Research article

Prevalence of goiter among children aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in 2016–2017

  • Received: 13 February 2019 Accepted: 17 May 2019 Published: 23 May 2019
  • Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the goiter prevalence, and the median urine iodine concentrations among schoolchildren aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from May 2016 to May 2017. A multistage, proportional-to-population-size sampling method with 30 clusters was used. The children were examined by palpation for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD); urinary iodine was determined in microplates by a modification of the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The Chi-square test was used to compare prevalences, and the Chi-square test for trend was employed to assess the trend of goiter prevalence and urine iodine levels by age and economic-social areas. Results: 1800 pupils from 8 to 10 years old including 900 males and 900 females were examined and 300 among them were tested for the urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren was 6.6%. The prevalence of goiter tended to increase in areas with disadvantaged conditions, among which the urban areas occupied the lowest prevalence (5%) while the mountainous areas and Midland took the highest (8.8%) (the p-value of 0.0193). The median UIC of the study group was 159.9 µg/L; the 25th and 75th percentile value was 103 µg/L and 230.2 µg/L, respectively. Conclusion: According to the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the goiter prevalence indicated that some regions of Binh Dinh province appeared to be slightly affected by iodine deficiency. These have characterized an important public health challenge, highlighting the need to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders in these areas.

    Citation: Truong Quang Dat, Le Nguyen Huong Giang, Pham Van Bao, Nguyen Thi Hong Tuyen. Prevalence of goiter among children aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in 2016–2017[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2019, 6(2): 184-194. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.2.184

    Related Papers:

  • Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the goiter prevalence, and the median urine iodine concentrations among schoolchildren aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from May 2016 to May 2017. A multistage, proportional-to-population-size sampling method with 30 clusters was used. The children were examined by palpation for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD); urinary iodine was determined in microplates by a modification of the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The Chi-square test was used to compare prevalences, and the Chi-square test for trend was employed to assess the trend of goiter prevalence and urine iodine levels by age and economic-social areas. Results: 1800 pupils from 8 to 10 years old including 900 males and 900 females were examined and 300 among them were tested for the urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren was 6.6%. The prevalence of goiter tended to increase in areas with disadvantaged conditions, among which the urban areas occupied the lowest prevalence (5%) while the mountainous areas and Midland took the highest (8.8%) (the p-value of 0.0193). The median UIC of the study group was 159.9 µg/L; the 25th and 75th percentile value was 103 µg/L and 230.2 µg/L, respectively. Conclusion: According to the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the goiter prevalence indicated that some regions of Binh Dinh province appeared to be slightly affected by iodine deficiency. These have characterized an important public health challenge, highlighting the need to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders in these areas.


    加载中

    Acknowledgments



    The research team sincerely thanks Binh Dinh Province People's Committee, the teachers and pupils at the research sites for their assistance in the implementation of this work.
    Financial support and sponsorship: Binh Dinh Province People's Committee.

    Conflict of interest



    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

    [1] Gunnarsdottir I, Dahl L (2012) Iodine intake in human nutrition: a systematic literature review. Food Nutr Res 56.
    [2] World Health Organization (2004) Iodine status worldwide: WHO Global Database on iodine deficiency. World Health Organization, Switzerland.
    [3] World Health Organization, Micronutrient deficiencies. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/.
    [4] Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, et al. (2005) Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 83: 518–525.
    [5] UNICEF–WHO Joint Committee on Health Policy (1994) World Summit for Children-Mid Decade Goal: Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Geneva, United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization; (JCHPSS/94/2.7).
    [6] United Nations Children's Fund (2013) State of the World's Children 2014: Every Child Counts. UNICEF. Available from: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/iodine.html.
    [7] Andersson M, Karumbunathan V, Zimmermann MB (2012) Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. J Nutr 142: 744–750. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.149393
    [8] Prime Minister of Viet Nam (1994) Decision No. 481/TTg of the Prime Minister dated September 1994 on organizing and calling upon all people to buy and use iodized salt.
    [9] Hospital of Endocrinology (2012) Report on Iodine Deficiency Disorder Preventative Activities in Viet Nam.
    [10] Codling K, Quang NV, Phong L, et al (2015) The Rise and Fall of Universal Salt Iodization in Vietnam: Lessons Learned for Designing Sustainable Food Fortification Programs with a Public Health Impact. Food Nutr Bull 36: 441–454. doi: 10.1177/0379572115616039
    [11] Binh Dinh Statistics Office (2016) Binh Dinh Statistical Yearbook 2015, Statistical publishing house 2016.
    [12] Binh Dinh Center for Prevention of Malaria and Endocrine Diseases (2016) Report on the program to prevent iodine deficiency disorders in 2011–2015.
    [13] WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD (2007) Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A Guide for Programme Managers 2007.
    [14] Cambell MJ, Swinsco TDV (2009) Statistics at square one,11th ed. UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 86–95.
    [15] DeMaeyer EM, Lowenstein FW, Thilly CH (1979) The control of endemic goiter, World Health Organization.
    [16] Luc DL (2007) Survey of goiter among students in the last 3 grades of primary school in Dau Tieng district in Binh Duong province in 2005. Full report on scientific topics of the 3rd National Scientific Conference on Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 190–199.
    [17] Ta VB, Hoang KH (2007) Study on evaluating the rate of goiter and median urinary iodine in 8 to 10-year-old students in 7 ecological regions in Vietnam in 2005. Report on the full text of scientific projects of the 3rd National Scientific Conference on Endocrinology and Metabolism. Medical Publishing House, 165–175.
    [18] Hoang S (2009) Situation and some factors related to simple goiter prevalence of pupils aged from 8 to 12 in Nam Giang District, Quang Nam Province. Hue Univ J Sci 55: 149–156.
    [19] Tigabu EK, Bekele B, Dachew BA (2017) Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health 39: e2017055. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2017055
    [20] Mardani M, Gholaami F, Rezapour P, et al. (2015) The Prevalence of Endemic Goiter and Its Relationship to Urine Iodine in Primary School Age Children in Khoramabad. J Health Sci Surveill Sys 3: 71–75.
    [21] Ahmed FBM, Ahmed IEBM (2015) Goiter Incidence Among Basic Schools Children in Shendi Area-Northern Sudan. Sci J Clin Med 4: 117–120. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20150406.11
    [22] Kamath R, Bhat V, Rao RS, et al. (2009) Prevalence of goitre among school children in Belgaum district. Indian J Pediatr 76: 825–828. doi: 10.1007/s12098-009-0101-6
    [23] Nguyen TH, Nguyen TD (2002) Endemic goiter status in one district of Bac Bo Delta. Vietnam J Physiol 6: 17–22.
    [24] Zein AZ, Al-Haithamy S, Obadi Q, et al. (2009) The epidemiology of iodine deficiency disorders in Yemen. Public Health Nutr 3: 245–252.
    [25] Chandra AK, Bhattacharjee A, Malik T, et al. (2008) Goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school Children in a Sub-Himalyan Tarai region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. India Pediatr 45: 469–474.
    [26] Sharma U, Sharma JP, Sharma A, et al. (2015) Prevalence of goitre among school going children in urban area of Dehradun. Int J Res Med Sci 3: 198–200.
    [27] Gupta RK, Langer B, Raina KS, et al. (2016) Goiter prevalence in school-going children: A cross-sectional study in two border districts of sub-Himalayan Jammu and Kashmir. J Family Med Prim Care 5: 825–828. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.201150
    [28] Delange F (1994) The disorders induced by iodine deficiency. Thyroid 4: 107–128. doi: 10.1089/thy.1994.4.107
    [29] Truong QD, Le NHG, Nguyen TTL, et al. (2018) The prevalence of malnutrition based on anthropometry among primary schoolchildren in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in 2016. AIMS Public Health 5: 203–216. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.3.203
    [30] Jimba M, Aitken IW, Joshi AB, et al. (2006) A challenge for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders in rural Nepal. Trop Doct 37:106–107.
    [31] Laillou A, Sophonneary P, Kuong K, et al. (2016) Low Urinary Iodine Concentration among Mothers and Children in Cambodia. Nutrients 8: 172. doi: 10.3390/nu8040172
    [32] Zou Y, Luo X, Ding G, et al. (2014) An assessment of iodine nutritional status and thyroid hormone levels in children aged 8–10 year living in Zhejiang province, China: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Pediatr 173: 929–934. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2273-y
    [33] Alsanosy RM, Gaffar AM, Khalafalla HE, et al. (2012) Current iodine nutrition status and progress toward elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. BMC Public Health 12: 1006. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1006
    [34] Leung AM, Braverman LE (2014) Consequences of excess iodine. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10: 136–142. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.251
    [35] Katagiri R, Yuan XY, Kobayashi S, et al. (2017) Effect of excess iodine intake on thyroid diseases in different populations: A systematic review and meta-analyses including observational studies. PLoS One 12: e0173722. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173722
    [36] Manjunath B, Suman G, Hemanth T, et al. (2016) Prevalence and factors associated with goiter among 6–12-year-old children in a Rural area of Karnataka in South India. Biol Trace Elem Res 69: 22–26.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(4687) PDF downloads(1496) Cited by(1)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Tables(5)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog