Review Topical Sections

Protein based devices for oral tissue repair and regeneration

  • Received: 18 December 2017 Accepted: 24 February 2018 Published: 06 March 2018
  • In the last decades, a goal of tissue engineering has been devoted to the design of devices with multiple micro- or nano-structures and loaded with bioactive molecules, to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) so generating a conducive microenvironment for new tissue replacement/regeneration. The ECM, naturally, is composed of fibrous proteins which provide structural support for tissues, mainly regulating cells behavior in terms of proliferation, growth, survival, shape, migration and differentiation by cell-matrix interactions. Several studies have been just investigated the fabrication of different platforms for the regeneration of teeth, oral mucosa, salivary glands, bone, and periodontium. In this context, many proteins—from a natural or biological source—have been used as instructive substances to in vitro guide tissue organization and functions. In particular, new advances in the definition of protein-based formulations currently represent a great challenge to promote a more effective regeneration of dental tissues to be transplanted into patients to replace damaged, diseased or missing tissues. Hence, the purpose of this review is to discuss the use of protein-based systems for the regeneration of oral tissues.

    Citation: Iriczalli Cruz-Maya, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Perez. Protein based devices for oral tissue repair and regeneration[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2018, 5(2): 156-170. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.2.156

    Related Papers:

  • In the last decades, a goal of tissue engineering has been devoted to the design of devices with multiple micro- or nano-structures and loaded with bioactive molecules, to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) so generating a conducive microenvironment for new tissue replacement/regeneration. The ECM, naturally, is composed of fibrous proteins which provide structural support for tissues, mainly regulating cells behavior in terms of proliferation, growth, survival, shape, migration and differentiation by cell-matrix interactions. Several studies have been just investigated the fabrication of different platforms for the regeneration of teeth, oral mucosa, salivary glands, bone, and periodontium. In this context, many proteins—from a natural or biological source—have been used as instructive substances to in vitro guide tissue organization and functions. In particular, new advances in the definition of protein-based formulations currently represent a great challenge to promote a more effective regeneration of dental tissues to be transplanted into patients to replace damaged, diseased or missing tissues. Hence, the purpose of this review is to discuss the use of protein-based systems for the regeneration of oral tissues.


    加载中
    [1] Horch RE, Kopp J, Kneser U, et al. (2005) Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitute. J Cell Mol Med 9: 592–608. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00491.x
    [2] Guarino V, Urciuolo F, Alvarez-Perez MA, et al. (2012) Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in fiber reinforced tubular scaffolds: theoretical study and experimental evidences. J R Soc Interface 9: 2201–2212. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0913
    [3] Guarino V, Causa F, Ambrosio L (2007) Bioactive scaffolds for bone and ligament tissue. Expert Rev Med Devic 4: 405–418. doi: 10.1586/17434440.4.3.405
    [4] Xu T, Miszuk JM, Zhao Y, et al. (2015) Electrospun Polycaprolactone 3D Nanofibrous Scaffold with Interconnected and Hierarchically Structured Pores for Bone Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 4: 2238–2246. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201500345
    [5] Parenteau-Bareil R, Gauvin R, Berthod F (2010) Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Materials 3: 1863–1887. doi: 10.3390/ma3031863
    [6] Gelse K, Pöschl E, Aigner T (2003) Collagens-Structure, function, and biosynthesis. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 55: 1531–1546. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.08.002
    [7] Cirillo V, Guarino V, Alvarez-Perez MA, et al. (2014) Optimization of fully aligned bioactive electrospun fibers for "in vitro" nerve guidance. J Mater Sci-Mater M 25: 2323–2332. doi: 10.1007/s10856-014-5214-4
    [8] Jones LN, Simon M, Watts NR, et al. (1997) Intermediate filament structure: Hard a-keratin. Biophys Chem 68: 83–93. doi: 10.1016/S0301-4622(97)00013-6
    [9] Qin Z, Chou CC, Kreplak L, et al. (2012) Structural, Mechanical and Functional Properties of Intermediate Filaments from the Atomistic to the Cellular Scales, In: Li S, Sun B, Advances in Cell Mechanics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 117–166.
    [10] Mottaghitalab F, Hosseinkhani H, Ali M, et al. (2015) Silk as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering. J Control Release 215: 112–128. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.031
    [11] Wang Y, Kim HG, Vunjak-Novakovic G, et al. (2006) Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials 27: 6064–6082. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.008
    [12] Zhang Y, Cui L, Li F, et al. (2016) Design, fabrication and biomedical applications of zein-based nano/micro-carrier systems. Int J Pharmaceut 513: 191–210. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.023
    [13] Zhang Y, Cui L, Che X, et al. (2015) Zein-based films and their usage for controlled delivery: Origin, classes and current landscape. J Control Release 206: 206–219. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.030
    [14] Weadock KS, Miller EJ, Keuffel EL, et al. (1996) Effect of physical crosslinking methods on collagen-fiber durability in proteolytic solutions. J Biomed Mater Res A 32: 221–226. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199610)32:2<221::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-M
    [15] Gough JE, Scotchford CA, Downes S (2002) Cytotoxicity of glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen/poly (vinyl alcohol) films is by the mechanism of apoptosis. J Biomed Mater Res A 61: 121–130. doi: 10.1002/jbm.10145
    [16] Cirillo V, Clements BA, Guarino V, et al. (2014) Mono and bi-component electrospun conduits: In Vivo response in Rat Sciatic model. Biomaterials 35: 8970–8982. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.010
    [17] Guarino V, Cirillo V, Ambrosio L (2016) Bicomponent electrospun scaffolds to design ECM tissue analogues. Expert Rev Med Devic 13: 83–102. doi: 10.1586/17434440.2016.1126505
    [18] McKittrick J, Chen PY, Bodde SG, et al. (2012) The structure, functions, and mechanical properties of keratin. JOM 64: 449–468. doi: 10.1007/s11837-012-0302-8
    [19] Vasconcelos A, Cavaco-Paulo A (2013) The use of keratin in biomedical applications. Curr Drug Targets 14: 612–619. doi: 10.2174/1389450111314050010
    [20] Koh LD, Cheng Y, Teng CP, et al. (2015) Structures, mechanical properties and applications of silk fibroin materials. Prog Polym Sci 46: 86–110. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.001
    [21] Bai S, Han H, Huang X, et al. (2015) Silk scaffolds with tunable mechanical capability for cell differentiation. Acta Biomater 20: 22–31. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.004
    [22] Jung SR, Song NJ, Yang DK, et al. (2013) Silk proteins stimulate osteoblast differentiation by suppressing the Notch signaling pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. Nutr Res 33: 162–170. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.006
    [23] Shukla R, Cheryan M (2001) Zein: the industrial protein from corn. Ind Crop Prod 13: 171–192. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00064-9
    [24] Rahimi A, Amjad-Iranagh S, Modarress H (2016) Molecular dynamics simulation of coarse-grained poly(L-lysine) dendrimers. J Mol Model 22: 59. doi: 10.1007/s00894-016-2925-0
    [25] Francoia JP, Rossi JC, Monard G, et al. (2017) Digitizing Poly-L-lysine Dendrigrafts: From Experimental Data to Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 57: 2173–2180. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00258
    [26] Lam J, Clark EC, Fong ELS, et al. (2016) Evaluation of cell-laden polyelectrolyte hydrogels incorporating poly(L-Lysine) for applications in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 83: 332–346. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.020
    [27] Yua Y, Shi X, Gan Z, et al. (2018) Modification of porous PLGA microspheres by poly-l-lysine for use as tissue engineering scaffolds. Colloid Surface B 161: 162–168. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.044
    [28] Huang R, Liu S, Shao K, et al. (2010) Evaluation and mechanism studies of PEGylated dendrigraft poly-L-lysines as novel gene delivery vectors. Nanotechnology 21: 265101. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/26/265101
    [29] Yang H, Kao WJ (2006) Dendrimers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. J Biomat Sci-Polym E 17: 3–19. doi: 10.1163/156856206774879171
    [30] Pankov R, Yamada KM (2002) Fibronectin at a glance. J Cell Sci 115: 3861–3863. doi: 10.1242/jcs.00059
    [31] Singh P, Carraher C, Schwarzbauer JE (2010) Assembly of Fibronectin Extracellular Matrix. Annu Rev Cell Dev Bi 26: 397–419. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104020
    [32] Ramanathan A, Karuri N (2014) Fibronectin alters the rate of formation and structure of the fibrin matrix. Biochem Bioph Res Co 443: 395–399. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.090
    [33] Bradshaw MJ, Smith ML (2014) Multiscale relationships between fibronectin structure and functional properties. Acta Biomater 10: 1524–1531. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.027
    [34] Zollinger AJ, Smith ML (2017) Fibronectin the extracellular glue. Matrix Biol 60–61: 27–37.
    [35] Zhang WH, Li XL, Guo Y, et al. (2017) Proliferation and osteogenic activity of fibroblasts induced with fibronectin. Braz J Med Biol Res 50: e6272.
    [36] To WS, Midwood KS (2011) Plasma and cellular fibronectin: distinct and independent functions during tissue repair. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 4: 21. doi: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-21
    [37] Sana FA, Yurtsever MC, Bayrak GK, et al. (2017) Spreading, proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells on chitosan scaffolds immobilized with RGD or fibronectin. Cytotechnology 69: 617–630. doi: 10.1007/s10616-017-0072-9
    [38] Tomasini B, Mosher D (1991) Vitronectin. Prog Haemost Thromb 10: 269–306.
    [39] Schwartz I, Seger D, Shmuel S (1999) Molecules in focus. Vitronectin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31: 539–544. doi: 10.1016/S1357-2725(99)00005-9
    [40] Salazar-Peláez LM, Abraham T, Herrera AM, et al. (2015) Vitronectin Expression in the Airways of Subjects with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 10: e0119717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119717
    [41] Rosso F, Marino G, Grimaldi A, et al. (2013) Vitronectin absorbed on nanoparticles mediate cell viability/proliferation and uptake by 3t3 swiss albino mouse fibroblasts: in vitro study. Biomed Res Int 2013: 539348.
    [42] Clevenger TN, Hinman CR, Rubin RK, et al. (2016) Vitronectin-based, biomimetic encapsulating hydrogel scaffolds support adipogenesis of adipose stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 22: 597–609. doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0550
    [43] Rivera-Chacon DM, Alvarado-Velez M, Acevedo-Morantes CY, et al. (2013) Fibronectin and vitronectin promote human fetal osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation on nanoporous titanium surfaces. J Biomed Nanotechnol 9: 1092–1097. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1601
    [44] Higuchi A, Ling QD, Hsu ST, et al. (2012) Biomimetic cell culture proteins as extracellular matrices for stem cell differentiation. Chem Rev 112: 4507–4540. doi: 10.1021/cr3000169
    [45] Pandolfi F, Franza J, Altamura S, et al. (2017) Integrins: integrating the biology and therapy of cell-cell interactions. Clin Ther 39: 2420–2436. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.002
    [46] Arnaout MA (2002) Integrin structure: new twists and turns in dynamic cell adhesion. Immunol Rev 186: 125–140. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18612.x
    [47] Gille J, Swerlick RA (1996) Integrins: role in cell adhesion and communication. Ann NY Acad Sci 25: 93–106.
    [48] Yu J, Huang J, Jansen JA, et al. (2017) Mechanochemical mechanism of integrin clustering modulated by nanoscale ligand spacing and rigidity of extracellular substrates. J Mech Behav Biomed 72: 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.04.018
    [49] Arosio D, Casagrande C (2016) Advancement in integrin facilitated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 97: 111–143. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.001
    [50] Goodman SL, Picard M (2012) Integrins as therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 33: 405–412. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.002
    [51] Guarino V, Ambrosio L (2016) Electrofluidodynamics: exploring new toolbox to design biomaterials for tissue regeneration and degeneration. Nanomedicine 11: 1515–1518. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0108
    [52] Guarino V, Cirillo V, Altobelli R, et al. (2015) Polymer based platforms by electric field assisted techniques for tissue engineering and cancer therapy. Expert Rev Med Devic 12: 113–129. doi: 10.1586/17434440.2014.953058
    [53] Altobelli R, Guarino V, Ambrosio L (2016) Micro- and nanocarriers by electrofludodynamic technologies for cell and molecular therapies. Process Biochem 51: 2143–2154. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.09.002
    [54] Kasaj A, Reichert C, Götz H, et al. (2008) In vitro evaluation of various bioabsorbable and nonresorbable barrier membranes for guided tissue regeneration. Head Face Med 4: 22. doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-4-22
    [55] Sheikh Z, Qureshi J, Alshahrani AM, et al. (2017) Collagen based barrier membranes for periodontal guided bone regeneration applications. Odontology 105: 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s10266-016-0267-0
    [56] Gurumurthy B, Bierdeman PC, Janorkar AV (2016) Composition of elastin like polypeptide-collagen composite scaffold influences in vitro osteogenic activity of human adipose derived stem cells. Dent Mater 32: 1270–1280. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.009
    [57] Chamieh F, Collignon AM, Coyac BR, et al. (2016) Accelerated craniofacial bone regeneration through dense collagen gel scaffolds seeded with dental pulp stem cells. Sci Rep 6: 38814. doi: 10.1038/srep38814
    [58] Wang T, Yang X, Qi X, et al. (2015) Osteoinduction and proliferation of bone-marrow stromal cells in three-dimensional poly(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffolds. J Transl Med 13: 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12967-014-0365-0
    [59] Liu C, Sun J (2015) Hydrolyzed tilapia fish collagen induces osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Biomed Mater 10: 65020. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/6/065020
    [60] Matsumoto R, Uemura T, Xu Z, et al. (2015) Rapid oriented fibril formation of fish scale collagen facilitates early osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 103: 2531–2539. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35387
    [61] Zhou T, Liu X, Sui B, et al. (2017) Development of fish collagen/bioactive glass/chitosan composite nano fibers as a GTR/GBR membrane for inducing periodontal tissue regeneration. Biomed Mater 12: 55004. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/aa7b55
    [62] Tu J, Wang H, Li H, et al. (2009) The in vivo bone formation by mesenchymal stem cells in zein scaffolds. Biomaterials 30: 4369–4376. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.054
    [63] Qu ZH, Wang HJ, Tang TT, et al. (2008) Evaluation of the zein/inorganics composite on biocompatibility and osteoblastic differentiation. Acta Biomater 4: 1360–1368. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.03.006
    [64] Shahbazarab Z, Teimouri A, Chermahini AN, et al. (2017) Fabrication and characterization of nanobiocomposite scaffold of zein/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite prepared by freeze-drying method for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 108: 1017–1027.
    [65] Jiang Q, Reddy N, Yang Y (2010) Cytocompatible cross-linking of electrospun zein fibers for the development of water-stable tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater 6: 4042–4051. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.024
    [66] Xu W, Karst D, Yang W, et al. (2008) Novel zein-based electrospun fibers with the water stability and strength necessary for various applications. Polym Int 57: 1110–1117. doi: 10.1002/pi.2450
    [67] Yang F, Miao Y, Wang Y, et al. (2017) Electrospun Zein/Gelatin Scaffold-Enhanced Cell Attachment and Growth of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Materials 10: 1168. doi: 10.3390/ma10101168
    [68] Kim JY, Yang BE, Ahn JH, et al. (2014) Comparable efficacy of silk fibroin with the collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects. J Adv Prosthodont 6: 539. doi: 10.4047/jap.2014.6.6.539
    [69] Song JY, Kim SG, Lee JW, et al. (2011) Accelerated healing with the use of a silk fibroin membrane for the guided bone regeneration technique. Oral Surg Oral Med O 112: 26–33.
    [70] Cai Y, Guo J, Chen C, et al. (2017) Silk fibroin membrane used for guided bone tissue regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C 70: 148–154. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.070
    [71] Lu S, Wang P, Zhang F, et al. (2015) A novel silk fibroin nanofibrous membrane for guided bone regeneration: A study in rat calvarial defects. Am J Transl Res 7: 2244–2253.
    [72] Behera S, Naskar D, Sapru S, et al. (2017) Hydroxyapatite reinforced inherent RGD containing silk fibroin composite scaffolds: Promising platform for bone tissue engineering. Nanomedicine 13: 1745–1759. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.016
    [73] Türkkan S, Pazarçeviren AE, Keskin D, et al. (2017) Nanosized CaP-silk fibroin-PCL-PEG-PCL/PCL based bilayer membranes for guided bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C 80: 484–493. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.016
    [74] Feng L, Li Y, Zeng W, et al. (2017) Enhancing effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibronectin on osteoblast adhesion to bone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering through extracellular matrix-integrin pathway. Exp Ther Med 14: 6087–6092.
    [75] Mohamadyar-Toupkanlou F, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Hanaee-Ahvaz H, et al. (2017) Osteogenic Differentiation of MSCs on Fibronectin-Coated and nHA-Modified Scaffolds. Asaio J 63: 684–691. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000551
    [76] Sangkert S, Kamonmattayakul S, Chai WL, et al. (2017) Modified porous scaffolds of silk fibroin with mimicked microenvironment based on decellularized pulp/fibronectin for designed performance biomaterials in maxillofacial bone defect. J Biomed Mater Res A 105: 1624–1636. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35983
    [77] Zheng Z, Wei Y, Wang G, et al. (2009) Surface characterization and cytocompatibility of three chitosan/polycation composite membranes for guided bone regeneration. J Biomater Appl 24: 209–229. doi: 10.1177/0885328208095825
    [78] Varoni E, Canciani E, Palazzo B, et al. (2015) Effect of Poly-L-Lysine coating on titanium osseointegration: from characterization to in vivo studies. J Oral Implantol 41: 626–631.
    [79] Guarino V, Alvarez-Perez MA, Cafiero C, et al. (2013) Trapping of Tetracycline Loaded Nanoparticles into PCL fibre networks in periodontal regeneration therapy. J Bioact Compat Pol 28: 258–273. doi: 10.1177/0883911513481133
    [80] Thoma DS, Benić GI, Zwahlen M, et al. (2009) A systematic review assessing soft tissue augmentation techniques. Clin Oral Implan Res 20: 146–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01784.x
    [81] Gottlow J (1993) Guided Tissue Regeneration Using Bioresorbable and Non-Resorbable Devices: Initial Healing and Long-Term Results. J Periodontol 64: 1157–1165. doi: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.11s.1157
    [82] Kaufman G, Whitescarver RA, Nunes L, et al. (2018) Effects of protein-coated nanofibers on conformation of gingival fibroblast spheroids: potential utility for connective tissue regeneration. Biomed Mater 13: 25006. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/aa91d9
    [83] Wu X, Miao L, Yao Y, et al. (2014) Electrospun fibrous scaffolds combined with nanoscale hydroxyapatite induce osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Int J Nanomed 9: 4135–4143.
    [84] Nagai N, Mori K, Satoh Y, et al. (2007) In vitro growth and differentiated activities of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts cultured on salmon collagen gel. J Biomed Mater Res A 82: 395–402.
    [85] Zhang H, Wang J, Ma H, et al. (2016) Bilayered PLGA/Wool Keratin Composite Membranes Support Periodontal Regeneration in Beagle Dogs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2: 2162–2175. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00357
    [86] Tayebi L, Rasoulianboroujeni M, Moharamzadeh K, et al. (2017) 3D-printed membrane for guided tissue regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C 84: 148–158.
    [87] Ajay SL, Ali MA, Love RM, et al. (2016) Novel keratin preparation supports growth and differentiation of odontoblast-like cells. Int Endod J 49: 471–482. doi: 10.1111/iej.12476
    [88] Ferraris S, Giachet FT, Miola M, et al. (2017) Nanogrooves and keratin nano fibers on titanium surfaces aimed at driving gingival fibroblasts alignment and proliferation without increasing bacterial adhesion. Mater Sci Eng C 76: 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.152
    [89] Tang J, Han Y, Zhang F, et al. (2015) Buccal mucosa repair with electrospun silk fibroin matrix in a rat model. Int J Artif Organs 38: 105–112. doi: 10.5301/ijao.5000392
    [90] Campos DM, Gritsch K, Salles V, et al. (2014) Surface Entrapment of Fibronectin on Electrospun PLGA Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering. Biores Open Access 3: 117–126. doi: 10.1089/biores.2014.0015
    [91] Guarino V, Cruz-Maya I, Altobelli R, et al. (2017) Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers decorated by drug loaded chitosan nano-reservoirs for antibacterial treatments. Nanotechology 28: 505103. doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9542
    [92] Lee H, Hwang YS, Lee HS, et al. (2015) Human hair keratin-based biofilm for potent application to periodontal tissue regeneration. Macromol Res 23: 300–308. doi: 10.1007/s13233-015-3036-y
    [93] Collado-González M, Pecci-Lloret MP, García-Bernal D, et al. (2017) Biological effects of silk fibroin 3D scaffolds on stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Odontology 2017: 1–10.
    [94] Bottino MC, Thomas V, Janowski GM (2011) A novel spatially designed and functionally graded electrospun membrane for periodontal regeneration. Acta Biomater 7: 216–224. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.019
    [95] Ambrosio L, Guarino V, Sanginario V, et al. (2012) Injectable calcium-phosphate-based composites for skeletal bone treatments. Biomed Mater 7: 024113. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/2/024113
    [96] D'Antò V, Raucci MG, Guarino V, et al. (2016) Behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells on chemically synthesized HA-PCL scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen M 10: E147–E154. doi: 10.1002/term.1768
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2018 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(5189) PDF downloads(922) Cited by(9)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(1)  /  Tables(1)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog