Manuscript Topics

Probiotics, live organisms are present in water, soil, food, human and animal intestine, and these  microorganisms or friendly microbes, and they provide numerous health-beneficial effects to the host such as inhibition of adherence and colonization of pathogens, enhanced immune system, reduction of toxins, reduction of inflammatory bowel diseases, reduce cholesterol levels, prevention of cancer, synthesis of vitamins, and production of antimicrobial compounds. Consumer awareness is the main reason for the development of probiotic functional food products. In this regard, probiotics incorporated in food products significantly enhanced the quality, taste, and flavour compared to non-probiotic functional foods. Furthermore, probiotic food products protect against unfavourable conditions and increased shelf-life periods.
Probiotics with their consolidated history represent an excellent resource of natural products used as an alternative therapy, representing an essential component of traditional medicines. Therefore, the use of probiotics can be a promising alternative for the control of infectious diseases. Probiotics with conventional antimicrobial activity offers another field of application and can be widely pursued as a therapeutic approach capable of sensitizing resistant pathogens and contributing to limit the antimicrobial resistance pandemics and the global burden of infectious diseases. Finally, probiotics are generally considered safe for animals, humans, and the environment.
It is estimated that 60% of human pathogens originate in animals, about three-quarters of which are of wildlife origin, and how to fight against the pathogens, by antibiotics or alternatives. The use of antibiotics is associated with the increase of antimicrobial resistance of pathogens that can affect the efficiency of conventional drugs. This scenario made it necessary to search for alternative therapeutic approaches. Antibiotic resistance is a global health threat, predicted to cause, by 2050, a million annual deaths due to an increased incidence of infectious diseases that will, in turn, affect many medical and surgical procedures. So far, the identification and design of new antibiotics, and the development of novel vaccines and probiotics have been proposed as alternatives to current antibiotics. Probiotics that exert a beneficial health effect, are recognized as potential candidates to substitute antibiotics for the capacity of some bacteria to protect the animal body against bacterial and viral infections. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion enhanced mucosal barrier function, modulation of the immune systems, and secretion of antimicrobial metabolites are the main mechanisms proposed to explain the anti-infectious activity of probiotics.
The gut microbiome is central to the gut-brain axis, serving as a vital component in the gastrointestinal tract. It interacts with probiotic administration, nutrients, and environmental factors, helps differentiate commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, and influences various physiological processes. A diverse gut microbiome modulated by probiotics is crucial for normal brain function and emotional regulation. It maintains gut homeostasis and proper digestion through various mechanisms, including metabolites-dependent pathways, toll-like receptors, endocrine signalling, and neural connections.

Keywords:  
• Probiotics
• Paraprobiotics
• Postbiotics
• Infectious diseases
• Clinical applications
• Encapsulation
• Food supplements
• Immune responses
• Gut microbiota
• Alternative to antibiotics
• Antimicrobial resistance
• Quorum sensing
• Multidrug resistance
• Animal (endothermic and aquatic) health
• Control of bacterial and viral infections
• Metabolism and intestinal enzyme activity
• Mediating and stimulation of gastrointestinal development

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