Research article

Evaluating the acceptance of CBDCs: experimental research with artificial intelligence (AI) generated synthetic response

  • Received: 31 October 2024 Revised: 28 February 2025 Accepted: 25 March 2025 Published: 31 March 2025
  • JEL Codes: B26, C53, G40, G41

  • This research examines the factors that influence the public's expectation for more information, acceptance or rejection of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). Using generative AI (ChatGPT 4.0), responses were simulated to mimic CBDC adoption scenarios, considering demographic attributes, such as gender, income, education, age, level of financial literacy, network effect, media influence, and merchant acceptance. A total of 663 synthetic responses were generated and analyzed using statistical methods and multinomial logistic regression to assess the probability of acceptance, rejection, or waiting for more information to decide. The chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) model showed a high performance in correctly classifying cases of acceptance, indecision, and rejection, presenting an accuracy of 92.6%. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that factors, such as educational level, financial experience, and income level, significantly influence the decision to accept a CBDC. This method also shows a high performance, as it obtained an accuracy of 96.4%. These results are in line with previous research and underline the effectiveness of generative AI as a reproducible and low-cost tool for analyzing hypothetical scenarios. Generative AI, with its algorithmic fidelity, has great potential for predicting human behavior in economic contexts. However, synthetic data may not capture the complexities and nuances of actual human decision making. As a result, certain contextual factors, emotional influences, and unique personal experiences that may significantly influence an individual's decision to accept or reject CBDC may be overlooked.

    Citation: Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso, Peterson K. Ozili, Beatriz María Sastre Hernández, Luís Miguel Pacheco. Evaluating the acceptance of CBDCs: experimental research with artificial intelligence (AI) generated synthetic response[J]. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 2025, 9(1): 242-273. doi: 10.3934/QFE.2025008

    Related Papers:

    [1] Prashant Tripathi, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Anurag Dixit, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Satpal Sharma . Development and characterization of low cost jute, bagasse and glass fiber reinforced advanced hybrid epoxy composites. AIMS Materials Science, 2018, 5(2): 320-337. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.2.320
    [2] Hendra Suherman, Yovial Mahyoedin, Afdal Zaky, Jarot Raharjo, Talitha Amalia Suherman, Irmayani Irmayani . Investigation of the mechanical properties of bio-composites based on loading kenaf fiber and molding process parameters. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(6): 1165-1178. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024057
    [3] Zulzamri Salleh, Md Mainul Islam, Jayantha Ananda Epaarachchi, Haibin Su . Mechanical properties of sandwich composite made of syntactic foam core and GFRP skins. AIMS Materials Science, 2016, 3(4): 1704-1727. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.4.1704
    [4] Kator Jeff Jomboh, Adele Dzikwi Garkida, Emmanuel Majiyebo Alemaka, Mohammed Kabir Yakubu, Vershima Cephas Alkali, Wilson Uzochukwu Eze, Nuhu Lawal . Properties and applications of natural, synthetic and hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite: A review. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(4): 774-801. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024038
    [5] Mohammed Y. Abdellah, Hamzah Alharthi, Mohamed K. Hassan, Ahmed F. Mohamed . Effect of specimen size on natural vibration of open hole copper/glass-reinforced epoxy laminate composites. AIMS Materials Science, 2020, 7(4): 499-517. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2020.4.499
    [6] Ninis Hadi Haryanti, Suryajaya, Tetti Novalina Manik, Khaipanurani, Adik Bahanawan, Setiawan Khoirul Himmi . Characteristics of water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) long fiber reinforced composite modified by NaOH and hot water. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(6): 1199-1219. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024059
    [7] Kiyotaka Obunai, Daisuke Mikami, Tadao Fukuta, Koichi Ozaki . Microstructure and mechanical properties of newly developed SiC-C/C composites under atmospheric conditions. AIMS Materials Science, 2018, 5(3): 494-507. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.3.494
    [8] R.C.M. Sales-Contini, J.P. Costa, F.J.G. Silva, A.G. Pinto, R.D.S.G. Campilho, I.M. Pinto, V.F.C. Sousa, R.P. Martinho . Influence of laser marking parameters on data matrix code quality on polybutylene terephthalate/glass fiber composite surface using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(1): 150-172. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024009
    [9] Iketut Suarsana, Igpagus Suryawan, NPG Suardana, Suprapta Winaya, Rudy Soenoko, Budiarsa Suyasa, Wijaya Sunu, Made Rasta . Flexural strength of hybrid composite resin epoxy reinforced stinging nettle fiber with silane chemical treatment. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(2): 185-199. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021013
    [10] Araya Abera Betelie, Anthony Nicholas Sinclair, Mark Kortschot, Yanxi Li, Daniel Tilahun Redda . Mechanical properties of sisal-epoxy composites as functions of fiber-to-epoxy ratio. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(6): 985-996. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.985
  • This research examines the factors that influence the public's expectation for more information, acceptance or rejection of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). Using generative AI (ChatGPT 4.0), responses were simulated to mimic CBDC adoption scenarios, considering demographic attributes, such as gender, income, education, age, level of financial literacy, network effect, media influence, and merchant acceptance. A total of 663 synthetic responses were generated and analyzed using statistical methods and multinomial logistic regression to assess the probability of acceptance, rejection, or waiting for more information to decide. The chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) model showed a high performance in correctly classifying cases of acceptance, indecision, and rejection, presenting an accuracy of 92.6%. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that factors, such as educational level, financial experience, and income level, significantly influence the decision to accept a CBDC. This method also shows a high performance, as it obtained an accuracy of 96.4%. These results are in line with previous research and underline the effectiveness of generative AI as a reproducible and low-cost tool for analyzing hypothetical scenarios. Generative AI, with its algorithmic fidelity, has great potential for predicting human behavior in economic contexts. However, synthetic data may not capture the complexities and nuances of actual human decision making. As a result, certain contextual factors, emotional influences, and unique personal experiences that may significantly influence an individual's decision to accept or reject CBDC may be overlooked.



    Environmentally friendly materials have come into consideration as a result of rising environmental awareness and public interest, new environmental rules and unsustainable petroleum consumption. In comparison to synthetic fibers like glass, carbon and aramid, natural cellulose fiber is one of the more environmentally friendly materials and has greater advantages due to low in weight and cost, renewable and biodegradable, etc. [1,2,3,4]. These composites are used in many different types of practical applications, such as household, structural and automotive parts [5,6,7,8]. However, natural fibers have a number of disadvantages, including processing-related pollution issues [9], increased moisture absorption [10], weaker strength characteristics [11] and poor interfacial bonding with polymer resin [12]. Material researchers have suggested the creation of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites and the modification of both the fibers and the resin matrix in order to address these issues and enhance the properties of polymer composites filled with natural fibers [13,14,15].

    Fiber-reinforced hybrid polymer composites are made up of two or more fibers arranged in a matrix system. Hybrid polymer composites are employed in a variety of applications, substituting wood, wood fiber composites and traditional materials. The hybrid fibers reinforced in the composites can withstand larger loads in multiple directions than single-fiber reinforcements, and the surrounding matrix preserves them in their proper orientation, acting as a load transfer medium between the fibers and the polymer [16,17]. Natural fibers can be combined with synthetic fibers, other natural fibers or natural or synthetic particles to generate polymer hybrid composites [18]. To be more competitive with synthetic fiber reinforced composites like glass fiber reinforced polymer composites, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have lower modulus, lower strength and not as good moisture protection. When natural fibers are mixed with stronger and more corrosion-resistant manufactured fibers like glass fiber, the composite can be made stiffer, stronger and better at resisting water. Using hybrid reinforcement with two or more types of fibers, the advantageous things about one type of fiber could make up for the drawbacks about another. Because of this, the right design of the material could lead to a balance between performance and cost.

    Several authors have focused their interest on the preparation and evaluation of performances of hybrid fibers reinforced polymer composites. Characterization of the hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch/woven kenaf fabric-reinforced epoxy composites was carried out by Hanan et al. [19]. A good interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix is indicated by an improvement in the tensile and flexural properties of the composite material. Palanikumar et al. [20] examined the mechanical properties of sisal and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The hybrid composites' tensile, flexural and impact properties improved, while hybridization reduced environmental impact. The results showed that sisal and glass fiber-reinforced eco-friendly hybrid composites can replace pure synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. Xian et al. [21] examined how sustained bending loading, water immersion and fiber hybrid mode affected carbon/glass fiber reinforced polymer composite mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that the random fiber hybrid mode completely develops carbon-glass fiber synergy. Additionally, the carbon/glass fiber/resin interface's discordant bearing behavior and stress concentration were greatly reduced, improving its mechanical properties. The mechanical properties and moisture absorption behavior of coconut coir and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were investigated by Ashik et al. [22]. According to the results of the study, the inclusion of coconut coir and glass fiber laminate can improve the strength of the epoxy resin and be utilized as an alternate material for glass fiber-reinforced composite material.

    The bio-based screw pine fibers are one of the widely accessible fiber resources in the south of India among the many bio-based natural cellulose fibers. Composites will advance as a result of the rational and reasonable usage of screw pine fibers as reinforcing agents. In addition, different forms of hybridization between natural and synthetic fibers can produce fibers with varying degrees of characteristics. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites with better characteristics can aid the development of the materials and engineering sectors. As a result, E-glass fibers are hybridized with screw pine fibers in the current work to manufacture dispersed and skin-core vinyl ester composite materials at 35.12 vol.% utilizing a hot press compression molding technique. The mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites with various amounts of screw pine and glass fiber while sustaining a constant overall fiber content were studied. Screw pine fibers and glass fibers are intimately intermingled in the first type, whereas screw pine fibers are compressed (skin-core) between E-glass fiber mats in the second. The microstructures on the fracture surface of composite specimens after testing were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

    Hand scraping is used to obtain screw pine fibers from fresh screw pine plants, followed by pressing a ceramic plate against the screw pine leaf. Combing supports in the cleaning of the fiber bundles. The fibers are cleaned with running water and sun dried after being extracted. To remove both natural and synthetic contaminants, no chemical treatments are used. E-glass fibers, which are available in non-woven form, are utilized for hybridization. A vinyl ester polymer resin with a density of 1.145 g/cm3 is employed as the resin matrix. GVR Enterprises, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, offered all compounds comprising glass fibers. The digital images of used screw pine fibers and E-glass fibers is presented in Figure 1.

    Figure 1.  Digital images of (a) screw pine fibers and (b) E-glass fibers.

    To generate dispersion type composites, screw pine and glass fibers are fully combined using a mechanical roller and compressed using a hydraulic compression machine with a weight of 45 t. The mat was then covered with a mixture of vinyl ester resin, catalyst and promoter, and the mold box was completely closed. The mold box was then allowed to cure for 48 h at room temperature.

    To create skin-core type composites, glass fiber mats are sandwiched between screw pine fiber mats in the mold. The compressed fiber mats were then covered with a pour of vinyl ester resin that had been mixed with an accelerator, catalyst and promoter and was left to cure for 48 h at room temperature.

    Composite specimens were cut in the dimension of 150 × 20 × 3 mm from the prepared composite plates. Mechanical testing was performed on the prepared composite specimens in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Tensile tests were performed on composite specimens in accordance with ASTM D638-14 [23] utilizing a computerized universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. Flexural tests on the composite specimens were performed using ASTM D790-17 [24] on the same universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. Five samples were evaluated in total, and the average results were presented. After the testing, the cracked surfaces of the composite specimens were inspected with a scanning electron microscope (HITACHI S-3000N) at a voltage of 10 kV. Before being used, the composite specimens' surfaces were gold sputtered with an ion sputter apparatus. The methodology of present study is presented in flow chart form as show in Figure 2.

    Figure 2.  Methodology of present research work.

    Numerous mechanical characteristics, including strength, toughness, elasticity, yield point, strain energy, resilience and elongation under load, are revealed by a stress-strain graph. The behavior of a material under a load or force is graphically depicted by a stress-strain curve. Stress and strain are the two characteristics that are plotted on the y-axis and x-axis, respectively. Figure 3a illustrates the stress-strain curve of dispersed type composites that are based on various volume fractions of glass and screw fine fiber. It was observed that 18.59SPF/16.53G hybrid composite reaches maximum stress of 58.4 MPa and strain of 3.1%. It was much higher than the other composite sample's stress and strain values. It may be owing to the concentration and higher elongation percentage of glass fibers. The slope of the graph steadily rose as a result of the relatively higher elongation of the glass fibers. As can be seen in Figure 3a, none of the curves deviated much from a straight line. This is something that can be determined by looking at the percentage of elongation at break that screw pine and glass fibers have when they are used in composite materials. Figure 3b depicts the range of values for the percentage of elongation that can be achieved by hybrid composites. The amount of glass fiber in composite materials has a direct correlation with the percentage of elongation that can be achieved by those materials [25]. It illustrates that an increase in the percentage of glass fiber in hybrid composites results in an increase in the failure strain of the hybrid composite.

    Figure 3.  Dispersed type hybrid composite: (a) stress-strain curves, (b) variation of % of elongation.

    The stress-strain curve of skin-core type composite laminates is depicted in Figure 4a. This curve is shown for a variety of screw pine and glass fiber volume ratios. At low strain, each of the curves followed a linear pattern; however, when the strain or load increased, the patterns diverged. Because the glass fibers share the load during the first load, the curves are linear when the strain is relatively modest. This is the most likely explanation for the phenomenon. When the strain of the hybrid composites reaches the failure strain of the screw pine fiber, the trends begin to shift. The stress versus strain graph for the 18.59SPF/16.53G composite specimen is practically linear compared with the other composite specimens. With a strain of 4.8%, the extreme obtained stress was 75.8 MPa. The glass fibers in this composite were strong to transmit the applied loads. Due to its stretching nature, screw pine fibers elongate when the load is transferred from glass fibers to them, resulting in an increase in slope. Figure 4b depicts the percentage of elongation variation that is associated with the hybrid skin-core composites. The percentage of elongation is proportionally increased along with the amount of glass fiber that is present. The percentages of elongation achieved by skin-core hybrid composites were significantly greater than those achieved by dispersed hybrid composites.

    Figure 4.  Skin-core type composite: (a) stress-strain curves, (b) variation of % of elongation.

    In the comparison of Figures 3 and 4, it was clearly identified that the level of attained stress and elongation of skin-core type composites is increased when compared to the dispersed type composites. Therefore, it was observed that the skin-core type composites may be perform better than the dispersed type composites.

    Figure 5a illustrates the hybrid effect that screw pine and glass fiber composites have on the tensile strength of the material. It is clear that the addition of 3.32% volume of glass fiber results in a modest decrease in tensile strength, which is followed by a constant increase in tensile strength values as more glass fibers are added. It is possible that the initial addition of glass fibers at a volume fraction of 3.32% is not contributing to the increase in tensile characteristics because the amount added is insufficient. The tensile strength of the composite with the composition 26.97SPF/8.15GF is 49.1 MPa, which is 102% higher than the sample with the neat resin. Tensile strength is increased by 50.2% as compared to 31.80SPF/3.325GF, which is the previous standard. In addition to this, when contrasted with the sample of neat resin, the 21.68SPF/13.44GF composite demonstrates an improvement of 118.9%.

    Figure 5.  Tensile properties: (a) tensile strength, (b) tensile modulus and (c) SEM image of the fracture surface of dispersed type (18.59SPF/16.53G) composites after the tensile test.

    The composite with the value of 18.59SPF/16.53GF was found to have the highest value. This value is 140.3% greater than the value of the clean resin sample and it is 39% higher than the value of the 35.12SPF composite. Figure 5b illustrates the change in tensile modulus that can be expected from hybrid composites. The modulus values gradually increased as more glass fibers were included into the material. The initial addition of glass fibers (31.80SPF/3.32GF) resulted in a tensile modulus of 1950 MPa, which is 112.5% higher than the tensile modulus of the sample consisting of clean resin. The value of modulus that was obtained with a composite of 18.59SPF/16.53GF was 99.75% higher than the value that was obtained with a composite of 35.12SPF. This means that the maximum modulus value was obtained with this composite.

    During the testing of the hybrid composite material, the presence of glass fibers assisted screw pine fibers in reducing crack growth in the material. As a direct consequence of this, the fracture became confined to a limited area and virtually assumed a horizontal orientation, as can be seen in Figure 5c. On the fracture surface of 18.59SPF/16.53GF composites, screw pine fiber failure, fiber-matrix de-bonding and glass fiber pullout are depicted in Figure 5c. It also depicts the dispersion of fibers in the dispersed type composite's poor bonding performance. As a consequence, composites' mechanical properties were decreased.

    The hybrid effect of screw fine and glass fiber composites on hybrid composite tensile properties (skin-core type) is depicted in Figure 6a. The addition of glass fiber to skin-core hybrid composites increases their tensile strength. The inclusion of glass fibers at a volume of 3.32% and screw-pine fibers at a percentage of 31.80% results in an improvement of 104% over the sample of neat resin. When compared to the sample made from neat resin, the 21.68SPF/13.44G composite demonstrates an increase in tensile strength of 186%, measuring at 69.5MPa. In comparison to the neat resin sample and the 35.12SPF composite, the maximum tensile strength of the 18.59SPF/16.53G composite is 211.9% and 80.5% higher, respectively. It is clear from investigating the results that the tensile strength of skin-core hybrid composites is significantly higher than that of dispersed hybrid composites.

    Figure 6.  Tensile properties: (a) tensile strength, (b) tensile modulus and (c) SEM image of fracture surface of skin-core type (18.59SPF/16.53G) composites after tensile test.

    The variation in the tensile modulus of the hybrid composite for varying volume ratios of screw pine and glass fibers is shown in Figure 6b. The tensile modulus increases as the percentage of glass fiber increases. Skin-core hybrid composites have higher modulus values than dispersed hybrid composites. When the strain approached the screw pine fiber breakdown strain, the inner core of the skin-core hybrid composite initially cracked, causing the matrix to disintegrate and the glass fiber skin to delaminate [26]. A clear fiber and matrix fracture at the inner core of the screw pine results in a significant zone of delamination between the skin and the core fibers (Figure 6c). There is a limited indication of failure of glass fiber. Figure 6c also represents the fractured surface of the skin-core type composite and exhibits improved interfacial adhesion between the glass (high cohesion) and screw pine fibers.

    Figure 7 displays comparison of the tensile strength values of dispersed and skin-core composites. It was observed that the skin-core composites clearly demonstrated the highest value when compared to dispersed type composites. This could be a result of the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix. The skin-core composite had the highest tensile strength at 18.59SPF/16.53G.

    Figure 7.  Comparison of tensile strength values of dispersed and skin-core composites.

    The strength of hybrid vinyl ester composites reinforced with screw pine and glass fibers is determined by the adhesion strength of these fibers to the matrix. In dispersed hybrid composites, when screw pine and glass fibers are combined, they form a large contact area, which reduces the bonding strength between the two materials. Because screw pine fibers are sandwiched between glass fiber sheets in skin-core hybrid composites, the contact area between screw pine and glass fibers is smaller than in dispersed hybrid composites. The strength of skin-core hybrid composites is greater than that of dispersed hybrid composites because of the high bonding strength between screw pine and glass fibers.

    The flexural strength variation in dispersed hybrid composites can be observed in Figure 8a. The flexural strength values have continuously increased with the inclusion of glass fiber, as seen in Figure 8a. The flexural strength of the neat resin sample is 30.4 MPa, and the addition of 35.12 vol.% screw pine fibers improve that strength by 40.4% to 57.3 MPa. The first addition of 3.32% glass fibers improves the composite's flexural strength. The composite material with the highest flexural strength value was 18.59SPF/16.53GF. The flexural modulus variations of dispersed hybrid composites are seen in Figure 8b. The flexural modulus of vinyl ester composite increased increasing screw pine and glass fiber content, as shown in Figure 8b. The flexural modulus of the 35.12SPF compo-site is 2812 MPa, which is 153.8% greater than the neat resin sample.

    Figure 8.  Flexural properties: (a) flexural strength, (b) flexural modulus and (c) SEM image of the fracture surface of dispersed type (18.59SPF/16.53G) composites after the flexural test.

    The maximum modulus value of the 18.59SPF/16.53G composite is 337.3% higher than that of the neat resin sample and 72.3% greater than the 35.12SPF composite. The improvement of the composite 21.68SPF/13.44G over the composite 35.12SPF was 60.8%. Gradually, the addition of glass fibers increased the increase in flexural modulus values. This development indicates that glass fibers contributed to the enhancement of flexural modulus values [27]. Figure 8c depicts the fractured surface of the 18.59SPF/16.53G dispersed composite after flexural testing. The composite specimen's void and discontinuity were revealed to be the result of matrix failure. It was evidently indicative of fiber damage. A type of failure has been identified as brittle behavior.

    Figure 9a, b depict variations in the flexural strength and modulus of skin-core hybrid composites. The flexural strength and modulus values continuously increase with increasing glass fiber content. 18.59SPF/16.53G was the composite with the maximum flexural modulus value. There was a 98.7% improvement in comparison to the 35.12 SPF composite. The 31.80SPF/3.32G composite had a flexural strength of 61.9 MPa, which was 8.6% greater than the 35.12SPF composite. However, it is 103.6% higher than the sample of the pure resin sample. The addition of 16.53% glass fiber enhances the flexural strength of vinyl ester composites by 235%. The addition of 3.32 % glass fiber and 31.80% screw pine fiber increases the flexural strength of dispersed hybrid composites by 40.4% and skin-core hybrid composites by 103.6%. Clearly, the fiber arrangements and distribution have a greater impact on the flexural properties of composites [28]. Figure 9c depicts the fractured surface of a skin-core composite material. It was discovered that improved fiber-to-matrix bonding with minimal fiber dislocation enhances the flexural properties of skin-core composites over dispersed-type composites.

    Figure 9.  Flexural properties: (a) flexural strength, (b) flexural modulus and (c) SEM image of the fracture surface of skin-core type (18.59SPF/16.53G) composites after the flexural test.

    Comparison of flexural strength values of dispersed and skin-core composites is presented in Figure 10. From the Figure 10, it was clearly seen that when compared to dispersed-type composites, the highest flexural strength values were obtained in the skin-core composites. It may be owing to better bonding strength between the reinforcement and resin matrix. The skin-core composite at 18.59SPF/16.53G had the highest flexural strength.

    Figure 10.  Comparison of flexural strength values of dispersed and skin-core type composites.

    The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites can be predicted theoretically and compared to experimental results using a variety of models. The key advantage of this model is the low-cost and time-intensive experimentation. In terms of properties, the skin-core type composite outperforms the dispersed type composite. In the present investigation, the Hirsch model was utilized to predict the tensile strength of skin-core composites. The Hirsch model is stated as Eq 1 [29]:

    σc=x(σmVm+σfVf)+(1x)(σfVm)(σmVf+σfVm) (1)

    where the f, m and c are the characteristic strength property of fiber, matrix and composite, respectively. Vm and Vf is the volume fraction of the matrix and the fiber, respectively. The parameter 'x' varies between 0 and 1, determining how much-applied applied load is transferred between the reinforcement and the matrix. The type of fiber, matrix and fiber-matrix interaction all influence the value of 'x'. The value of 'x' is fixed at 0.961 for this study, which corresponds to the experimental results. As illustrated in Figure 11, the tensile strength of the hybrid composites increased as the volume % of screw fine and glass fibers increased. It was also demonstrated that the model is predicted the tensile strength of 26.97SPF/8.15G and 21.68SPF/13.44G composites with less deviation compared to the 31.80SPF/3.32G and 18.59SPF/16.53G composites. However, the developed Hirsch model is reasonably accurate in predicting the tensile strength of the screw pine and glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites and gives good agreement with experimental results. As a result, the Hirsch model may predict the tensile strength of screw pine and glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites.

    Figure 11.  Experimental and Predicted values of tensile strength of the Skin-core type composites.

    ● The current state of literature indicates that natural fiber composites exhibit comparatively inferior behavior compared to synthetic fiber composites. However, hybridization improves mechanical behavior, as demonstrated by this study.

    ● Screw pine and glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites in dispersed and skin-core forms were developed and evaluated for tensile and flexural properties at different fiber contents.

    ● The incorporation of glass fibers into both hybrid composites enhances their mechanical properties by merging the advantageous features of screw pine fibers and the superior mechanical performance of glass fibers.

    ● The presence of higher glass fiber content in dispersed-type hybrid composites resulted in improved properties compared to composites with 3.32 vol.% glass fibers. This can be attributed to the inability of lower glass fiber content dispersion to contribute to stress transfer.

    ● Because of the hybridization of glass fibers as core material, mechanical properties increased with glass fiber content in the skin-core type, demonstrating their contribution to the enhancement of composite properties.

    ● The hybrid effect demonstrated that irrespective of the type of composite, the highest mechanical properties were attained with 18.59SPF/16.53G fiber composites.

    ● The mechanical properties of dispersed composites are lower than skin-core composites. The strength of the composites is enhanced as a result of the core's ability to distribute the applied load from one skin to another via the matrix, thereby facilitating the desired stress transfer.

    ● SEM study showed fiber-matrix de-bonding, fiber breakage and fiber delamination on the composite's fractured surface. Hirsch model may predict composite tensile strength. The theoretical and experimental values agreed.

    The authors declare that they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.



    [1] Abraham MP (2021) Bitcoin threat and the emergence of Central Bank Digital Currency: Regulatory and valuation challenges. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3980287 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3980287
    [2] ABD (2023) Recent Central Bank Digital Currency Developments in Asia and Their Implications. Available from: https://www.adb.org/publications/central-bank-digital-currency-developments-asia-implications.
    [3] Ahiabenu K (2022) A comparative study of the design frameworks of the Ghanaian and Nigerian central banks' digital currencies (CBDC). FinTech 1: 235–249. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech1030019 doi: 10.3390/fintech1030019
    [4] Alfar AJK, Kumpamool C, Nguyen DTK, et al. (2023) The determinants of issuing central bank digital currencies. Res Int Bus Financ 64: 101884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.101884 doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.101884
    [5] Alonso SLN (2023) Can Central Bank Digital Currencies be green and sustainable? Green Financ 5: 603–623. https://doi.org/10.3934/gf.2023023 doi: 10.3934/gf.2023023
    [6] Alonso SLN, Fernández MÁE, Bas DS, et al. (2024) El Salvador: An analysis of the monetary integration law and the bitcoin law. Braz J Polit Econ 44: 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3459 doi: 10.1590/0101-31572024-3459
    [7] Alonso SLN, Jorge-Vázquez J, Rodríguez PA, et al. (2023) Gender gap in the ownership and use of cryptocurrencies: Empirical evidence from Spain. J Open Innov: Tech Mark Complex 9: 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100103 doi: 10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100103
    [8] Amarta CC, Latifah FN (2023) Influence of understanding financial literacy and community readiness on the use of central bank digital currency (CBDC). J Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia 13: 45–53. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2023.13(1).45-53 doi: 10.21927/jesi.2023.13(1).45-53
    [9] Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Ahmed N, et al. (2024) Framework-based qualitative analysis of free responses of Large Language Models: Algorithmic fidelity. PLOS ONE 19: e0300024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300024 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300024
    [10] Anjaria M, Guddeti RMR (2014) Influence factor based opinion mining of Twitter data using supervised learning. 2014 Sixth International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comsnets.2014.6734907
    [11] Argyle LP, Busby EC, Fulda N, et al. (2023) Out of one, many: Using language models to simulate human samples. Polit Anal 31: 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2023.2 doi: 10.1017/pan.2023.2
    [12] Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (2021) Central bank digital currencies: user needs and adoption. Bank for International Settlements. Available from: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_user_needs.pdf.
    [13] Batrancea I, Batrancea L, Maran Rathnaswamy M, et al. (2020) Greening the financial system in USA, Canada and Brazil: A panel data analysis. Mathematics 8: 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8122217 doi: 10.3390/math8122217
    [14] Bertsimas D, Dunn J (2017) Optimal classification trees. Mach Learn 106: 1039–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-017-5633-9 doi: 10.1007/s10994-017-5633-9
    [15] Bijlsma M, van der Cruijsen C, Jonker N, et al. (2024) What triggers consumer adoption of central bank digital currency? J Financ Serv Res 65: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-023-00420-8 doi: 10.1007/s10693-023-00420-8
    [16] Brand J, Israeli A, Ngwe D (2023) Using GPT for market research. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4395751 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4395751
    [17] Carbo-Valverde S, Cuadros-Solas P, Rodríguez-Fernández F (2020) A machine learning approach to the digitalization of bank customers: Evidence from random and causal forests. PLOS ONE 15: e0240362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240362 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240362
    [18] Casaló LV, Flavián C, Ibáñez-Sánchez S (2020) Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. J Bus Res 117: 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005
    [19] Choi S, Kim YS, Kim B, et al. (2022) Central Bank digital currency and privacy: A randomized survey experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4204110 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4204110
    [20] Dai S, Xu C, Xu S, et al. (2024) Bias and unfairness in information retrieval systems: New challenges in the LLM era. Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 6437–6447. https://doi.org/10.1145/3637528.3671458
    [21] Das M, Mancini-Griffoli T, Nakamura F, et al. (2023) Implications of central bank digital currencies for monetary policy transmission, IMF. Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2023/09/15/Implications-of-Central-Bank-Digital-Currencies-for-Monetary-Policy-Transmission-538517.
    [22] Delen D, Kuzey C, Uyar A (2013) Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach. Expert Syst Appl 40: 3970–3983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.01.012 doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.01.012
    [23] de Sèze N (2023) Monnaies numériques de banque centrale: Une mise en perspective des travaux à travers le monde. Revue d'économie Financière 149: 91–105. https://doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.149.0091 doi: 10.3917/ecofi.149.0091
    [24] Di Maggio M, Ghosh P, Ghosh SK, et al. (2024) Impact of Retail CBDC on Digital Payments, and Bank Deposits: Evidence from India (No. w32457). National Bureau of Economic Research.
    [25] Dillion D, Tandon N, Gu Y, et al. (2023) Can AI language models replace human participants? Trends Cogn Sci 27: 597–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.04.008 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.04.008
    [26] Dunbar K (2023) CBDC uncertainty: Financial market implications. Int Rev Financ Anal 87: 102607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102607 doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102607
    [27] Dunbar K, Treku DN (2024) Examining the impact of a central bank digital currency on the access to banking. Int Rev Financ Anal 93: 103220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103220 doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103220
    [28] Durica M, Frnda J, Svabova L (2023) Artificial neural network and decision tree-based modelling of non-prosperity of companies. Equilibrium 18: 1105–1131. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.035 doi: 10.24136/eq.2023.035
    [29] Echterhoff JM, Liu Y, Alessa A, et al. (2024) Cognitive bias in decision-making with llms. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024, 12640–12653. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.739
    [30] Escobar Mercado RM (2002) Las aplicaciones del análisis de segmentación: El procedimiento Chaid. Empiria. Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, 13–49. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.1.1998.706 doi: 10.5944/empiria.1.1998.706
    [31] Erwanti N, Prasetyani H (2023) Investigating the adoption factors of Indonesia's Central Bank digital currency. Qual-Access Success 24: 262–267. https://doi.org/10.47750/qas/24.196.32 doi: 10.47750/qas/24.196.32
    [32] Fernández JJ, Fernández MÁE, Alonso SLN (2024) The asset-backing risk of stablecoin trading: The case of Tether. Econ Bus Rev 10. https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2024.1.1211 doi: 10.18559/ebr.2024.1.1211
    [33] Fernández-Villaverde J, Sanches D, Schilling L, et al. (2020). Central bank digital currency: Central banking for all? In Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia). Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. http://dx.doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2020.19
    [34] Ferretti S, Furini M (2023) On using twitter to understand the stablecoin terra collapse. Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Information Technology for Social Good. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3582515.3609513
    [35] Filippas A, Horton JJ, Manning BS (2024) Large language models as simulated economic agents: What can we learn from homo silicus? Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Economics and Computation, 614–615. https://doi.org/10.1145/3670865.3673513
    [36] Fujiki H (2021) Attributes needed for Japan's central bank digital currency. Jpn Econ Rev 74: 117–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42973-021-00106-7 doi: 10.1007/s42973-021-00106-7
    [37] Fujiki H (2023) Central bank digital currency, crypto assets, and cash demand: Evidence from Japan. Appl Econ 56: 2241–2259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2023.2186362 doi: 10.1080/00036846.2023.2186362
    [38] Grossmann I, Feinberg M, Parker DC, et al. (2023). AI and the transformation of social science research. Science 380: 1108–1109. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi1778 doi: 10.1126/science.adi1778
    [39] Gu J, Jiang X, Shi Z, et al. (2024) A survey on llm-as-a-judge. arXiv.Org. https://arXiv.org/abs/2411.15594
    [40] Gupta M, Taneja S, Sharma V, et al. (2023) Does previous experience with the unified payments interface (UPI) affect the usage of central bank digital currency (CBDC)? J Risk Financ Manag 16: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16060286 doi: 10.3390/jrfm16060286
    [41] Horton J (2023) Large language models as simulated economic agents: What can we learn from homo silicus? National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31122
    [42] Huynh KP, Molnar J, Shcherbakov O, et al. (2020) Demand for payment services and consumer welfare: the introduction of a central bank digital currency. Bank of Canadá. Available from: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/swp2020-7.pdf.
    [43] Ioan B, Malar Kumaran R, Larissa B, et al. (2020) A panel data analysis on sustainable economic growth in India, Brazil, and Romania. J Risk Financ Manag 13: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13080170 doi: 10.3390/jrfm13080170
    [44] Jan C (2018). An effective financial statements fraud detection model for the sustainable development of financial markets: Evidence from Taiwan. Sustainability 10: 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020513 doi: 10.3390/su10020513
    [45] Jan C (2021) Financial information asymmetry: Using deep learning algorithms to predict financial distress. Symmetry 13: 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13030443 doi: 10.3390/sym13030443
    [46] Jun J, Yeo E (2021) Central bank digital currency, loan supply, and bank failure risk: A microeconomic approach. Financ Innov 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00296-4 doi: 10.1186/s40854-021-00296-4
    [47] Kamath U, Keenan K, Somers G, et al. (2024) LLM challenges and solutions, In: Large Language Models: A Deep Dive, Springer Nature Switzerland, 219–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65647-7_6
    [48] Kanwal M, Burki U, Ali R, et al. (2021) Systematic review of gender differences and similarities in online consumers' shopping behavior. J Consum Mark 39: 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4356 doi: 10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4356
    [49] Kasemrat R, Kraiwanit T (2022) Potential Acceptance of Upcoming Thai Retail CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) in Thailand. Proceedings of RSU International Research Conference (2022), 241–250. https://rsucon.rsu.ac.th/files/proceedings/RSUSOC2022/IN22-004.pdf
    [50] Kazinnik S (2023) Bank run, interrupted: Modeling deposit withdrawals with generative AI. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4656722 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4656722
    [51] Kepplinger HM (2008) Effects of the news media on public opinion, In: Donsbach, W., Traugott, M.W., The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research, SAGE Publications Ltd, 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848607910.n19
    [52] Kiff J, Alwazir J, Davidovic S, et al. (2020) A survey of research on retail central bank digital currency. IMF Working Papers 20. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513547787.001 doi: 10.5089/9781513547787.001
    [53] Korinek A (2023) Generative AI for economic research: Use cases and implications for economists. J Econ Lit 61: 1281–1317. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20231736 doi: 10.1257/jel.20231736
    [54] Kosse A, Mattei I (2023) Making headway - Results of the 2022 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies and crypto. BIS.Org; Bank for International Settlements. Available from: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap136.htm.
    [55] Koyuncugil AS, Ozgulbas N (2012) Financial early warning system model and data mining application for risk detection. Expert Syst Appl 39: 6238–6253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.021 doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.021
    [56] Koziuk V (2021) Confidence in digital money: Are central banks more trusted than age is matter? Invest Manag Financ Innov 18: 12–32. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.02 doi: 10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.02
    [57] Lamberty R, Kirste D, Kannengießer N, et al. (2024) HybCBDC: A design for central bank digital currency systems enabling digital cash. IEEE Access 12: 137712–137728. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3458451 doi: 10.1109/access.2024.3458451
    [58] Lee DKC, Yan L, Wang Y (2021) A global perspective on central bank digital currency. China Econ J 14: 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2020.1870279 doi: 10.1080/17538963.2020.1870279
    [59] Lee N, An N, Thorne J (2023) Can large language models capture dissenting human voices? Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.278
    [60] Lekhi P, Ayinde KS, Toobaee M (2024) Technological breakthroughs in financial services: Payment services, BNPL, and cbdcs, In: Turi, A.N., Lekhi, P. (eds), Innovation, Sustainability, and Technological Megatrends in the Face of Uncertainties, Springer Nature Switzerland, 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46189-7_5
    [61] León C, Moreno JF, Soramäki K (2024) Simulating the adoption of a retail CBDC. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2024-0002 doi: 10.1515/jbnst-2024-0002
    [62] Li J (2023) Predicting the demand for central bank digital currency: A structural analysis with survey data. J Monetary Econ 134: 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.11.007 doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.11.007
    [63] Liu X, Wang Q, Wu G, et al. (2022) Determinants of individuals' intentions to use central bank digital currency: Evidence from China. Technol Anal Strateg Manage 36: 2213–2227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2131517 doi: 10.1080/09537325.2022.2131517
    [64] Liu, Y, Bhandari S, Pardos ZA (2024) Leveraging llm-respondents for item evaluation: A psychometric analysis. arXiv.Org. https://arXiv.org/abs/2407.10899
    [65] Lozano-Blasco R, Mira-Aladrén M, Gil-Lamata M (2023). Social media influence on young people and children: Analysis on Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. Comunicar 31: 125–137. https://doi.org/10.3916/c74-2023-10 doi: 10.3916/c74-2023-10
    [66] Lyócsa Š, Halousková M, Haugom E (2023) The US banking crisis in 2023: Intraday attention and price variation of banks at risk. Financ Res Lett 57: 104209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104209 doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2023.104209
    [67] Maino R, Pani M (2024) Could cbdcs lead to cash extinction? Insights from a "merchant-customer" model. Int Adv Econ Res 30: 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-024-09888-z doi: 10.1007/s11294-024-09888-z
    [68] Masciandaro D, Cillo A, Borgonovo E, et al. (2018) Cryptocurrencies, central bank digital cash, traditional money: Does privacy matter? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291269 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3291269
    [69] Millán Solarte JC, Caicedo Cerezo E (2018) Modelos para otorgamiento y seguimiento en la gestión del riesgo de crédito. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos Para La Economía y La Empresa 25. https://doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2370 doi: 10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2370
    [70] Mohammed MA, De-Pablos-Heredero C, Montes Botella JL (2023) Exploring the factors affecting countries' adoption of blockchain-enabled central bank digital currencies. Future Internet 15: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15100321 doi: 10.3390/fi15100321
    [71] Mohammed MA, De-Pablos-Heredero C, Montes Botella JL (2024) The role of financial sanctions and financial development factors on Central Bank digital currency implementation. FinTech 3: 135–150. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech3010009 doi: 10.3390/fintech3010009
    [72] Mohammed MA, De-Pablos-Heredero C, Botella JLM (2025) Mapping the transformative realm of blockchain-enabled central bank digital currencies: A bibliometric analysis. Eurasian Econ Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-024-00307-6 doi: 10.1007/s40822-024-00307-6
    [73] Mu C (2023) Theories and practice of exploring China's e-CNY, In: Dombret, A., Kenadjian, P.S., Data, Digitalization, Decentialized Finance and Central Bank Digital Currencies: The Future of Banking and Money, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 179–190.
    [74] Náñez Alonso SL, Echarte Fernández MÁ, Sanz Bas D, et al. (2020a) Reasons fostering or discouraging the implementation of central bank-backed digital currency: A review. Economies 8: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8020041 doi: 10.3390/economies8020041
    [75] Náñez Alonso SL, Jorge-Vazquez J, Reier Forradellas RF (2020b) Detection of financial inclusion vulnerable rural areas through an access to cash index: Solutions based on the pharmacy network and a CBDC. Evidence based on ávila (spain). Sustainability 12: 7480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187480 doi: 10.3390/su12187480
    [76] Náñez Alonso SL, Jorge-Vazquez J, Reier Forradellas RF (2021a) Central banks digital currency: Detection of optimal countries for the implementation of a CBDC and the implication for payment industry open innovation. J Open Innov Tech Mark Complex 7: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010072 doi: 10.3390/joitmc7010072
    [77] Náñez Alonso SL, Jorge-Vázquez J, Echarte Fernández MÁ, et al. (2021b) Cryptocurrency mining from an economic and environmental perspective. Analysis of the most and least sustainable countries. Energies 14: 4254. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144254 doi: 10.3390/en14144254
    [78] Náñez Alonso SL, Echarte Fernández MÁ, Kolegowicz K, et al. (2023) ¿ Qué impulsa la adopción de CBDC o bitcoin? Evidencia derivada de la experiencia del Caribe, Centroamérica y Sudamérica. Ensayos de Economía 33: 13–40. https://doi.org/10.15446/ede.v33n63.105413 doi: 10.15446/ede.v33n63.105413
    [79] Náñez Alonso SL, Jorge-Vázquez J, Echarte Fernández MÁ, et al. (2024) Bitcoin's bubbly behaviors: Does it resemble other financial bubbles of the past? Hum Soc Sci Commun 11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03220-0 doi: 10.1057/s41599-024-03220-0
    [80] Ngo VM, Van Nguyen P, Nguyen HH, et al. (2023) Governance and monetary policy impacts on public acceptance of CBDC adoption. Res Int Bus Financ 64: 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101865 doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101865
    [81] Niroula A (2024) Central Bank Credibility, Central Bank Digital Currency Adoption, and Financial Literacy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Emerg Technol Innov Res 11: 32–43. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR2403305 doi: 10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR2403305
    [82] Ogunmola GA, Das U (2024) Analyzing consumer perceptions and adoption intentions of central bank digital currency: A case of the digital rupee. Digit Policy Regul Gov 26: 450–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/dprg-09-2023-0136 doi: 10.1108/dprg-09-2023-0136
    [83] Oh EY, Zhang S (2022) Informal economy and central bank digital currency. Econ Inq 60: 1520–1539. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.13105 doi: 10.1111/ecin.13105
    [84] Ozili PK (2022) Central bank digital currency in Nigeria: Opportunities and risks, In: Grima, S., Ö zen, E., Boz, H. (Ed.), The New Digital Era: Digitalisation, Emerging Risks and Opportunities, Emerald Publishing Limited, 125–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1569-37592022000109a008
    [85] Ozili PK (2023a) Using central bank digital currency to achieve the sustainable development goals, In: Sood, K., Balusamy, B., Grima, S. (Ed.), Digital Transformation, Strategic Resilience, Cyber Security and Risk Management, Emerald Publishing Limited, 143–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1569-37592023000111c008
    [86] Ozili PK (2023b) Determinants of interest in eNaira and financial inclusion information in Nigeria: Role of FinTech, cryptocurrency and central bank digital currency. Digit Transform Soc 2: 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1108/dts-08-2022-0040 doi: 10.1108/dts-08-2022-0040
    [87] Ozili PK (2023c) A Survey of Central Bank Digital Currency Adoption in African countries. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4447018 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4447018
    [88] Ozili PK (2024) Nigeria cNGN Stablecoin: Everything You Need to Know About cNGN and eNaira CBDC, In: Derbali, A. (Ed.), Blockchain Applications for Smart Contract Technologies, IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 225–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1511-8.ch011
    [89] Ozili PK, Alonso SLN (2024) Central bank digital currency adoption challenges, solutions, and a sentiment analysis. J Cent Bank Theor Pract 13: 133–165. https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2024-0007 doi: 10.2478/jcbtp-2024-0007
    [90] Park JS, Zou CQ, Shaw A, et al. (2024) Generative agent simulations of 1,000 people. arXiv.Org. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.10109
    [91] Robinson P (2016) 10. The role of media and public opinion. In: Smith, S., Hadfield, A., Dunne, T., Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, Oxford University Press, 186–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708902.003.0010
    [92] Samudrala RS, Yerchuru SK (2021) Central bank digital currency: risks, challenges and design considerations for India. CSI Transactions on ICT 9: 245-249.
    [93] Schumacher LV (2024) Architecting a retail CBDC, In: Decoding Digital Assets, Springer Nature Switzerland, 245–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54601-3_15
    [94] Sethaput V, Innet S (2023) Blockchain application for central bank digital currencies (CBDC). Cluster Comput 26: 2183–2197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-022-03962-z doi: 10.1007/s10586-022-03962-z
    [95] Shahzad SJH, Anas M, Bouri E (2022) Price explosiveness in cryptocurrencies and Elon Musk's tweets. Financ Res Lett 47: 102695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102695 doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2022.102695
    [96] Shen W, Hou L (2021) China's central bank digital currency and its impacts on monetary policy and payment competition: Game changer or regulatory toolkit?. Comput Law Secur Rev 41: 105577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105577 doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105577
    [97] Soukal I, Haviger J, Maci J (2024) Adoption of national and international cbdc in relation to privacy concerns and trust: Survey of the czech republic and slovakia. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4896248
    [98] Sun T (2023) Some lessons from Asian e-money schemes for the adoption of central bank digital currency. IMF Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400245046.001 doi: 10.5089/9798400245046.001
    [99] Tan B (2023) Central bank digital currency adoption: A two-sided model. IMF Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400244858.001 doi: 10.5089/9798400244858.001
    [100] Tercero-Lucas D (2023) Central bank digital currencies and financial stability in a modern monetary system. J Financ Stab 69: 101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2023.101188 doi: 10.1016/j.jfs.2023.101188
    [101] Tronnier F, Harborth D, Biker P (2023) Applying the extended attitude formation theory to central bank digital currencies. Electron Mark 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-023-00638-3 doi: 10.1007/s12525-023-00638-3
    [102] Tronnier F, Harborth D, Hamm P (2022) Investigating privacy concerns and trust in the digital Euro in Germany. Electron Commer Res Appl 53: 101158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101158 doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101158
    [103] Tronnier F, Kakkar S (2021) Would you pay with a digital euro? Investigating usage intention in central bank digital currency. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4194173 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4194173
    [104] Wang H (2023) How to understand China's approach to central bank digital currency?. Comput Law Secur Rev 50: 105788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105788 doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105788
    [105] Wang H, Gao S (2023) The future of the international financial system: The emerging CBDC network and its impact on regulation. Regul Gov 18: 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12520 doi: 10.1111/rego.12520
    [106] Wang L (2022) Factors influencing public opinion in mass media news coverage. BCP Bus Manag 34: 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v34i.3147 doi: 10.54691/bcpbm.v34i.3147
    [107] Wang Z (2023) Money laundering and the privacy design of central bank digital currency. Rev Econ Dyn 51: 604–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2023.06.004 doi: 10.1016/j.red.2023.06.004
    [108] Wenker K (2022) Retail central bank digital currencies (CBDC), disintermediation and financial privacy: The case of the bahamian sand dollar. FinTech 1: 345–361. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech1040026 doi: 10.3390/fintech1040026
    [109] Wu J, Liu X, Zhang C (2024) Unveiling the influencing mechanism underlying users' adoption and recommend intentions of central bank digital currency: A behavioral reasoning theory perspective. J Retail Consum Serv 81: 104050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104050 doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104050
    [110] Xia H, Gao Y, Zhang JZ (2023) Understanding the adoption context of China's digital currency electronic payment. Financ Innov 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-023-00467- doi: 10.1186/s40854-023-00467
    [111] Xie C, Chen C, Jia F, et al. (2024) Can large language model agents simulate human trust behavior? arXiv.Org. https://arXiv.org/abs/2402.04559
    [112] Xiong Z, Papageorgiou V, Lee K, et al. (2024) From artificial needles to real haystacks: Improving retrieval capabilities in llms by finetuning on synthetic data. arXiv.Org. https://arXiv.org/abs/2406.19292
    [113] Zarifis A, Cheng X (2023) The six ways to build trust and reduce privacy concern in a central bank digital currency (CBDC), In: Zarifis, A., Ktoridou, D., Efthymiou, L., et al., Business Digital Transformation, Springer International Publishing, 115–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33665-2_6
    [114] Zhou YS, Sun T, Paduraru A, et al. (2024) Rise of Digital Money: Implications for Pacific Island Countries. International Monetary Fund, 2024. Available from: file:///C:/Users/zhuan/Downloads/RDMEA.pdf.
  • QFE-09-01-008-S001.pdf
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Syed Mansoor Ahmad, M. C. Gowrishankar, Manjunath Shettar, Effect of boiling water soaking on the mechanical properties and durability of nanoclay-enhanced bamboo and glass fiber epoxy composites, 2025, 15, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-025-87912-w
    2. Jan Lean Tai, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Andrzej Łukaszewicz, Jerzy Józwik, Zbigniew Oksiuta, Farah Syazwani Shahar, Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Simulation and Modeling Approaches for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pipes: A Review, 2025, 18, 1996-1944, 2466, 10.3390/ma18112466
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2025 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(911) PDF downloads(105) Cited by(0)

Figures and Tables

Figures(5)  /  Tables(6)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog