Research article Special Issues

Risk perceptions of health and safety in cruising

  • Received: 14 August 2020 Accepted: 24 September 2020 Published: 30 September 2020
  • Cruise holidays have become increasingly popular in the past two decades, with passenger numbers increasing every year. The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in several cruise ships being held in quarantine or stranded at sea with mass disruption and cancelled holidays for millions of vacationers. The pandemic highlights the significance of risk perceptions as risk influences travel decision-making. Little research exists on risk perceptions in ocean cruising, or how risk potentially influences tourists' decision-making for a cruise as a holiday. Findings revealed a cruise is perceived as a safe holiday, but health risks are a significant concern. Non-cruisers perceive more risk in getting sick onboard, and cruisers develop strategies to minimize risks, and both groups acknowledge risk is inherent in travel. Findings reveal critical insight into how both cruisers and non-cruisers interpret health and safety risks in cruising, and is a significant empirical contribution to understanding risk in relation to cruising.

    Citation: Jennifer Holland. Risk perceptions of health and safety in cruising[J]. AIMS Geosciences, 2020, 6(4): 422-436. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2020023

    Related Papers:

  • Cruise holidays have become increasingly popular in the past two decades, with passenger numbers increasing every year. The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in several cruise ships being held in quarantine or stranded at sea with mass disruption and cancelled holidays for millions of vacationers. The pandemic highlights the significance of risk perceptions as risk influences travel decision-making. Little research exists on risk perceptions in ocean cruising, or how risk potentially influences tourists' decision-making for a cruise as a holiday. Findings revealed a cruise is perceived as a safe holiday, but health risks are a significant concern. Non-cruisers perceive more risk in getting sick onboard, and cruisers develop strategies to minimize risks, and both groups acknowledge risk is inherent in travel. Findings reveal critical insight into how both cruisers and non-cruisers interpret health and safety risks in cruising, and is a significant empirical contribution to understanding risk in relation to cruising.



    加载中


    [1] Awoniyi O (2020) The Petri-Dish Effect. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020.
    [2] Mizumoto K, Chowell G (2020) Transmission potential of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) onboard the Diamond Princess Cruises Ship, 2020. Infect Dis Model 5: 264-270.
    [3] Rocklö v J, Sjö din H, Wilder-Smith A (2020) COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures. J Travel Med 27: 1-7.
    [4] Cruise Lines International Association (2019) State of the Industry Outlook. Cruise Lines International Association. Available from: https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/state-of-the-cruise-industry.ashx
    [5] Papathanassis A (2019) The growth and development of the cruise sector: a perspective article. Tour Rev 75: 130-135. doi: 10.1108/TR-02-2019-0037
    [6] Seatrade Cruise News (2018) A golden age for the Med but ports need to prepare for the new generation of large ships. Seatrade Cruise News. Available from: http://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/news-headlines/a-golden-age-for-the-med-but-ports-need-to-prepare-for-the-new-generation-of-large-ships.html.
    [7] Bowen C, Fidgeon P, Page SJ (2014) Maritime tourism and terrorism: Customer perceptions of the potential terrorist threat to cruise shipping. Curr Issues Tour 17: 610-639. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.743973
    [8] Floyd MF, Pennington-Gray L (2004) Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Ann Tour Res 31: 1051-1054. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.011
    [9] Sö nmez SF, Graefe AR (1998) Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. J Travel Res 37: 171-177. doi: 10.1177/004728759803700209
    [10] Petrick JF, Li X, Park SY (2007) Cruise passengers' decision-making processes. J Travel Tour Mark 23: 1-14 doi: 10.1300/J073v23n01_01
    [11] Gibson P (2006) Cruise Operations Management. Elsevier: Oxford.
    [12] Lupton D (1999) Risk. London, Routledge.
    [13] Aven T (2012) The risk concept—historical and recent development trends. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 99: 33-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006
    [14] Slovic P (2016) Understanding perceived risk: 1978-2015. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 58: 25-29. doi: 10.1080/00139157.2016.1112169
    [15] Priest GL (1990) The new legal structure of risk control. Daedalus 119: 207-227.
    [16] Kungwani P (2014) Risk management—An analytical study. IOSR J Bus Manag 16: 83-89.
    [17] Douglas M, Wildavsky A (1982) How can we know the risks we face? Why risk selection is a social process. Risk Anal 2: 49-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01365.x
    [18] Fuchs G, Reichel A (2004) Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: An exploratory study. Tourism 52: 21-37.
    [19] Kim DJ, Ferrin DL, Rao HR (2008) A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decis Support Syst 44: 544-564. doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2007.07.001
    [20] Bauer R (1960) Consumer behaviour as risk taking. In: Hancock RS (Ed.), Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 389-398.
    [21] Tarlow PE (2006) Terrorism and tourism. In: Wilkes J, Pendergast D, Leggat P (Eds.), Tourism in turbulent times: Towards safe experiences for visitors (Advances in Tourism Research). Abingdon, UK, Routledge, 79-92.
    [22] Lin PJ, Jones E, Westwood S (2009) Perceived risk and risk-relievers in online travel purchase intentions. J Hosp Mark Manag 18: 782-810.
    [23] Lepp A, Gibson H (2003) Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Ann Tour Res 30: 606-624. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
    [24] Yang ECL, Khoo-Lattimore C, Arcodia C (2017) A systematic literature review of risk and gender research in tourism. Tour Manag 58: 89-100. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011
    [25] Cohen E (1972) Toward a sociology of international tourism. Soc Res 39: 164-182.
    [26] Gibson H, Yiannakis A (2002) Tourist roles: Needs and the lifecourse. Ann Tour Res 29: 358-383. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00037-8
    [27] Roehl WS, Fesenmaier DR (1992) Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. J Travel Res 30: 17-26. doi: 10.1177/004728759203000403
    [28] Fuchs G, Reichel A (2011) An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tour Manag 32: 266-276.
    [29] Reisinger Y, Mavondo F (2005) Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. J Travel Res 43: 212-225. doi: 10.1177/0047287504272017
    [30] Karl M (2018) Risk and uncertainty in travel decision-making: Tourist and destination perspective. J Travel Res 57: 129-146. doi: 10.1177/0047287516678337
    [31] Dowling GR (1986) Perceived risk: The concept and its measurement. Psychol Mark 3: 193-210. doi: 10.1002/mar.4220030307
    [32] Pizam A, Jeong GH, Reichel A, et al. (2004) The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. J Travel Res 42: 251-260. doi: 10.1177/0047287503258837
    [33] Kahneman D, Tversky A (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124-1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
    [34] Gray JM, Wilson MA (2009) The relative risk perception of travel hazards. Environ Behav 41: 185-204. doi: 10.1177/0013916507311898
    [35] Money RB, Crotts JC (2003) The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning, and purchases of international travel vacations. Tour Manag 24: 191-202. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00057-2
    [36] Williams AM, Baláž V (2015) Tourism risk and uncertainty: Theoretical reflections. J Travel Res 54: 271-287. doi: 10.1177/0047287514523334
    [37] Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cogn Psychol 5: 207-232. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
    [38] Migacz S, Durko A, Petrick J (2016) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times: The effects of critical incidents on cruise passengers' experiences. Tour Mar Environ 11: 123-135. doi: 10.3727/154427315X14513374773445
    [39] Baker D (2016) The cruise industry: Past, present and future. J Tour Res 14: 145-153.
    [40] Finucane ML, Alhakami A, Slovic P, et al. (2000) The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. J Behav Decis Mak 13: 1-17. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
    [41] Slovic P, Peters E (2006) Risk perception and affect. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 15: 322-325. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
    [42] Sö nmez SF, Graefe AR (1998) Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Ann Tour Res 25: 112-144. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
    [43] Baker D (2013) Cruise passengers' perceptions of safety and security while cruising the Western Caribbean. Rosa Dos Ventos 5: 140-154.
    [44] Le TH, Arcodia C (2018) Risk perceptions on cruise ships among young people: Concepts, approaches and directions. Int J Hosp Manag 69: 102-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.09.016
    [45] Lois P, Wang J, Wall A, et al. (2004) Formal safety assessment of cruise ships. Tour Manag 25: 93-109. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00066-9
    [46] Eliopoulou E, Papanikolaou A, Voulgarellis M (2016) Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level. Saf Sci 85: 282-292. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.02.001
    [47] Dawson J, Johnston M, Stewart E (2017) The unintended consequences of regulatory complexity: The case of cruise tourism in Arctic Canada. Mar Policy 76: 71-78. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.002
    [48] Lück M, Maher PT, Stewart EJ (2010) Cruise tourism in Polar Regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability? London: Earthscan Ltd.
    [49] Maher PT, Johnston ME, Dawson JP, et al. (2011) Risk and a changing environment for Antarctic tourism. Curr Issues Tour 14: 387-399. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2010.491896
    [50] Dahl E (2014) Medical cruise challenges in Antarctica. J Travel Med 21: 223-224. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12118
    [51] Brosnan IG (2011) The diminishing age gap between polar cruisers and their ships: A new reason to codify the IMO Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters and make them mandatory? Mar Policy 35: 261-265.
    [52] Schrö der-Hinrichs JU, Hollnagel E, Baldauf M (2012) From Titanic to Costa Concordia—A century of lessons not learned. WMU J Marit Affairs 11: 151-167. doi: 10.1007/s13437-012-0032-3
    [53] Greenberg MD, Chalk P, Willis HH, et al. (2006) Maritime terrorism: Risk and liability. Centre for Terrorism Risk Management Policy: Rand Corporation.
    [54] Button K (2016) The Economics and Political Economy of Transportation Security. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
    [55] Klein R, Lück M, Poulston J (2017) Passengers and risk: health, wellbeing and liability. In: Dowling R, Weeden C (Eds.), Cruise Ship Tourism (2nd ed.), Wallingford: CABI, 106-123.
    [56] Panko TR, Henthorne TL (2019) Crimes at sea: A review of crime onboard cruise ships. Int J Saf Secur Tour Hosp 20: 1-23.
    [57] Chien PM, Sharifpour M, Ritchie BW, et al. (2017) Travelers' health risk perceptions and protective behavior: a psychological approach. J Travel Res 56: 744-759. doi: 10.1177/0047287516665479
    [58] Liu-Lastres B, Schroeder A, Pennington-Gray L (2018) Cruise line customers' responses to risk and crisis communication messages: An application of the risk perception attitude framework. J Travel Res 58: 849-865. doi: 10.1177/0047287518778148
    [59] Kura F, Amemura-Maekawa J, Yagita K, et al. (2006) Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to spa-bath filter stones contaminated with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5. Epidemiol Infect 134: 385-391. doi: 10.1017/S095026880500508X
    [60] Baker DM, Stockton S (2013) Smooth sailing! Cruise passengers demographics and health perceptions while cruising the Eastern Caribbean. Int J Bus Soc Sci 4: 8-17.
    [61] Tang C, Weaver D, Shi F, et al. (2019) Constraints to domestic ocean cruise participation among higher income Chinese adults. Int J Tour Res 21: 519-530. doi: 10.1002/jtr.2279
    [62] Cruise Lines International Association. (2019) 2018 Global Passenger Report. Available from: https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/clia-global-passenger-report-2018.ashx
    [63] Westwood S (2007) What lies beneath? Using creative, projective and participatory techniques in qualitative tourism inquiry. In: Ateljevic I, Pritchard A, Morgan N (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methodologies. Oxford: Elsevier, 293-316.
    [64] Coulter RA, Zaltman G, Coulter KS (2001) Interpreting consumer perceptions of advertising: An application of the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique. J Advert 30: 1-21. doi: 10.1080/00913367.2001.10673648
    [65] Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3: 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
    [66] GP Wild (International) Limited (2017) Report on Operational Incidents 2009 to 2016. Available from: https://www.cruising.org/docs/default-source/research/report-on-operational-incidents-2009-to-2016.pdf?sfvrsn=0.
    [67] Henthorne TL, George BP, Smith WC (2013) Risk perception and buying behavior: An examination of some relationships in the context of cruise tourism in Jamaica. Int J Hosp Tour Adm 14: 66-86.
    [68] Simpson PM, Siguaw JA (2008) Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. Int J Tour Res 10: 315-327. doi: 10.1002/jtr.664
    [69] Rotter JB (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol Monogr Gen Appl 80: 1-28.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2020 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(7749) PDF downloads(224) Cited by(14)

Article outline

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog