Figure 1.
The Length of Patchouli Explant at Different Treated with Zeatin Hormone and Moringa Leaf Extract (Diagram with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test).
Citation: Filippo Brun, Raffaele Zanchini, Angela Mosso, Giuseppe Di Vita. Testing consumer propensity towards novel optional quality terms: An explorative assessment of “mountain” labelled honey[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2020, 5(2): 190-203. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2020.2.190
| [1] | Ziad Jaradat, Batool Khataybeh, Abdull Majid Al Ghzawi, Qutaiba Ababneh, Anas Al Nabusli . Molecular identification of major bacteria in honey and the effect of microwave treatment on its microbial quality and antibacterial activity. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2022, 7(3): 594-613. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2022037 |
| [2] | Rossaporn Jiamjariyatam, Orachorn Mekkerdchoo, Pakkapong Phucharoenrak, Lu Zheng . Effects of freeze-drying and vacuum-drying on the quality, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities of bee honey in northern Thailand. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2024, 9(2): 430-444. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2024025 |
| [3] | Daniele Asioli, Rungsaran Wongprawmas, Erika Pignatti, Maurizio Canavari . Can information affect sensory perceptions? Evidence from a survey on Italian organic food consumers. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2018, 3(3): 327-344. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2018.3.327 |
| [4] | Elena Y. Osipenko, Yuliya Y. Denisovich, Galina A. Gavrilova, Ekaterina Y. Vodolagina . The use of bioactive components of plant raw materials from the far eastern region for flour confectionery production. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2019, 4(1): 73-87. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2019.1.73 |
| [5] | Giulia Mastromonaco, Simone Blanc, Antonina Sparacino, Chiara Medoro, Stefano Predieri, Marta Cianciabella . Challenges and opportunities of sustainability, certifications and traceability in the Italian beekeeping sector. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2025, 10(2): 314-336. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2025016 |
| [6] | Giuseppe Timpanaro, Paolo Guarnaccia, Silvia Zingale, Vera Teresa Foti, Alessandro Scuderi . The sustainability role in the purchasing choice of agri-food products in the United Arab Emirates and Italy. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2022, 7(2): 212-240. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2022014 |
| [7] | Chung-Te Ting, Yu-Sheng Huang, Cheng-Te Lin, Yun Hsieh . Measuring consumer' willingness to pay for food safety certification labels of packaged rice. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2021, 6(4): 1000-1010. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2021060 |
| [8] | Ioannis K. Karabagias, Chara Papastephanou, Vassilios K. Karabagias . Geographical differentiation of Cypriot multifloral honeys through specific volatile compounds and the use of DFA. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2019, 4(1): 149-162. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2019.1.149 |
| [9] | Francesco Sottile, Stefano Massaglia, Valentina Maria Merlino, Cristiana Peano, Giulia Mastromonaco, Ferdinando Fornara, Danielle Borra, Oriana Mosca . Consumption vs. non-consumption of plant-based beverages: A case study on factors influencing consumers' choices. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2023, 8(3): 889-913. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2023047 |
| [10] | Felice Adinolfi, Yari Vecchio, Margherita Masi, Giada Mastandrea, Gianmarco Lambertini, Paolo De Castro . The reform of EU geographical indications: A look at the newly approved Regulation. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2024, 9(2): 693-698. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2024037 |
Patchouli plants (Pogostemin cablin L.) have a high economic value because these plants produce essential oils used for the ingredients of perfume, soap, antiseptic, insecticides and other volatile binders (fixative) whose substitutes have not been found. Indonesia as the world main supplier of patchouli oil contributed 70% of the supply [1]. However, its production in Indonesia tends to decrease by 45%. The decline in the patchouli plant productivity is related to patchouli cultivation technology, especially the management of soil fertility and the control of pests and plant diseases [2]. The disease commonly attacking patchouli plants is bacterial wilt caused by the poor quality of the used patchouli (Pogostemon cablin B.) seeds [1]. This disease can cause losses of up to 60-90%, and ultimately reduce crop productivity. Bacterial wilt caused by Sclerotium fungus potentially appear during the rainy season due to significantly high humidity [3,4]. Therefore, in order to solve the cause of bacterial wilt, disease-free patchouli seeds are needed. Tissue culture technology is one way to get disease-free healthy seeds in a short time and in large quantities.
Tissue culture technology requires growth regulators to improve plant growth. The growth regulators commonly used in tissue culture are auxins and cytokines [5]. A study conducted by [6] revealed that cytokines play a role in cell division by stimulating nucleic acid synthesis and are important enzyme regulators in growth. They have major roles in the shoot growth process [7]. The most widely used cytokines in tissue culture are Zeatin and Benzylaminopurin (BAP). Zeatin functions to multiply, accelerate, and improve the shoot growth, to accelerate the regeneration and the bud growth processes, and to inhibit seed dormancy [8]. The important role of zeatin to improve the shoot growth is the main factor of its use in the tissue culture. Coconut water have been known as natural zeatin in the tissue culture [9]. One other plant that has the potential as a natural growth regulator is the leaves of Moringa plants [10].
The leaves of the Moringa plants are rich in natural cytokine hormones, especially zeatin, with an amount of several thousand times more than the zeatin content of other plants [11,12,13]. Besides, Moringa leaf extract also contains ascorbic acid and minerals such as Ca, K, and Fe which can support the growth of patchouli shoots [13,14,15]. Therefore, Moringa leaf extract is expected to become an alternative to the expensive zeatin hormones in tissue culture technology to produce plant seeds, such as patchouli seeds. A study result of [16] showed that the best zeatin concentration for the patchouli growth was 1.5 ppm. Meanwhile, 1.5 ppm zeatin was equivalent to 40 grams/L Moringa leaf extract. Zeatin in the Moringa leaf extract decreased due to the sterilization process and other compounds in Moringa leaf extract [11,13,17,18,19,20,21]. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of various concentrations of Moringa leaf extract on the growth of patchouli explants.
This study was carried out in the tissue culture laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture of Universitas Brawijaya, Malang East Java from June 2019 to March 2020. The materials used included sub- cultured patchouli explants as the planting material (the sub-culture was obtained from patchouli plants previously cultured without growth regulators in the MS media), MS media (Murashige and Skoog), growth regulating substance from a Moringa leaf extract and zeatin in different concentrations, alcohol, HCl 1 N, NaOH 1 N, agar, sucrose, distilled water, detergent, and methylated spirits. Meanwhile, the materials used in the extraction process consisted of Moringa leaves with a maximum age of 35 days which had been separated from the branches and their midribs and acetone.
The study employed a complete random design (CRD) with 6 (six) treatment concentrations of the Moringa leaf extract and zeatin on the MS media. The Moringa leaf extract and zeatin were given at respective concentrations: Moringa leaf extract of 30 grams/L (equivalent to 1.5 ppm zeatin), 40 grams/L (equivalent to 2 ppm zeatin), and 50 grams/L (equivalent to 2.5 ppm zeatin), therefore, the concentrations of the zeatin hormone were 1.5 ppm, 2 ppm, and 2.5 ppm.
The Moringa extract was obtained from the maceration extraction process. Maceration was performed by grinding the fresh Moringa leaves to become pulp, which was then mixed with acetone as a solvent. Following that, the solution was put in an oven for 3 × 24 hours at 40 ℃. The Patchouli explants were obtained from the sub-cultured shoots of the patchouli plants. The planting material for explants was taken from the shoots with 2 young leaves, cut 2 cm in size from the tip. The explants were planted on the prepared MS media. To prepare the media, a mixture of micro MS, macro MS, growth regulators and 500 mL of distilled water was made. After all the ingredients were mixed, the mixture was sterilized using an autoclave at a temperature of 121℃ for 35 minutes. The media were ready to use after sitting for 3 × 24 hours. The growth regulators of Moringa leaf extract and zeatin were put into 500 mL; MS media before divided into culture bottles.
The data gathered from the field observations were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (F test) to discover the effect of the treatments on the Patchouli explant growth. If the treatment had a significant effect on the explant growth, the analysis was continued with the smallest significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% level to determine the best treatment.
The Moringa leaf extract and the zeatin hormone had a significant effect on the number of leaves, the number of shoots, and the length of the explants. The number of leaves observed per explant showed varying numbers. Based on the data from the observations, the growth of patchouli explants, including the number of leaves, the number of shoots, and the length of the explants, treated with the zeatin hormone of 1.5 ppm, 2.0 ppm, and 2.5 ppm and Moringa leaf extract of 40 grams/L did not show a significant difference.
Moringa leaf extract contains zeatin and several other additional components, such as ascorbic acid and minerals like Ca, K, and Fe [15]. The chemical substance affecting the increase in the number of shoots in Moringa leaf extract is zeatin. Zeatin is a cytokine compound that can suppress the effects of ABA inhibitors which are usually found in leaves [16]. Moreover, the addition of zeatin can reduce callus formation so the shoots grow earlier. The success rate of explants in the shoot growth can be improved because of the balance of endogenous hormones obtained from the addition of exogenous hormones, zeatin [22]. Based on the results of the variety test, it was found out that the addition of 40 grams/L Moringa leaf extract could increase the number of shoots similar to the use of the zeatin hormone 1.5 ppm. This could happen because one Moringa leaf contains 5-200 μg zeatin [23,24,25,26].
The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was an effect of the concentration of zeatin and moringa leaf extract on the number of patchouli explants at the age of observation 28, 35 and 42 DAP. The number of leaves can be shown in Figure 1. At 28 DAP, the addition of 1.5, 2.0 and 25 ppm zeatin had more leaves than the addition of 50 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract. Meanwhile, the addition of 40 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract to patchouli explants had fewer leaves compared to the addition of 2.0 ppm and 2.5 ppm. At 35 DAP, the number of leaves was higher at 2.0 ppm and 2.5 ppm zeatin compared to 30 gram/L, 40 gram/L and 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract. While the addition of 2.5 ppm zeatin has more leaves than the addition of 50 gram/L Moringa leaf extract. At 42 DAP, the addition of 2.0 ppm zeatin, 2.5 ppm zeatin and 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract had more leaves than the addition of 1.5 ppm zeatin, 40 gram/L and 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract. Meanwhile, 1.5 ppm zeatin has more leaves than the addition of 50 gram/L Moringa leaf extract.
Number of leaves of the explants treated with zeatin at several concentrations was higher compared to those treated with the Moringa leaf extract treatment. This could be caused by other chemical substances contained in the Moringa leaf extract, such as vitamins C, Fe, and Ca. The growth of the Patchouli explant leaves is influenced by cytokine hormones, thus in this study the zeatin hormone and the Moringa leaf extract were used. The research results of [27] indicated that the addition of zeatin to tissue culture media could increase the number of explant leaves. This is in line with the research of [16] that the use of 1.5 ppm zeatin produced the highest number of leaves.
Table 1 showed that the treatment using the Moringa leaf extract did not give the same results as that using the zeatin hormone in the observed number of leaves and plant length. This was caused by the effect of zeatin on the cell division. According to Table 1, the use of the Moringa leaf extract as the treatment could only show the similar result to the treatment with the zeatin in the number of shoots, but not in the number of leaves and explant lengths. The most effective concentration of the zeatin hormone according to [16] is 1.5 ppm. This concentration was used as the comparison to this study. The results of this study indicated that the use of the 30 grams/L Moringa leaf extract produced a number of leaves that was not significantly different from the use of the zeatin hormone at 1.5 ppm. The zeatin-cytokine hormone has been reported to play a major role in the leaf formation and growth on explants of various plant species [28,29,30,31].
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 2.37 | 2.67 | 3.81 | 5.19 c | 6.06 d | 7.13 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 2.62 | 3.69 | 4.89 | 6.00 d | 7.12 e | 7.25 c |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 2.44 | 3.00 | 4.44 | 5.31 c | 6.37 d | 7.87 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.44 | 2.87 | 3.56 | 4.18 b | 5.31 b | 5.25 ab |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.81 | 4.80 | 4.00 b | 5.00 b | 5.00 a |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.62 | 2.87 | 3.06 a | 3.06 a | 3.81 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | ns | 1.45 | 1.79 | 1.83 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was an effect of zeatin concentration and Moringa leaf extract on the number of patchouli explant shoots at all observation ages. The average number of shoots can be shown in Figure 2. At 21 DAP, 1.5 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 2.5 ppm and 40 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract produced a higher number of shoots compared to 30 gram/L and 50/L Moringa leaf extract. While the addition of 50 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract produce in more shoots than the addition of 30 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract. At 28 DAP, the addition of 50 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract produced the lowest number of shoots compared to the addition of zeatin and other moringa leaf extract concentrations. Observations 35 and 42 DAP had the same growth pattern, the addition of 1.5 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 2.5 ppm zeatin and 40 gram/L Moringa leaf extract resulted in a higher number of shoots compared to the addition and 50 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract. While the addition of 30 gram/L of Moringa leaf extract resulted in fewer shoots than the addition of 1.5 ppm zeatin.
Based on individual observations, the highest increase in the number of shoots with zeatin treatment was found at a concentration of 1.5 ppm, while the moringa leaf extract was found at a concentration of 40 grams/L. The shoot growth on these explants was influenced by internal and external factors. The external factor affecting the cell division is sunlight, or in tissue culture is lighting. Meanwhile, the internal factor that can affect the division of cells is the composition of hormones which can accelerate and stimulate the cell division [32].
Cytokine activity is a key element in building and regulating the cell division in the Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM). A study conducted by [33] shows that cytokines are positive regulators of cell proliferation in SAM. Cytokines play an important role in maintaining the size and activity of the SAM [34]. [16] stated that the growth of plant organogenesis in vitro is controlled by the balance and interaction of growth regulators in the plants or explants. The application of these exogenous growth regulators can change the gradient or balance of the growth regulators in the plant or explant body and effect on the plant growth, thus; the growth regulators must exist in a certain gradient and balance.
Cytokinesis can accelerate the cytokine activity thereby resulting in an increase in the cell numbers. Cytokinensis is the process of cell division, in which the cells absorb more cytokines to support their growth and development. Cytokines can also increase the plasticity of the cell wall so it can relax and stretch more quickly, and then the cell will undergo differentiation and specialization of function. Cells which undergo specialization function eventually grow and develop into new shoots.
The planting media are commonly sterilized using an autoclave at a temperature of 121℃ and a pressure of 15 psi. This media sterilization process can cause damage to the growth substances contained in the leaf extract. According to [17], too long sterilization on the media can cause degradation of vitamins and amino acids, inactivation of cytokine-zeatin riboside, which will result in polymerization, and pH changes. The factors that can degrade zeatin are high, dry, saline, and low temperatures [5]. The destruction of zeatin contained in the Moringa leaf extract can be the cause of the need for a high concentration of Moringa leaf extract (40 grams/L) to produce a similar effect close to the 1.5 ppm zeatin treatment.
The results (Table 2) show that the shoot began to grow on the 21 DAP. Based on the individual observations, the increase in the number of shoots occurred in the media treated with 1.5 ppm zeatin and in those treated with 40 grams/L Moringa leaf extract. Moreover, from each treatment of 1.5 ppm of zeatin and 40 grams/L of Moringa leaf extract on the 42 DAP, the explants had an average of 1.75 shoots. This was influenced by internal and external factors. The external factor affecting the cell division is sunlight, or in tissue culture is lighting. Meanwhile, the internal factor that can affect the division of cells is the composition of hormones which can accelerate and stimulate the cell division [32].
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.38 c | 1.75 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.75 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.63 bc |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.69 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.31 a | 0.75 b | 1.06 ab | 1.50 b |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.68 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.75 c |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.50 b | 0.62 a | 0.87 a | 1.31 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
Cytokine activity is a key element in building and regulating the cell division in the Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM). A study conducted by [33] shows that cytokines are positive regulators of cell proliferation in SAM. Cytokines play an essential role in maintaining the size and the activity of the SAM [34]. The growth of plant organogenesis in vitro is controlled by the balance and interaction of the growth regulators in the explants [16]. The presence of these exogenous growth regulators can change the gradient or balance of the growth regulators in the explant body. Therefore, to affect on the plant growth, the growth regulators must exist in a certain gradient.
Cytokinensis is the process of cell division, in which the cells absorb more cytokines to support their growth and development. Cytokines can also increase the plasticity of the cell wall so it can relax and stretch more quickly, and then the cell will undergo differentiation and specialization of function. Cells which undergo specialization function eventually grow and develop into new shoots.
Cytokines are able to increase the growth of new shoots because they can promote cell division by accelerating the rate of transition from the G2 process to the mitotic process [35]. The processes in this phase are accelerated because cytokines can function to increase the rate of a protein synthesis in the cell. Besides, [36] stated that cytokines are able to shorten the S phase by activating DNA, therefore, the size of the DNA copy is twice as large, this can affect on doubling the rate of DNA synthesis.
The addition of exogenous cytokines can stimulate division and addition of cells [37]. The increase in the number of cells affect on the increasing cell division activity or increasing cell viability. Zeatin is a cytokine which is able to increase the number of shoots. The addition of the zeatin hormone as much as 1.5 ppm in patchouli plant tissue culture can increase the shoot growth [16]. Other studies reported that an amount of zeatin can be found in the Moringa leaf extract, therefore; in a certain concentration, it can be an alternative to the zeatin hormone [23,24,25,26].
The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was an effect of the concentration of zeatin and moringa leaf extract on the length of patchouli explants at all ages of observation. The average length of patchouli explants can be shown in Figure 1 and 2. The addition of Moringa leaf extract to tissue culture media was not able to provide better results than zeatin application to the media. Moreover, the further test results showed that the addition of 2.0 ppm zeatin resulted in a higher length of patchouli explants compared to the addition of patchouli plant extracts with concentrations of 30 gram/L, 40 gram/L, and 50 gram/L. Meanwhile, the addition of 2.5 ppm zeatin resulted in a higher explant length than the addition of 50 gram/L Moringa leaf extract. If further analyzed, it is known that the zeatin treatment at each given concentration has no significant effect on the length growth of patchouli explants. Similary, with the extra Moringa leaves, at various concentrations had no significant effect on the length growth of patchouli explants. However, the zeatin treatment had a greater effect when compared to the Moringa leaf extract treatment.
The growth of plant length is influenced more by the hormone gibberellin. The acceleration of the stem length in the whole plant is caused by three processes, including (1) cell division accelerated in the shoots, (2) gibberellins which stimulate the cell growth, and (3) gibberellin increasing the cell wall plasticity. However, several studies stated that zeatin was less effective for increasing the plant length [16]. In this study, the administration of the zeatin hormone was still better at increasing the explant length when compared to the Moringa leaf extract. This is presumably because Moringa leaf extract contains various types of other chemicals that can inhibit the growth of the explant length.
The results presented in Figure 1 show that the higher the concentration of Moringa leaf extract, the lower the average length of the explants. This supports the results of studies on the phytohormones derived from natural ingredients, such as the Moringa leaf extract and coconut water. The addition of these natural substances causes an imbalance of phytohormones, such as auxins and gibberellins, thereby inhibiting the growth of the shoot length [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. The auxin and gibberellin hormones that are naturally present in explants have stimulated the growth and development of explants [42,43,44,48].
Figure 2 shows patchouli explants visually on various treatments of the zeatin hormone and Moringa leaf extract. The explants grew better in media treated with the zeatin hormone as compared to those with Moringa leaf extract. However, the treatment of 40 gram/L Moringa leaf extract (Figure 2 E) produced the patchouli explants which had no significant difference in the number of shoots with the zeatin hormone treatment. There were several factors causing the lower growth of the patchouli explants in the Moringa leaf extract treatment than the zeatin hormone treatment. This can be due to the easily damage zeatin in the Moringa leaf extract, a decrease in the zeatin content, and the presence of other substances in the Moringa leaf extract.
The Moringa leaf extract is more easily damaged than the zeatin hormone. The zeatin in Moringa leaf extract is susceptible to the heating process (in tissue culture it occurs during the media sterilization process), so the zeatin from Moringa leaf extract cannot function optimally. The destruction of the zeatin in the Moringa leaf extract caused a reduction in the zeatin content in the planting medium after undergoing the sterilization process. It is still unknown the level of zeatin change in Moringa leaf extract before and after the media sterilization process. However, the results of LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis showed a decrease in the peak point on the media with the addition of a Moringa leaf extract (Figure 3 and 4). This indicates a decrease in the zeatin content in the growing media due to zeatin damage during the high- pressure heating process in the media sterilization process.
Moringa leaf extract contains many other chemical substances apart from zeatin. Based on the results of LC-MS analysis (Figure 3 and 4), there are several curves indicating the presence of several different substances in the Moringa leaf extract, one of which is vitamin C [49,50,51]. This prevents the fungal contamination and browning symptoms in the planting media treated with Moringa leaf extract. From the observations, it is known that at the age of 14 DAS and 21 DAS, the explants showed signs of contamination. However, giving the Moringa leaf extract in the planting media had the advantage of reducing the level of contaminants, especially from fungi, bacteria, and browning, because the extract contains vitamin C which functions as a natural antioxidant for the patchouli explants. Whereas, in the observation of the number of shoots, the use of the Moringa leaf extract at 40 grams/L can increase the number of shoots similar to the use of 1.5 ppm zeatin. This extract amount is the highest number given among all treatments using Moringa leaf extract.
The use of the Moringa leaf extract at 40 grams/L as a natural growth regularor can be an alternative to the zeatin hormone at 1.5 ppm to obtain the same quality of the growing patchouli explants shoots. However, in terms of the leaf growth and length of patchouli explants, Moringa leaf extract has not been able to completely give the same result as the zeatin hormone.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
| [1] | Finco A, Bentivoglio D, Bucci G (2017) A label for mountain products? Let's turn it over to producers and retailers. Qual Success 18: 198-205. |
| [2] |
Bentivoglio D, Savini S, Finco A, et al. (2019) Quality and origin of mountain food products: the new European label as a strategy for sustainable development. J Mt Sci 16: 428-440. doi: 10.1007/s11629-018-4962-x
|
| [3] |
Arvanitoyannis I, Krystallis A (2006) An empirical examination of the determinants of honey consumption in Romania. Int J Food Sci Technol 41: 1164-1176. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01174.x
|
| [4] |
Jsenen JD, Mørkbak MR (2013) Role of gastronomic, externality and feasibility attributes in consumer demand for organic and local foods: The case of honey and apples. Int J Consum Stud 37: 634-641. doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12049
|
| [5] | Blanc S, Brun F, Di Vita G, et al. (2018) Traditional beekeeping in rural areas: profitability analysis and feasibility of pollination service. Qual Success 19: 72-79. |
| [6] |
Batt PJ, Liu A (2012) Consumer behaviour towards honey products in Western Australia. Br Food J 114: 285-297. doi: 10.1108/00070701211202449
|
| [7] |
Wu S, Fooks JR, Messer KD, et al. (2015) Consumer demand for local honey. Appl Econ 47: 4377-4394. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2015.1030564
|
| [8] | Pippinato L, Di Vita G, Brun F (2019) Trade and comparative advantage analysis of the EU honey sector with a focus on the Italian market. Qual Success 20: 485-492. |
| [9] | Blanc S, Brun F, Mosso A, et al. (2019) An overview of the international beekeeping sector (in Italian), In: University of Turin, An overview of the structure, production and trade of honey (in Italian), Turin, 27-42. |
| [10] | Italian Law No 97 of 31 January 1994 "New provisions for mountain areas" (in Italian). Official gazette of the Italian Republic, general series n.32. |
| [11] | EU (2012) Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L 343/1. |
| [12] | EC (1999) Council Regulation No 1257/1999 of 17 May 1999 on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) and amending and repealing certain Regulations. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 160/80. |
| [13] | EU (2014) Commission Delegated Regulation No 665/2014 of 11 March 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to conditions of use of the optional quality term "mountain product". Official Journal of the European Union, L 179/23. |
| [14] | Decree of 26 July 2017 National provisions for the implementation of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 and Delegated Regulation (EU) No 665/2014 on the conditions of use of the optional quality term "mountain product" (in Italian). Official Gazette of the Italian Republic, general series n.214. |
| [15] | Decree of 2 August 2018. Establishment of the identification logo for the optional quality indication 'mountain product' in implementation of Ministerial Decree No 57167 of 26 July 2017 (in Italian)., Official Gazette of the Italian Republic, general series n.227. |
| [16] | MIPAAF (2019) List of products with optional quality indication "mountain product" (in Italian). Available from: https://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/11687. |
| [17] |
Brosdahl DJ, Carpenter JM (2011) Shopping orientations of US males: A generational cohort comparison. J Retail Consum 18: 548-554. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2011.07.005
|
| [18] | Kowalczuk I, Jeżewska-Zychowicz M, Trafiałek J (2017) Conditions of honey consumption in selected regions of Poland. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 16: 101-112. |
| [19] | Scarpa R, Del Giudice T (2004) Market segmentation via mixed logit: extra-virgin olive oil in urban Italy. J Agric Food Ind Organ 2: 141-160. |
| [20] | Verbeke W, Pieniak Z, Guerrero L, et al. (2012) Consumers' awareness and attitudinal determinants of European Union quality label use on traditional foods. Bio-based Appl Econ J 1: 213-229. |
| [21] |
Brščić K, Šugar T, Poljuha D (2017) An empirical examination of consumer preferences for honey in Croatia. Appl Econ 49: 5877-5889. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2017.1352079
|
| [22] |
Capitello R, Agnoli L, Begalli D (2016) Drivers of high-involvement consumers' intention to buy PDO wines: Valpolicella PDO case study. J Sci Food Agric 96: 3407-3417. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7521
|
| [23] | Ismaiel S, Kahtani S, Adgaba S, et al. (2014) Factors That Affect Con-sumption Patterns and Market Demands for Honey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Food Nutr Sci 5: 1725-1737. |
| [24] |
Sanlier N, Sezgin A, Sahin G, et al. (2018) A study about the young consumers' consumption behaviors of street foods. Cien Saude Colet 23: 1647-1656. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232018235.17392016
|
| [25] |
Vu TMH, Tu VP, Duerrschmid K (2016) Design factors influence consumers' gazing behaviour and decision time in an eye-tracking test: A study on food images. Food Qual Prefer 47: 130-138. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.05.008
|
| [26] |
Jin SV, Phua J (2016) Making reservations online: The impact of consumer-written and system-aggregated User-Generated Content (UGC) in travel booking websites on consumers' behavioral intentions. J Travel Tour Mark 33: 101-117. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2015.1038419
|
| [27] |
Rouder JN, Engelhardt CR, McCabe S, et al. (2016) Model comparison in ANOVA. Psychon Bull Rev 23: 1779-1786. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1026-5
|
| [28] | Fox J, Bouchet-Valat M (2019) Rcmdr: R Commander. R package version 2.5-2. |
| [29] |
Cosmina M, Gallenti G, Marangon F, et al. (2016) Reprint of "Attitudes towards honey among Italian consumers: A choice experiment approach". Appetite 106: 110-116. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.005
|
| [30] |
Di Vita G, Caracciolo F, Brun F, et al. (2019) Picking out a wine: Consumer motivation behind different quality wines choice. Wine Econ Policy 8: 16-27. doi: 10.1016/j.wep.2019.02.002
|
| [31] |
Feldmann C, Hamm U (2015) Consumers' perceptions and preferences for local food: A review. Food Qual Prefer 40: 152-164. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.09.014
|
| [32] | Schjøll A, Amilien V, Arne Tufte P, et al. (2010) Promotion of mountain food: An explorative a study about consumers' and retailers' perception in six European countries, 9th European IFSA Symposium, 1558-1567. |
| [33] |
Bryła P (2017) The perception of EU quality signs for origin and organic food products among Polish consumers. Qual Assur Saf Crop Foods 9: 345-355. doi: 10.3920/QAS2016.1038
|
| [34] |
Menozzi D, Halawany-Darson R, Mora C, et al. (2015) Motives towards traceable food choice: A comparison between French and Italian consumers. Food Control 49: 40-48. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.006
|
| [35] | Annunziata A, Pomarici E, Vecchio R, et al. (2016) Do consumers want more nutritional and health information on wine labels? Insights from the EU and USA. Nutrients 8: 416. |
| [36] |
Di Vita G, Pappalardo G, Chinnici G, et al. (2019) Not everything has been still explored: Further thoughts on additional price for the organic wine. J Clean Prod 231: 520-528. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.268
|
| [37] |
Pelletier JE, Laska MN, Neumark-Sztainer D, et al. (2013) Positive attitudes toward organic, local, and sustainable foods are associated with higher dietary quality among young adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 113: 127-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.021
|
| [38] | Irianto H (2015) Consumers' attitude and intention towards organic food purchase: An extension of theory of planned behavior in gender perspective. Int J Manag Econ Soc Sci 4: 17-31. |
| [39] | Illichmann R, Abdulai A (2013) Analysis of consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay for organic food products in Germany, Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 24. |
| [40] |
Cholette S, Ungson GR, Özlük Ö, et al. (2013) Exploring purchasing preferences: Local and ecologically labelled foods. J Consum Mark 30: 563-572. doi: 10.1108/JCM-04-2013-0544
|
| [41] |
Hempel C, Hamm U (2016) How important is local food to organic-minded consumers? Appetite 96: 309-318. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.036
|
| [42] |
Di Vita G, Blanc S, Brun F, et al. (2019) Quality attributes and harmful components of cured meats: Exploring the attitudes of Italian consumers towards healthier cooked ham. Meat Sci 155: 8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.04.013
|
| [43] |
Roy S, Guha A, Biswas A (2015) Celebrity endorsements and women consumers in India: how generation-cohort affiliation and celebrity-product congruency moderate the benefits of chronological age congruency. Mark Lett 26: 363-376. doi: 10.1007/s11002-015-9354-1
|
| [44] | Pappalardo G, Di Vita G, Zanchini R, et al. (2019) Do consumers care about antioxidants in wine? The role of naturally resveratrol-enhanced wines in potential health-conscious drinkers' preferences. Br Food J: ahead-of-print. |
| [45] | Bentivoglio D, Bucci G, Finco A (2019) Farmers' general image and attitudes to traditional mountain food labelled: a swot analysis. Calitatea 20: 48-55. |
| [46] | McMorran R, Santini F, Guri F, et al. (2015) A mountain food label for Europe?. The role of food labelling and certification in delivering sustainable development in European mountain regions. J Alp Res Rev géographie Alp 103: 1-22. |
| 1. | Giuseppe Di Vita, Liam Pippinato, Simone Blanc, Raffaele Zanchini, Angela Mosso, Filippo Brun, Understanding the Role of Purchasing Predictors in the Consumer’s Preferences for PDO Labelled Honey, 2021, 27, 1045-4446, 42, 10.1080/10454446.2021.1884161 | |
| 2. | Monica Vercelli, Luca Croce, Teresina Mancuso, An Economic Approach to Assess the Annual Stock in Beekeeping Farms: The Honey Bee Colony Inventory Tool, 2020, 12, 2071-1050, 9258, 10.3390/su12219258 | |
| 3. | Liam Pippinato, Simone Blanc, Teresina Mancuso, Filippo Brun, A Sustainable Niche Market: How Does Honey Behave?, 2020, 12, 2071-1050, 10678, 10.3390/su122410678 | |
| 4. | Simone Blanc, Raffaele Zanchini, Giuseppe Di Vita, Filippo Brun, The role of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of honey for Italian millennial consumers, 2021, ahead-of-print, 0007-070X, 10.1108/BFJ-07-2020-0622 | |
| 5. | Davide Menozzi, Ching-Hua Yeh, Elena Cozzi, Filippo Arfini, Consumer Preferences for Cheese Products with Quality Labels: The Case of Parmigiano Reggiano and Comté, 2022, 12, 2076-2615, 1299, 10.3390/ani12101299 | |
| 6. | Nadia Palmieri, Walter Stefanoni, Francesco Latterini, Luigi Pari, Italian Consumer Preferences for Eucalyptus Honey: An Exploratory Study, 2022, 14, 2071-1050, 7741, 10.3390/su14137741 | |
| 7. | Francesco Pagliacci, Leonardo Cei, Edi Defrancesco, Paola Gatto, The EU Mountain Product Voluntary Quality Term as a Valorization Tool for Livestock Farms: Challenges and Opportunities in an Alpine Context, 2022, 14, 2071-1050, 3292, 10.3390/su14063292 | |
| 8. | Ivana Bassi, Matteo Carzedda, Luca Grassetti, Luca Iseppi, Federico Nassivera, Consumer attitudes towards the mountain product label: Implications for mountain development, 2021, 18, 1672-6316, 2255, 10.1007/s11629-020-6616-z | |
| 9. | Raffaele Zanchini, Simone Blanc, Liam Pippinato, Giuseppe Di Vita, Filippo Brun, Consumers’ attitude towards honey consumption for its health benefits: first insights from an econometric approach, 2022, 124, 0007-070X, 4372, 10.1108/BFJ-09-2021-0992 | |
| 10. | Ivana Bassi, Matteo Carzedda, Enrico Gori, Luca Iseppi, Rasch analysis of consumer attitudes towards the mountain product label, 2022, 10, 2193-7532, 10.1186/s40100-022-00218-7 | |
| 11. | Petjon Ballco, Fatma Jaafer, Tiziana de Magistris, Investigating the price effects of honey quality attributes in a European country: Evidence from a hedonic price approach, 2022, 38, 0742-4477, 885, 10.1002/agr.21760 | |
| 12. | Giacomo Staffolani, Deborah Bentivoglio, Adele Finco, Consumers’ Purchasing Determinants Towards Mountain Food Products, 2022, 14, 2071-1050, 8282, 10.3390/su14148282 | |
| 13. | Rachele De Cianni, Liam Pippinato, Raffaele Zanchini, Filippo Brun, Giuseppe Di Vita, Teresina Mancuso, Parental behaviour in choosing snacks for children aged six to ten: the role of mothers' nutritional awareness, 2023, 125, 0007-070X, 713, 10.1108/BFJ-09-2021-1010 | |
| 14. | Maria Teresa Trentinaglia, Daniele Cavicchioli, Cristina Bianca Pocol, Lucia Baldi, Where was my cup of honey made? PDO honey and sub-regional ethnocentric consumer segments, 2023, 125, 0007-070X, 296, 10.1108/BFJ-07-2022-0640 | |
| 15. | Federica Murmura, Lolita Liberatore, Fabio Musso, Laura Bravi, Giada Pierli, Organic Honey - Comparison of Generational Behaviour and Consumption Trends After Covid-19, 2024, 30, 1045-4446, 67, 10.1080/10454446.2024.2320649 | |
| 16. | Raffaele Zanchini, Giuseppe Di Vita, Luca Panzone, Filippo Brun, What Is the Value of a “Mountain Product” Claim? A Ranking Conjoint Experiment on Goat’s Milk Yoghurt, 2023, 12, 2304-8158, 2059, 10.3390/foods12102059 | |
| 17. | Kerem Yaman, Alexandru Nicolescu, Onur Tepe, Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, Burcu Aydoğan-Çoşkun, Rodica Mărgăoan, Dilek Şenoğul, Erkan Topal, Cosmina Maria Bouari, Physicochemical, Antimicrobial Properties and Mineral Content of Several Commercially Available Honey Samples, 2024, 14, 2076-3417, 8305, 10.3390/app14188305 | |
| 18. | Valentina Maria Merlino, Simone Blanc, Stefano Massaglia, Innovation in agriculture and the agri-food chain: Some insights, 2023, 8, 2471-2086, 550, 10.3934/agrfood.2023029 | |
| 19. | Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju, Simone Angioloni, Maurizio Canavari, Niche markets for sustainable agri-food systems: A systematic review, 2025, 11, 24058440, e42346, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42346 |
Filippo Brun, Raffaele Zanchini, Angela Mosso, Giuseppe Di Vita. Testing consumer propensity towards novel optional quality terms: An explorative assessment of “mountain” labelled honey[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2020, 5(2): 190-203. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2020.2.190
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 2.37 | 2.67 | 3.81 | 5.19 c | 6.06 d | 7.13 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 2.62 | 3.69 | 4.89 | 6.00 d | 7.12 e | 7.25 c |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 2.44 | 3.00 | 4.44 | 5.31 c | 6.37 d | 7.87 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.44 | 2.87 | 3.56 | 4.18 b | 5.31 b | 5.25 ab |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.81 | 4.80 | 4.00 b | 5.00 b | 5.00 a |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.62 | 2.87 | 3.06 a | 3.06 a | 3.81 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | ns | 1.45 | 1.79 | 1.83 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.38 c | 1.75 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.75 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.63 bc |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.69 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.31 a | 0.75 b | 1.06 ab | 1.50 b |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.68 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.75 c |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.50 b | 0.62 a | 0.87 a | 1.31 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 2.37 | 2.67 | 3.81 | 5.19 c | 6.06 d | 7.13 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 2.62 | 3.69 | 4.89 | 6.00 d | 7.12 e | 7.25 c |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 2.44 | 3.00 | 4.44 | 5.31 c | 6.37 d | 7.87 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.44 | 2.87 | 3.56 | 4.18 b | 5.31 b | 5.25 ab |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.81 | 4.80 | 4.00 b | 5.00 b | 5.00 a |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 2.12 | 2.62 | 2.87 | 3.06 a | 3.06 a | 3.81 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | ns | 1.45 | 1.79 | 1.83 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
| Treatment | 7 DAP | 14 DAP | 21 DAP | 28 DAP | 35 DAP | 42 DAP |
| 1.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.38 c | 1.75 c |
| 2 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.75 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.63 bc |
| 2.5 ppm zeatin | 0 | 0 | 0.69 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.69 c |
| 30 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.31 a | 0.75 b | 1.06 ab | 1.50 b |
| 40 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.68 c | 0.75 b | 1.25 bc | 1.75 c |
| 50 gram/L moringa leaf extract | 0 | 0 | 0.50 b | 0.62 a | 0.87 a | 1.31 a |
| LSD (5%) | ns | ns | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| Notes: Values with different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) as per the LSD test, ns = non significant, DAP = Days After Planting. | ||||||
