\geq1$.

Proof. Let ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$ be an arbitrary, but fixed point. We form the sequence $\left\{ {x}_m\right\}$, as follows:

for all $m\in\mathbb{N}$ and assume that $\mathsf{d}( {x}_m, {x}_{m+1}) > 0$, for all $n\in\mathbb{N}\cup\left\{0\right\}$. Indeed, if for some $l_0\in\mathbb{N}\cup\left\{0\right\}$ we have $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{l_0}, {x}_{l_0+1}) = 0$, it follows that ${x}_{l_0} = {x}_{l_0+1} = \mathsf{f} {x}_{l_0}$. Therefore, ${x}_{l_0}$ is a fixed point of the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ and the proof is closed.

Since, by assumption, the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ is triangular $\alpha$-orbital admissible, it follows that

for every $n\in\mathbb{N}$.

We shall study two cases; these are $s > 0$ and $s = 0$.

Case (A). For the case $s > 0$, letting ${x} = {x}_{n-1}$ and ${y} = {x}_n = \mathsf{f} {x}_{n-1}$ in $(a_2)$, we get

where

If we can find $n_0\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0}, {x}_{n_0+1})\geq \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0-1}, {x}_{n_0})$, we have

Then, $\max\left\{ \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0}, {x}_{n_0+1}), \mathcal{R}_ \mathsf{f}^{s}( {x}_{n_0-1}, {x}_{n_0})\right\} = \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0}, {x}_{n_0+1})$, and using (2.4), respectively (2.5) we get

which is a contradiction. Therefore, $\mathsf{d}( {x}_n, {x}_{n+1}) < \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_n)$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and (2.5) becomes

for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Consequently, there exists $b\geq 0$ such that $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow +\infty} \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_n) = b$. If $b > 0$, we have

for any $m\in\mathbb{N}$. On the one hand, since (2.2) holds for every given $\mathscr{E} > 0$, it is possible to choose $\mathscr{E} = b$ and let $\delta > 0$ be such that (2.2) is satisfied. On the other hand, since, also, $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow +\infty}\max\left\{ \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_n), \mathcal{R}^{s}_{ \mathsf{f}}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_n)\right\} = b$, there exists $m_0\in\mathbb{N}$ such that

Thus, by (2.2), together with (2.4) we obtain

which is a contradiction. Therefore,

We claim now that $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ is a Cauchy sequence. Let $\mathscr{E} > 0$ be fixed and we can choose that $\delta' = \min\left\{\delta(\mathscr{E}), \mathscr{E}, 1\right\}$. Thus, from (2.6) it follows that there exists $j_0\in\mathbb{N}$ such that

for all $n\geq j_0$. Now, we consider the set

We claim that $\mathsf{f} y \in \mathcal{A}$ whenever $y = {x}_l\in\mathcal{A}$. Indeed, in case of $l = j_0$, we have $\mathsf{f} {x}_l = \mathsf{f} {x}_{j_0} = {x}_{j_0+1}$, and taking (2.7) into account, we get

Thus, we will assume that $l > j_0$, and we distinguish two cases, namely:

Case 1. Suppose that

We have

In this case,

which implies by $(a_1)$ that

But, taking into account that the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ is triangular $\alpha$-orbital admissible, together with (2.4) we have

and recursively we get that

for all $n, l\in\mathbb{N}$. Therefore, from (2.11) and (2.12), we have

Now, by the triangle inequality together with (2.7)and (2.13) we get

which means that, indeed $\mathsf{f} {x}_l = {x}_{l+1}\in \mathcal{A}$.

Case 2. Suppose that

Thus,

where

We must consider two subcases

$({\rm{2a}}).$ $\mathsf{d}( {x}_l, {x}_{j_0})\geq \mathsf{d}( {x}_{j_0}, {x}_{j_0+1})$. Then,

But, since $\delta' = \min\left\{\delta, \mathscr{E}, 1\right\}$, we get

and then

which shows that $\mathsf{f} {x}_l\in\mathcal{A}$.

$({\rm{2b}}).$ $\mathsf{d}( {x}_l, {x}_{j_0}) < \mathsf{d}( {x}_{j_0}, {x}_{j_0+1})$. Then,

Consequently, choosing some $m, n\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $m > n > j_0$, we can write

which leads us to

Therefore, $\left\{ {x}_m\right\}$ is a Cauchy sequence in a complete metric space. Thus, we can find a point $u\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\lim_{m\rightarrow +\infty} {x}_m = u$. Moreover, since the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ is continuous we have

that is, $u$ is a fixed point of $\mathsf{f}$.

Case (B). For the case $s = 0$, letting ${x} = {x}_{n-1}$ and ${y} = {x}_n = \mathsf{f} {x}_{n-1}$ in (2.2), we get

where

Thus, by (2.3) and taking (2.4) into account we have

Now, if there exists $n_0\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0}, {x}_{n_0+1})\geq \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n_0-1}, {x}_{n_0})$, we get

which is a contradiction. Therefore, $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{n}, {x}_{n+1}) < \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_{n})$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$, that is, the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ decreasing and moreover, converges to some $b\geq 0$. Moreover, since

we get that

If we suppose that $b > 0$, then, $0 < b < \mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_n)$ and we can find $\delta > 0$ such that

In this way, taking $\mathscr{E} = b$, we get

which implies (by $(a_1)$) that

which is a contradiction. We thus proved that

We claim now, that the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ is Cauchy. Firstly, we remark that, since $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{n-1}, {x}_{n}) = 0$, there exists $j_0\in\mathbb{N}$, such that

for any $n\geq j_0$, where $\delta' = \min\left\{\delta, \mathscr{E}, 1\right\}$. Reasoning by induction, we will prove that the following relation

holds, for any $m\in\mathbb{N}$. Indeed, in case of $m = 1$,

so, (2.19) is true. Now, supposing that (2.19) holds for some $l$, we shall show that it holds for $l+1$. We have

As in the Case (A), if $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{j_0}, {x}_{j_0+l}) > \mathscr{E}$, by ($a_2$), and keeping in mind the above inequalities, we get

But, since using (2.12), it follows that

and then, by $(b_3)$ we get

Therefore, (2.19) holds for $(l+1)$. In the opposite situation, if $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{j_0}, {x}_{j_0+l})\leq \mathscr{E}$, again by the triangle inequality, we obtain

Consequently, the induction is completed. Therefore, $\left\{ {x}_m\right\}$ is a Cauchy sequence in a complete metric space. Thus, there exists $u\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\mathsf{f} u = u$.

In the above Theorem, the continuity condition of the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ can be replace by the continuity of $\mathsf{f}^2$.

Theorem 2.2. Suppose that $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ forms an $\alpha$-hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction such that $\mathsf{f}^2$ is continuous.Then, $\mathsf{f}$ has a fixed point, provided that there exists ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$, such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1$.

Proof. Let ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1$ and the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$, where ${x}_n = \mathsf{f} {x}_{n-1}$, for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Thus, from Theorem 2.3 we know that this is a convergent sequence. Letting $u = \lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty} {x}_n$, we claim that $u = \mathsf{f} u$.

Since the mapping $\mathsf{f}^2$ is supposed to be continuous,

Assuming on the contrary, that $u\neq \mathsf{f} u$, we have

Example 2.1. Let $\mathsf{X} = [0, +\infty)$, $\mathsf{d}: \mathsf{X}\times \mathsf{X}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)$, $\mathsf{d}( {x}, {y}) = \left| {x}- {y}\right|$, and the mapping $\mathsf{f}: \mathsf{X}\rightarrow \mathsf{X}$, where

We can easily observe that $\mathsf{f}$ is discontinuous at the point ${x} = 1$, but $\mathsf{f}^2$ is a continuous mapping. Let also the function $\alpha: \mathsf{X}\times \mathsf{X}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)$,

and we choose $\beta_1 = \frac{1}{4}, \beta_2 = \frac{1}{2}, \beta_1 = \frac{1}{4}$ and $s = 2$. The mapping $\mathsf{f}$ is triangular $\alpha$-orbital admissible and satisfies $(a_2)$ in Definition 2.1 for any ${x}, {y}\in[0, 1]$, respectively for ${x}, {y}\in(1, +\infty)$. Taking into account the definition of the function $\alpha$, we have more to check the case ${x} = \frac{5}{6}$, ${y} = \frac{7}{6}$. We have

Therefore,

Moreover, since the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ satisfies condition $(a_1)$ for

it follows that the assumptions of Theorem 2.3 are satisfied, and $u = \frac{1}{2}$ ia a fixed point of the mapping $\mathsf{f}$.

Theorem 2.3. If to the hypotheses of Theorem we add the following assumption

then the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ admits an unique fixed point.

Proof. Let $u\in \mathsf{X}$ be a fixed point of $\mathsf{f}$. Supposing on the contrary, that we can find $v\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\mathsf{f} u = u\neq v = \mathsf{f} v$, we have

$({\rm{i}})$ For $s > 0$,

Thus, taking ${x} = u$ and ${y} = v$ in (2.3) we get

which is a contradiction.

$({\rm{ii}})$ For $s = 0$,

which is a contradiction.

Consequently, if there exists a fixed point of the mapping $\mathsf{f}$, under the assumptions of the theorem, this is unique.

Example 2.2. Let the set $\mathsf{X} = [-1, +\infty)$, $\mathsf{d}: \mathsf{X}\times \mathsf{X}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)$, $\mathsf{d}( {x}, {y}) = \left| {x}- {y}\right|$, and the mapping $\mathsf{f}: \mathsf{X}\rightarrow \mathsf{X}$, where

Let also $\alpha: \mathsf{X}\times \mathsf{X}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)$ defined as follows

It is easy to check that, with these chooses, $\mathsf{f}$ is a continuous triangular $\alpha$-orbital admissible mapping and also, it follows that the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ satisfies the conditions $(a_2)$ from Definition (2.1). Moreover, $\mathsf{f}$ satisfies the condition $(a_1)$, considering $\delta(\mathscr{E}) = 1-\mathscr{E}$ in case of $\mathscr{E} < 1$ and $\delta(\mathscr{E}) = 1$ for $\mathscr{E} \geq 1$. Consequently, $\mathsf{f}$ satisfies the conditions of Theorem 2.3 and has a unique fixed point, $u = 0$.

In particular, for the case $s = 0$, the continuity assumption of the mapping $\mathsf{f}$ can be replace by the condition (R).

Theorem 2.4. We presume that$\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \in \mathcal{T}_X^{\alpha}$ and fulfills

$(a_{i})$ for given $\mathscr{E} > 0$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that

with

for all ${x}, {y} \in \mathsf{X}$, where $\beta_i\geq 0$, $i = 1, 2, 3$ so that $\beta_1+\beta_2+\beta_3 = 1$;

$(a_{ii})$

The mapping $\mathsf{f}$ has a unique fixed point provided that:

$(\alpha_1)$ there exists ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1$;

$(\alpha_3)$ $\alpha(u, v)\geq 1$ for any $u, v\in\mathfrak{F}_ \mathsf{f}(\mathsf{X})$;

$(\alpha_2)$ if the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ in $\mathsf{X}$ is such that for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$

then there exists a subsequence $\left\{ {x}_{n(j)}\right\}$ of $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ such that

Proof. Let ${x}_0\in \mathsf{X}$ such that $\alpha( {x}_0, \mathsf{f} {x}_0)\geq 1.$ Then, we know (following the proof of Theorem 2.3) that the sequence $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$, with ${x}_n = \mathsf{f}^n {x}_0$ is convergent; let $u = \lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty} {x}_n$. On the other hand, from $(\alpha_2)$, we can find a subsequence $\left\{ {x}_{n(j)}\right\}$ of $\left\{ {x}_n\right\}$ such that

Since we can suppose that $\mathsf{d}( {x}_{n(j)+1}, \mathsf{f} u) > 0$, from $(a_{ii})$ we have

Letting $n\rightarrow +\infty$ in the above inequality, we get $\mathsf{d}(u, \mathsf{f} u) = 0$. Thus, $\mathsf{f} u = u$.

To proof the uniqueness, we consider that we can find another fixed point of $\mathsf{f}$. From $(a_{ii})$, we have

which is a contradiction. Therefore, $u = v$.

Considering $\alpha( {x}, {y}) = 1$ in the above theorems, we can easily obtain the following result.

Definition 2.2. A mapping $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ is called hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction on $\mathsf{X}$ if for all distinct ${x}, {y} \in \mathsf{X}$ we have:

$(a_1)$ for given $\mathscr{E} > 0$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that

$(a_2)$ whenever $\mathcal{R}_{ \mathsf{f}}( {x}, {y}) > 0$,

Corollary 2.1. Any hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction $\mathsf{f}:(\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d}) \rightarrow (\mathsf{X}, \mathsf{d})$ possesses a unique fixed point provided that $\mathsf{f}$ is continuous or $\mathsf{f}^2$ is continuous.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.