Review Special Issues

Role of PTH in the Renal Handling of Phosphate

  • Received: 26 April 2015 Accepted: 31 July 2015 Published: 10 August 2015
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is one of the primary phosphaturic hormones in the body. The type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter (Npt2a) is expressed in the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule and is responsible for the reabsorption of the majority of the filtered load of phosphate. PTH acutely induces phosphaturia through the rapid stimulation of endocytosis of Npt2a and its subsequent lysosomal degradation. This review focuses on the homeostatic mechanisms underlying serum phosphate, with particular focus on the regulation of the phosphate transporter Npt2a by PTH within the renal proximal tubule. Additionally, the proximal tubular PTH-stimulated signaling events as they relate to PTH-induced phosphaturia are also highlighted. Lastly, we discuss recent findings by our lab concerning novel regulatory mechanisms of PTH-mediated reductions in Npt2a expression.

    Citation: Rebecca D. Murray, Eleanor D. Lederer, Syed J. Khundmiri. Role of PTH in the Renal Handling of Phosphate[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2015, 2(3): 162-181. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2015.3.162

    Related Papers:

    [1] José M. Campos-Salazar, Roya Rafiezadeh, Juan L. Aguayo-Lazcano, Constanza Márquez . Reduction of harmonic distortion in electromagnetic torque of a single-phase reluctance motor using a multilevel neutral-point-clamped DC-AC converter. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2025, 9(2): 215-242. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2025011
    [2] Cristian Cadena-Zarate, Juan Caballero-Peña, German Osma-Pinto . Simulation-based probabilistic-harmonic load flow for the study of DERs integration in a low-voltage distribution network. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2024, 8(1): 53-70. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2024003
    [3] Tarun Naruka, Debasis Tripathy, Prangya Mohanty . Power quality enhancement by a solar photovoltaic-based distribution static compensator. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2025, 9(2): 192-214. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2025010
    [4] Said Oucheriah, Abul Azad . Current-sensorless robust sliding mode control for the DC-DC boost converter. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2025, 9(1): 46-59. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2025003
    [5] Rasool M. Imran, Kadhim Hamzah Chalok, Siraj A. M. Nasrallah . Innovative two-stage thermal control of DC-DC converter for hybrid PV-battery system. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2025, 9(1): 26-45. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2025002
    [6] I.E.S. Naidu, S. Srikanth, A. Siva sarapakara Rao, Adabala Venkatanarayana . A novel mine blast optimization algorithm (MBOA) based MPPT controlling for grid-PV systems. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2023, 7(2): 135-155. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2023008
    [7] Anjan Ku. Sahoo, Ranjan Ku. Jena . Improved DTC strategy with fuzzy logic controller for induction motor driven electric vehicle. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2022, 6(3): 296-316. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2022018
    [8] Cherechi Ndukwe, M. Tariq Iqbal, Xiaodong Liang, Jahangir Khan, Lawrence Aghenta . LoRa-based communication system for data transfer in microgrids. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2020, 4(3): 303-325. doi: 10.3934/ElectrEng.2020.3.303
    [9] Mulualem T. Yeshalem, Baseem Khan, Om Prakash Mahela . Conducted electromagnetic emissions of compact fluorescent lamps and electronic ballast modeling. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2022, 6(2): 178-187. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2022011
    [10] Sundararajan Seenivasaan, Naduvil Madhusoodanan Kottarthil . Enhancing sensor linearity through the translinear circuit implementation of piecewise and neural network models. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2023, 7(3): 196-216. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2023012
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is one of the primary phosphaturic hormones in the body. The type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter (Npt2a) is expressed in the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule and is responsible for the reabsorption of the majority of the filtered load of phosphate. PTH acutely induces phosphaturia through the rapid stimulation of endocytosis of Npt2a and its subsequent lysosomal degradation. This review focuses on the homeostatic mechanisms underlying serum phosphate, with particular focus on the regulation of the phosphate transporter Npt2a by PTH within the renal proximal tubule. Additionally, the proximal tubular PTH-stimulated signaling events as they relate to PTH-induced phosphaturia are also highlighted. Lastly, we discuss recent findings by our lab concerning novel regulatory mechanisms of PTH-mediated reductions in Npt2a expression.



    Nowadays, as technology advances, the need for electricity grows at an exponential pace. Additionally, customers want reliable electricity to ensure the proper functioning of products. The quality of electricity is contingent upon the voltage and frequency at which it is provided to the customer. Additionally, the majority of the load is accounted for by semiconductor-based appliances. These are non-linear devices that are mostly used for power conversion, either AC to DC or DC to AC. These semiconductor switches cause the current to be discontinuous. Additionally, it adds harmonics into the system, lowering the quality of electricity provided to the user. These power quality issues shorten the equipment's life and efficiency. Harmonics should be filtered away to improve the system's overall performance.

    Additionally, with the growth of renewable energy, the various DGs in the distribution network have been extended. Subsequently, when generators with larger limitations are connected anywhere on the distribution grid, the short circuit current might increase, exceeding the limits of the existing CB operated by the protective relay. As a result, it should be used in place of circuit breakers with increased limitations to reduce the increased fault current. Thus far, it is not economically viable in light of increased costs and scientific constraint. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) have been proposed as a more effective technology for short circuit current restriction [19,20,21,22,23]. Generally, because to the fact that the SFCL has no resistance, it does not cause a loss when applied to a power system network. Additionally, since the activity is carried out during a quarter cycle, it enables exceptionally rapid fault current limiting [23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. Nonetheless, the SFCL played a critical role in defending against a malfunctioning power grid [15] network, and the reduced short circuit current caused by the use of fault current limiters in the delivery grid should also cause the relay activity to be interrupted on this front. Alternative arrangements, such as rebooting the overcurrent relay and calculating the overcurrent relay using the SFCL's voltage components, have been considered in order to mitigate the overcurrent relay's influence on SFCL [30,31,32,33,34]. Additionally, because interconnection of DGs in the distribution network results in opposite-direction fault current, safeguarding adjustment between the protecting relays for linking the supply grid generators' positioning, as well as the fault current limiter in the distribution grid context, is critical.

    Many different filter and SFCL topologies have been proposed by researchers to address those issues that have arisen in the power distribution grid system in the past. As an example, in [1,2,3,4], the authors discuss the use of a passive filter to remove the harmonics existing in the system, although they are primarily concerned with establishing resonance with the system impedance and making the filter appropriate for filtering out harmonics present in the system. Active filters, in conjunction with control techniques, are discussed by the authors in [5] in order to enhance the system's power quality. Although active filters have some advantages over passive filters, they also have several disadvantages, including a big size, high converter ratings, and a higher cost. A control strategy based on the combination of active and passive filters is also presented here to overcome these shortcomings in order to achieve an economically viable resolution for power quality enhancement [6]. According to the researcher in [7], the instantaneous reactive power theory is used to manage the active filter smoothly. This theory illustrates the many control algorithms and formulations of instantaneous reactive power theory that have been developed throughout time. The authors [8] discuss how to regulate a series active and a shunt passive filter by employing dual instantaneous reactive power vectorial theory. The authors [9] also provide a control technique for fault-tolerant structures in power supply, which they refer to as FTS.

    In the last few years, several important research works have been imposed in the power system distribution network by researchers for various applications and benefits of SFCL, such as to validate the workability and usefulness of a novel SFCL-oriented over-current repressing method onto superconducting power electronics, an SFCL-based protecting scheme is implemented by the Authors in [35]. The benefits of resistive SFCL for quick separation of problematic sections of a multi terminal DC grid network are highlighted in [36] by utilising the quenching and recovery properties of SFCL. Several applications of SFCL in DC distribution systems are given by the authors in [37] for maintaining voltage stability, suppressing voltage fluctuations, and regulating fault current. The consistency of FEM SFCL model and appropriate method for SFCL design for the electrical energy system is suggested by the Authors in [38]. The load frequency controlling technique in a microgrid [10] and several designing and application methods of SFCL are introduced in [39] and [40] correspondingly. The research of flux coupling type SFCL for effective voltage distribution of superconducting windings during faulty conditions with the value of line impedance and the operative voltage sag frequency analysis with the optimal location of SFCL is presented on [41] and [42] respectively. Authors in [43] investigates the trigger-kind SFCL and directional overcurrent relay to limit large fault current and to prevent interrupting malfunction in accordance with the influence of SFCL. The authors of [44,45], and [46] provide suggestions for several types of SFCL design and their most notable uses, which are detailed in the respective papers. The authors of [47] provide a method for increasing the transient stability of permanent magnetic synchronous generators (PMSGs) and lowering the capital expenditure for superconducting devices during various forms of grid disturbances by applying the Cooperative Control of SFCL. On [48], the authors describe their investigation on the impact of resistive-type SFCLs on the incremental power frequency relay of transmission lines. According to the Authors in [49], a method for protecting the power distribution system with an SFCL that makes use of voltage elements as an effective variable of the overcurrent relay is recommended, and the benefits of Flux-Coupling type of SFCL for improving the transient stability of electrical grids on the IEEE New England 39-bus test system, for the determination of systems with high pertinence, are discussed by the Authors in [50].

    Essentially, the goal of this study is to manage the transient current and voltage injected by the hybrid power filter in such a manner that harmonics are minimised. For the overcurrent relay, a control strategy is proposed that allows the system to operate in both balanced and unbalanced conditions. In addition, a rectification strategy for the overcurrent relay that incorporates voltage elements and takes into account the use of SFCL with DG was projected to prevent the overcurrent relay from causing a breakdown in the power system network. The suggested secured strategy by overcurrent relay was tested using a power system simulation with DG, and the safeguard adjustment of overcurrent relays employing voltage components was studied via fault analysis in order to verify the proposed secured strategy by overcurrent relay. MATLAB SIMULINK is used to simulate and analyse the suggested control techniques. The results of the simulations are provided in this paper.

    The performance analysis is carried out for different load and faults conditions with filter, SFCL and overcurrent relay. THD comparison of load voltage with and without different types of filters is presented. The description of proposed distribution grid system with filter topology for harmonics elimination technique is discussed in section 2. Several controlling techniques for that proposed system is deliberated on section 3. Fault simulation analysis and designing of power distribution network modelling with trigger-type SFCL is discussed in section 4. The section 5 represents the subsequent Simulation Results and Discussion. Section 6 represents the proposed overcurrent relays functional flow diagram and comparison of various schemes. The sensitivity analysis is depicted on section 7 and finally section 8 gives the brief conclusion and future scope of the work.

    The three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) [8] is used to implement the series active filter that is used for power quality enhancement. The source impedance is coupled to the voltage source impedance (VSI) using an ideal 1:1 transformer, as illustrated in Figure 1. A series of capacitors is connected at the input of the VSI in order to generate a steady output voltage. When the passive filter is linked at the point of common coupling, it is possible to remove higher-order harmonics (PCC). In addition to VSI, a ripple filter is connected in series with it. The characteristics of the filters are developed in accordance with the loading criteria of the transformer. The hybrid power filter adjusts for distortion and unbalanced voltages as a result of the PI current regulator and synchronised 6-pulse generator-based control method used by the PI current regulator. In addition, the harmonics that occur in the neutral wire are decreased as a result of the use of series APF [13].

    Figure 1.  Three-phase VSI control block diagram.

    Despite this, modelling of a series active filter is used to manage the performance of the filter. In accordance with Figure 2, the model is carried out in a 2-dimensional ($ \alpha -\beta $ dimensional) stationary reference frame. As a result, using Clarke's transformation [11,12],

    Figure 2.  Voltage vector diagram in a $ \alpha -\beta $ reference frame.

    the system voltage and current is represented as:

    $ v = [{v}_{a} {v}_{b}{]}^{T} $ (1)
    $ i = [{i}_{a} {i}_{b} {i}_{c} {]}^{T} $ (2)

    The instantaneous value of real power is calculated in the stationary reference frame $ 0-\alpha -\beta $.

    $ {p}_{3\Phi }\left(t\right) = {v}_{\alpha }{i}_{\alpha }+{v}_{\beta }{i}_{\beta }+{v}_{0}{i}_{0} $ (3)
    $ {p}_{3\phi }\left(t\right) = p+{p}_{0} $ (4)

    The zero-sequence power $ {p}_{0} $ is the product of zero-sequence voltage $ {v}_{0} $ and zero-sequence current $ {i}_{0} $ respectively. The instantaneous real power can be expressed as:

    $ p = {v}_{\alpha }{i}_{\alpha }+{v}_{\beta }{i}_{\beta } $ (5)

    The power in vectorial form using dot product can be expressed as:

    $ p = {i}_{\alpha \beta }^{T}{v}_{\alpha \beta } $ (6)

    Hence the α-β coordinates are represented the transposed current vector $ {i}_{\alpha \beta }^{T} $ and voltage vector $ {v}_{\alpha \beta } $ by the Eqs (7) and (8) respectively.

    $ {i}_{\alpha \beta } = [{i}_{\alpha }{i}_{\beta }{]}^{T} $ (7)
    $ {v}_{\alpha \beta } = [{v}_{\alpha }{v}_{\beta }{]}^{T} $ (8)

    The instantaneous imaginary power can be expressed as:

    $ q = {v}_{\alpha }{i}_{\beta }-{v}_{\beta }{i}_{\alpha } $ (9)

    Also, in vector form expressed as:

    $ q = {i}_{\alpha \beta \perp }^{T}{v}_{\alpha \beta } $ (10)

    The transposed of current vector $ {i}_{\alpha \beta \perp }^{T} $ is perpendicular to $ {i}_{\alpha \beta } $ and shown in Eq (11) as:

    $ {i}_{\alpha \beta \perp } = [{i}_{\beta }-{i}_{\beta }{]}^{T} $ (11)

    Thus, the instantaneous real and reactive power in matrix form can be expressed as:

    $ \left[
    pq
    \right] = \left[
    iαβTiαβT
    \right]{v}_{\alpha \beta } $
    (12)

    Therefore, the voltage vector equation will be:

    $ {v}_{\alpha \beta } = \frac{p}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta }+\frac{q}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta \perp } $ (13)

    The control technique, which is based on the theory of instantaneous reactive power [14], is intended to reduce harmonics and give high-quality power to the end user. To accomplish this situation, a three-phase VSI controller injects a regulated reference voltage as illustrated in Figure 1. The controller's gate pulse is regulated by a PI controller. The flow diagram in Figure 3 illustrates the rationale of the control approach.

    Figure 3.  Control technique flow diagram.

    The voltage under linear, resistive and balance load can be expressed as:

    $ v = {R}_{e}i $ (14)

    Thus, the average power received by the load is given by:

    $ {p}_{l} = {i}^{2}{R}_{e} $ (15)
    $ {V}_{pcc\alpha \beta } = {R}_{e}{i}_{\alpha \beta } $ (16)
    $ {v}_{pcc\alpha \beta } = \frac{{p}_{L}}{{I}_{1}^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta } $ (17)

    Therefore, the load voltage can be written as:

    $ {v}_{L\alpha \beta } = \frac{{p}_{L}}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta }+\frac{{q}_{L}}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta \perp } $ (18)

    The compensating voltage of the controller can be expressed as:

    $ {v}_{c\alpha \beta }^{*} = {v}_{pcc\alpha \beta }-{v}_{L\alpha \beta } $ (19)

    Thus, the compensating voltage obtained from Eqs (18) and (19) can be modified as:

    $ {v}_{c\alpha \beta }^{*} = \left(\frac{{p}_{L}}{{i}_{1}^{2}}-\frac{{q}_{L}}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}\right){i}_{\alpha \beta }-\frac{{q}_{L}}{{i}_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}{i}_{\alpha \beta \perp } $ (20)

    The controller's switching function is developed using the PI controller. The reference voltage is represented in Eq (20) and the PI controller block design is shown in Figure 4.

    Figure 4.  PI controller block diagram.

    The current is proportional to the reference value of the controller's output voltage. A PI controller is utilised to cause the error. The real value is close to the reference value, and the controller gain values are computed to minimise error. If this condition is met optimally, the serial controller linked to the source inductance enhances the load's energy efficiency and filters harmonics using a hybrid filter, hence increasing the system's output [51].

    To assess the suggested modification technique's suitability, short circuit tests were conducted and occurrences of overcurrent relay malfunction in a distribution network connected with DG were explored. Figure 5 depicts the diagrammatic depiction of the distribution network linked with DG. The primary distribution network is constructed using the primary supply with double feeder lines linked to the secondary portion of the primary transformer. A 7 MW load is linked at a position 7 kilometres and 20 kilometres from the bus, and the top feeder line is 20 kilometres long. The superconducting fault current limiter [17,18] is installed on the top feeder conductor's entry, and the impedance Z = 4.73 + j8.39 [percentage Ω/km] is adjusted for each feeder line. A 0.7 MW load is connected at seven and 25 kilometres from the bus, respectively, and the whole length of the bottom feeder line is 27 kilometres.

    Figure 5.  Schematic diagram for safety management analysis of overcurrent relays utilizing voltage elements for the implementation of superconducting fault current limiter in a power distribution grid with the distributed generator.

    The L-L-L-G fault was calculated at the 3.5 km point distance from the top feeder conductor for simulation of overcurrent relay dysfunction and the distributed generator was coupled on 7 km point distance from the bottom feeder conductor. The overcurrent relay of the top feeder line $ \left({RLY}_{11}\right) $ can be anticipated to have functioned, in this present condition. Nonetheless, because of the impact of the DG of the bottom feeder line, the overcurrent relay of the bottom feeder line $ \left({RLY}_{22}\right) $ near to the DG is predicted to be tripped ahead of the activity of $ \left({RLY}_{11}\right) $.

    The current overcurrent relay, which is installed at the location of the circuit breaker installation, estimates the current flowing through the current transformer. The estimated values of currents are turned into symmetrical elements, and a positive element between the symmetrical elements is used to conduct the computation in order to complete the calculation. Typically, the overcurrent relay's working features equations are described by the Eqs (21) and (22) and the tripping time $ \left({T}_{r1}\right) $ of the overcurrent relay has the inverse property of the overcurrent relay's working features equations.

    $ {T}_{r1} = TS.\left(\frac{G}{{N}^{l}-1}+H\right) $ (21)
    $ N = \frac{{A}_{f}}{{A}_{Peak}} $ (22)

    Where $ TS $ denotes a time span, $ N $ denotes an activity pointer value and $ G, H, l $ are the constants. Moreover, $ {A}_{f} $designates the peak value of current throughout the CT and $ {A}_{Peak} $ is the peak value of current in view of line limits and load adjustment.

    Also, SFCL creates tripping time deferral of the overcurrent relay during functioning. So, the rectification process by seeing the activity of the SFCL is essential. The proposed rectification technique incorporates the voltage of SFCL $ \left({E}_{SFCL}\right) $and the potential of bus $ \left({E}_{BUS}\right) $elements in the working pointer grade as represented in Eq (23).

    $ {N}^{\text{'}} = \frac{{C}_{1}{E}_{Peak}}{{E}_{BUS}-{C}_{2}{E}_{SFCL}}\left(\frac{{A}_{f}}{{A}_{Peak}}\right) $ (23)

    While no SFCL is introduced into the system, the peak value of the voltage $ \left({A}_{Peak}\right) $is changed to the correct range, and the working pointer grade may be set to be comparable to the working pointer one $ \left(N\right) $ of (22) by employing the rectification method $ \left({N}^{\text{'}}\right) $in the overcurrent relay. For example, when the standard procedure by employing (22) is implemented in the presence of SFCL, the values of $ \left(N\right) $ drop, $ {A}_{f} $ lowers, and $ {T}_{r1} $ increases, deferring tripping time. In the functioning pointer grade of the overcurrent relay, the rectification procedure described in (23) is used. Nevertheless, the numerator of Eq (23) contributes to the compensation for reduced fault current $ {A}_{f} $ during SFCL operation by subtracting the potential created in the superconducting fault current limiter $ \left({E}_{SFCL}\right) $ from the reduced bus potential $ \left({E}_{BUS}\right) $. In (23), the rectification constant $ {C}_{2} $ may be altered to a variety of standard values depending on the kind of fault [52], and the rectification constant $ {C}_{1} $ is adjusted to be comparable to the overcurrent relay setting value if the system does not include an SFCL. With the suggested rectification technique employing the activity pointer value of (23), the working duration of the overcurrent relay is enumerated and the effect of the fault current limiter is reduced while the fault current is decreased by the fault current limiter's activity. Table 1 summarises the chosen values for several parameters.

    Table 1.  Variables of overcurrent relay.
    Particulars Index Data Unit
    $ {RLY}_{11} $ $ TS $
    $ G $
    $ H $
    $ l $
    $ {A}_{Peak} $
    $ {E}_{Peak} $
    $ {C}_{1} $
    $ {C}_{2} $
    0.5
    41.85
    2.084
    2.95
    0.5
    14.96
    0.85
    2
    -
    -
    -
    -
    [kA]
    [kV]
    -
    $ {RLY}_{22} $ $ TS $
    $ G $
    $ H $
    $ l $
    $ {A}_{Peak} $
    0.28
    41.85
    2.084
    2.95
    0.10
    -
    -
    -
    -
    [kA]

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Hence, $ {C}_{1} $ and $ {C}_{2} $ are the constants of rectification, $ {E}_{SFCL}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d} $ $ {E}_{BUS} $ denote the SFCL voltage and bus voltage calculated from the individual potential transformer (PT). Figure 6 showed the overcurrent relays' operating characteristic curves for each instance, where N denotes the activity pointer value specified by Eqs (22) and (23). The overcurrent relay's tripping interval is represented by $ {T}_{r1} $. $ {SFCL}^{\left(Ex\right)} $ denotes that it is not linked to the system, but $ {SFCL}^{\left(In\right)} $ indicates that it is connected. Figure 6(a) depicts the functioning feature graphical answers for the overcurrent relays when no DG is connected. As seen in Figure 6(a), when the fault occurs at position B of Figure 5, $ {RLY}_{11} $operates independently.

    Figure 6.  Working feature graphical responses of the overcurrent relays due to activity pointer value for every instance. (a) applying present overcurrent relays (RLY11, RLY22) in the distribution grid besides distributed generator. (b) applying present overcurrent relays (RLY11, RLY22) in the distribution grid including distributed generator. (c) applying present overcurrent relays (RLY11, RLY22) in the distribution grid combined with distributed generator and superconducting fault current limiter. (d) applying overcurrent relay with proposed rectification process (RLY11) and present overcurrent relay (RLY22) in the distribution grid combined with distributed generator and superconducting fault current limiter.

    Figure 6(b) represented the situation wherever distributed generator is associated in the power distribution network similar to Figure 6(a). In that event the distributed generator is associated, so the performance for the short circuit current to the distributed generator additionally happens, whose effect makes the $ {RLY}_{22} $ to active, i.e., dysfunction. For the instance, if the $ {RLY}_{22} $ is adjusting into the small adjusting value, the $ {RLY}_{22} $ could be worked however the short circuit current from the DG is low. Due to the opposite fault current, the activity of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ from DG can be repressed, as the past avoidance of the overcurrent relay's dysfunction, the directional overcurrent relay is useful in place of $ {RLY}_{22} $.

    The utility of SFCL in the distribution grid is represented by Figure 6(c). The sensed short circuit current by the $ {RLY}_{11} $ and $ {RLY}_{22} $ is decreased by the SFCL. Thus, the tripping time of the $ {RLY}_{11} $ was deferred into $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{11}^{\left(In\right)} $ from $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{11}^{\left(Ex\right)} $, as demonstrated in Figure 6(b). Also, the tripping duration of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ was additionally deferred into $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{22}^{\left(In\right)} $ from $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{22}^{\left(Ex\right)} $ as demonstrated in Figure 6(b). Nonetheless, the $ {RLY}_{22} $ until works specifically at $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{22}^{\left(In\right)} $ earlier the activity of the $ {R}_{11}{\left(SFCL\right)}_{11}^{\left(In\right)} $, causes a needless disturbing activity.

    Similar to Figure 6(c), Figure 6(d) signifies the condition that the recommended rectification technique in the $ {RLY}_{11} $ is useful for a similar network. The working feature graphical response of the $ {RLY}_{11} $ by utilizing the proposed rectification technique is driven into $ {RLY}_{11}^{\text{'}} $ from $ {RLY}_{11} $ as shown with a solid green shading curve in Figure 6(d). Since, the proposed rectification procedure for $ {RLY}_{22} $ isn't implemented, as SFCL isn't introduced in the feeder of $ {RLY}_{22} $. The $ {RLY}_{11} $ can be acclimated to be functioned earlier the activity of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ exclude the variety of the working interval as shown with $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{11}^{\left(In\right)} $ and $ {\left(SFCL\right)}_{11}^{\left(Ex\right)} $ in Figure 6(d) by implementing the recommended rectification technique into the $ {RLY}_{11} $.

    The SFCL is an active safety apparatus to restrict short circuit current. From viewpoint of the benefits of SFCL, usually, its resistance is zero so it has loss-free and during the fault, its rapid and efficient activity helps to restrict the fault current instantly. For research purposes, various kinds of SFCL have been considered, for example, trigger-kind, flux-lock-kind, resistance-kind, transformer-kind, and hybrid kind SFCLs [25,26,27,28,29].

    Among the several types of SFCL used in Korea's power grid network, the trigger type fault current limiter circuit is largely used by the Korean Power Industry, which is consistently leading the study to demonstrate the usefulness of trigger-type superconducting fault current limiters [16]. Additionally, because the trigger-type SFCL is efficient at shrinking the size of the high-temperature superconductor in order to avoid a short circuit current generated by the current limiting reactor, and also because it is economical, it can help reduce the cost of high-temperature superconductor, it has garnered attention in the power industry [53]. The parameter values in Table 2 are itemised, and the layout figure for the trigger-kind SFCL is applied on the simulated distribution grid as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8 correspondingly.

    Table 2.  Trigger-kind SFCL variables.
    Particulars Index Data Unit
    HTSCs$ \left(
    TKa,TKbandTKc
    \right) $ & CLRs$ \left(
    LRa,LRbandLRc
    \right) $
    Converging resistance ($ {R}_{n}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}) $
    Critical current ($ {A}_{c}) $
    Current limiting reactor
    5
    4.5
    J0.9
    [Ω]
    [kA]
    [Ω]
    SWs
    $ \left(
    STa,STbandSTc
    \right) $
    $ {E}_{set} $
    $ {A}_{Reset} $
    3
    0.7
    [kV]
    [kA]

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Figure 7.  Occurrence of triple line to ground fault between VSI control and hybrid filter section and according to Figure 8. Trigger SFCL is placed on that indicated position.
    Figure 8.  Trigger-kind SFCL layout drawing.

    In a MATLAB/SIMULINK system, the simulation results are obtained for both balanced and unbalanced load scenarios as shown in Figure 1. Tables 3 and 4 provide the simulation and filter settings. The simulation is run with increasing load impedance and varied load values, using the actual device specifications.

    Table 3.  Simulink model (System parameters) specifications.
    Sl. No. Particulars Value
    1 Voltage 200 V
    2 Switching frequency 10 kHz
    3 Resistance 4.5$ \Omega $
    4 Inductance 4.6 mH
    5 Transformer turns ratio 1:1

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Table 4.  Filter parameter specifications.
    Sl. No. Filter Parameter Value
    1 $ {L}_{5} $ 13.5 mH
    2 $ {C}_{5} $ 30 µF
    3 $ {L}_{7} $ 6.75 mH
    4 $ {C}_{7} $ 30 µF
    5 $ {L}_{r} $ 13.5 mH
    6 $ {C}_{r} $ 50 µF
    7 $ {R}_{L} $ 25 Ω
    8 $ {L}_{L} $ 55 mH
    9 $ {C}_{L} $ 2200 µF

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Figures 9(a) and 9(b) depict the load current and source current of phase A in the absence of a controller. Figure 9(c) illustrates the total harmonic distortion (THD) of load current, which exceeds IEEE norms. To remove the system's harmonics, a single passive filter is connected in the circuit, as seen in Figure 9(d) and 9(e). The source and load current waveforms are displayed in Figure 9(d) and 9(e) respectively. Figure 9(f) illustrates the THD of the load current.

    Figure 9.  (a) Load current waveform of phase A without a controller. (b) Source current waveform of phase A without a controller. (c) Total harmonic distortion (THD) of load current. (d) Source current waveform with passive filter. (e) Load current waveform with passive filter. (f) THD of load current with passive filter.

    As seen in Figure 10(a), the hybrid filter is now coupled, and harmonics continue to be reduced when the source current is almost sinusoidal. Improved system efficiency is likewise shown in Figure 10(b) by the use of the hybrid filter, as is the total harmonic distortion.

    Figure 10.  (a) Source current waveform with hybrid filter. (b) System efficiency through usage of the hybrid filter.

    As indicated in the Figure 11(a) and Figure 11(b), are the source voltage and source current with DC load connected to the system is shown and also in Figure 11(c) THD is presented in this condition.

    Figure 11.  (a) Source voltage waveform with DC load. (b) Source current waveform with DC load. (c) THD associated with connected DC load.

    The controller is shown in Figure 1 also, proposed the control strategy of source and load current under unbalanced load conditions. Figure 12(a) and Figure 12(b) demonstrate the simulation result with and without utilizing the hybrid filter [54].

    Figure 12.  (a) Source current with hybrid filter. (b) THD associated with a hybrid filter.

    Thus, the comparison of load current (RL load system) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) values with passive and hybrid filters, as well as the comparison of load current for phases A, B, and C with no filter, with a passive filter, as well as the values of THD and power factor for balanced load conditions, as indicated in Table 5, Table 6, and Figure 13 (a), Figure 13 (b), Figure 14 (a), and Figure 14 (b), respectively.

    Table 5.  Comparison of load current and THD under balanced load.
    Sl. No. Particulars THD with passive filter THD with hybrid filter
    1 RL load system 4.8% 1.3%
    2 RL load with DC resistor system 3.5% 1.6%

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Table 6.  Comparison of load current, THD and power factor under balanced load.
    Sl. No. Particulars THD
    In three phases
    Power Factor
    A B C
    1 Load current with no filter 21.45% 33% 35.4% 0.92
    2 Load current with passive filter 3.8% 3.3% 4.1% 0.91
    3 Load current with hybrid filter 1.21% 1.6% 1.5% 0.96

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Figure 13.  (a) Load current with no filter. (b) THD associated without a filter.
    Figure 14.  (a) Load current with passive filter. (b) THD associated with passive filter.

    The above Figure 5 indicates that the L-L-L-G fault happened in the event at the specified fault position B, along with the investigation of $ {RLY}_{11} $ and $ {RLY}_{22} $'s protection collaboration. Just for the $ {BR}_{11} $, the $ {RLY}_{11} $ ought to be worked to be open, on the off chance that the fault happens at the B position of the feeder conductor separated with the distributed generator. Nonetheless, fault doesn't happen at the event when $ {BR}_{22} $ is active in its position of feeder conductor linked with the distributed generator. Moreover, the working interval of overcurrent relays is influenced because of the utilization of the SFCL. In this short circuit analysis of the electric grid including distributed generator coupling, 4 events utilizing the current overcurrent relay, the present directional overcurrent relay, and the overcurrent relay with the projected rectification process were chosen with the thought for the use of the SFCL as follows:

    Event 1: utilization of DG including existent overcurrent relays $ {(RLY}_{11} $, $ {RLY}_{22}) $ in the power distribution network.

    Event 2: utilization of DG including existent overcurrent relay $ {(RLY}_{11}) $ and directional overcurrent relay $ {(RLY}_{22}) $ in the power distribution network.

    Event 3: utilization of DG including SFCL and existent overcurrent relays $ {(RLY}_{11} $, $ {RLY}_{22}) $ in the power distribution network.

    Event 4: utilization of DG including SFCL and overcurrent relay with recommended rectification process of $ {(RLY}_{11}) $ and existent overcurrent relay $ {(RLY}_{22}) $ in the power distribution network.

    In event 4 the implementation of directional overcurrent relay $ {RLY}_{22} $ as supporting the protection of the existent $ {RLY}_{22} $ for application of projected rectification process into the $ {RLY}_{11} $.

    To investigate the activity of overcurrent relays for the above 4 events, a corresponding simulation can be done at 0.35 sec for the occurrence of L-L-L-G fault.

    Figure 15 indicates the simulating graphical responses of fault event 1 utilizing the existent overcurrent relays with the distributed generator in the distribution grid. The $ {RLY}_{22} $ functions at 0.543 sec and the $ {RLY}_{11} $ functions at 0.605 sec as depicted with the working feature graphical responses of the overcurrent relay in Figure 6(b). Hence the $ {RLY}_{11} $ ought to function under usual protection. In any event, due to dysfunction of $ {RLY}_{22} $, causes needless disruption to the feeder conductor dissimilar to the fault. For the action of $ {RLY}_{22} $, the functioning element of fault current because of distributed generator next to the operation of $ {RLY}_{22} $ appears to diminish, and the slope of coordination value of $ {RLY}_{11}{(CRD}_{11}) $ is marginally altered.

    Figure 15.  Fault simulation graphical responses for event by utilizing present over current relays ($ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{11}, {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{22}) $in the distribution grid including distributed generator (event 1). (a) Distributed generator current $ {(\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $ vs bus voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{S}}) $ responses. (b) line current ($ {\mathrm{A}}_{11}, {\mathrm{A}}_{22}) $ responses (c) activity pointer values ($ {\mathrm{N}}_{11}, {\mathrm{N}}_{22}) $, coordination values ($ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{11}, {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{22}) $and tripping signals ($ {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{11}, {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{22}) $ of over current relays. (d) High temperature superconductor voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}}) $ and SFCL voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}}) $ (e) Distributed generators active power $ {(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{P}}) $ and voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $.

    Figure 16 indicates the fault simulation graphical responses of event 2 utilizing the existent overcurrent relay $ {RLY}_{11} $ and the directional overcurrent relay $ {RLY}_{22} $ with DG in the power distribution network. The $ {RLY}_{11} $ functioned at 0.605 sec and the $ {RLY}_{22} $ was not function because of its concealment for the opposite short circuit current. Accordingly, the superfluous disturbing activity because of the dysfunction of the $ {BR}_{22} $ might be obstructed on the event 2.

    Figure 16.  Fault simulation graphical responses for the event by utilizing present overcurrent relay ($ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{11}) $and directional overcurrent relay $ \left({\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{22}\right) $ in the distribution grid including DG (event 2). (a) Distributed generator current $ {(\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $ vs bus voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{S}}) $ responses. (b) line current ($ {\mathrm{A}}_{11}, {\mathrm{A}}_{22}) $responses (c) activity pointer values ($ {\mathrm{N}}_{11}, {\mathrm{N}}_{22}) $, coordination values ($ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{11}, {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{22}) $and tripping signals ($ {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{11}, {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{22}) $ of overcurrent relays. (d) High-temperature superconductor voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}}) $ and SFCL voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}}) $ (e) Distributed generators active power $ {(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{P}}) $ and voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $.

    Figure 17 indicates the fault simulation graphical responses of event 3 utilizing the existent overcurrent relays including the utility of SFCL with DG in the distribution grid. Similar to Figure 5, Figure 17(d) indicates that the performance of fault current restricting activity with the application of SFCL in the top feeder conductor is interrelated with fault incidence. The Figure 15 indicates that for the trip signals $ \left({Tr}_{11}, {Tr}_{22}\right) $ of overcurrent relays supposedly occurred extra delay at 0.640 sec and 0.620 sec than the incidence time (0.605 sec, 0.543 sec) of the trip signals $ \left({Tr}_{11}, {Tr}_{22}\right) $, because of the lessening of fault current by current limiter circuit. Nevertheless, tripping signals of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ were yet seen to create initially than the tripping one of the $ {RLY}_{11} $, as clarified in Figure 6(c) relating to the event 3.

    Figure 17.  Fault simulation graphical responses for event by utilizing present over current relays ($ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{11}, {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{22}) $ in the power distribution grid composed of DG and SFCL (event 3). (a) DG current $ {(\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $ vs bus voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{S}}) $ responses. (b) line current ($ {\mathrm{A}}_{11}, {\mathrm{A}}_{22}) $responses (c) activity pointer values ($ {\mathrm{N}}_{11}, {\mathrm{N}}_{22}) $, coordination values ($ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{11}, {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{22}) $and tripping signals ($ {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{11}, {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{22}) $ of over current relays. (d) High temperature superconductor voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}}) $ and SFCL voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}}) $ (e) DG active power $ {(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{P}}) $ and DG voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $.

    The fault simulation by utilizing the projected amendment strategy for the $ {RLY}_{11} $ was accomplished for repressing the event of reference activity of $ {RLY}_{22} $ earlier the activity of the $ {RLY}_{11} $ despite the lessening of the fault current by the use of the SFCL, as described in Figure 17. Similar to event 4 the simulation responses for the short circuit outcomes including DG and SFCL were displayed in Figure 18 in the power distribution network.

    Figure 18.  Fault simulation graphical responses for the event by utilizing overcurrent relay with recommended rectification technique ($ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{11}, ) $ and present overcurrent relay $ {(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}}_{22}) $ in the power distribution grid composed of DG and SFCL (event 4). (a) DG current $ {(\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $ vs bus voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{S}}) $ responses. (b) line current ($ {\mathrm{A}}_{11}, {\mathrm{A}}_{22}) $responses (c) activity pointer values ($ {\mathrm{N}}_{11}, {\mathrm{N}}_{22}) $, coordination values ($ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{11}, {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}}_{22}) $and tripping signals ($ {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{11}, {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}}_{22}) $ of overcurrent relays. (d) High-temperature superconductor voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}}) $ and SFCL voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}}) $ (e) DG voltage $ {(\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}) $ and DG active power $ {(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{P}}) $.

    The trip signal of the $ {RLY}_{11}{(Tr}_{11}) $ first happened and the trip signal of the $ {RLY}_{22}{(Tr}_{22}) $ didn't happen with the small variation from the trip signal of the $ {RLY}_{22} $, as observed in Figure 18(c). However, the integration outcome of $ {(CRD}_{22}) $ keeps on rising till the faulted feeder was isolated, the activity of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ could be discussed to be repressed, therefore the fault feeder line by the point of reference activity of the $ {RLY}_{11} $ was isolated from the fault position.

    In event 4 the working interval of the trip signal in $ {RLY}_{11}\left({Tr}_{11}\right) $ was discussed, to be practically similar to the one in event 2 as likened in Figure 16, in which the working repression of the $ {RLY}_{22} $ was implemented as a directional overcurrent relay.

    From the investigation on over four events, the safety management of overcurrent relays for the operation of superconducting fault current limiter in a power distribution grid with the distributed generator was affirmed to be advanced over the repression of overcurrent relay dysfunction by implementing the projected rectification technique by the overcurrent relay. Table 7 represents the outcomes of the resulting investigation for four events.

    Table 7.  Subsequent investigation results of four events.
    Event number Tripping signals of $ {\mathit{R}\mathit{L}\mathit{Y}}_{11} $'s $ {(\mathit{T}\mathit{r}}_{11}) $(sec) Tripping signals of $ {\mathit{R}\mathit{L}\mathit{Y}}_{22} $'s $ {(\mathit{T}\mathit{r}}_{22}) $(sec) Dysfunction
    1 0.605 0.543 Yes
    2 0.605 - No
    3 0.640 0.620 Yes
    4 0.605 - No

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The above Figure 5 used for the simulation and analysis of the working features of overcurrent relay for the proposed power distribution grid network. The distribution grid network comprises of double feeder conductors diverging from the main transformer of 164/32.9 kV. Individual feeder conductor was designed as 20 kilometres, and a loads of 7 [MW] (Load11, Load12, Load21, Load22) are connected at each 7 kilometres point. Additionally, circuit breakers (BR11, BR12, BR21, BR22) are placed at a initial point of the feeder conductor and 7 kilometres from the bus conductor. Also, SFCLs (SFCL1, SFCL2) are placed at the initial point of the feeder conductor. Since by dividing the amplitude of the +ve sequence current by the amplitude of the +ve sequence bus voltage, the corresponding system impedance is determined. The total system impedance should be represented by the Eq (24).

    Therefore, $ {N}_{Z}^{\text{'}} = \frac{G{Z}_{Peak}}{\sqrt{{\left({R}_{feeder}-H{R}_{SFCL}\right)}^{2}+{\left({X}_{feeder}-l{R}_{SFCL}\right)}^{2}}} $. Where R and X is the system resistance and reactance respectively.

    The proposed overcurrent relays functional flow diagram is represented in Figure 19.

    Figure 19.  Proposed overcurrent relays functional flow diagram.

    A comparison with the several present techniques is shown in the Table 8. However, mainly synchronised 6-pulse generator is used for simulation. The performance in terms of harmonic reduction, power factor, switching technics and hardware/software requirement of the proposed method is demonstrated by Table 8 when compared to other available methods.

    Table 8.  Comparison of various schemes.
    Reference (Xie et al., 2021) (Jiang et al., 2021) (Yehia et al., 2020) (Peddakapu et al., 2018) (Shin et al., 2017) (Jiang et al., 2019) (Li et al., 2020) Proposed Technique
    Key Factor
    of converters
    Switching Topology Designing of fault-tolerant converters Reclosing Protection Technique
    Stability analysis/Hurwitz criterion FACTS
    devices/ distributed power flow controller
    voltage sags frequency /reliability analysis technique MMC-HVdc System
    modeling method for dc I-SFCL/ nonlinear characteristic of inductance Three Phase VSI control (synchronised 6-pulse generator)
    PWM
    Modulation Scheme PLECS
    software
    PSCAD/EMTDC software PSCAD/EMTDC software FACTS controller. PSCAD/EMTDC software PSCAD. Comparison using
    MATLAB & FEM
    Simulink
    Power Factor 0.8 Unity Unity - 0.9 Unity - (0.92, 0.91, 0.96)
    THD N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A (4.8%, 3.5%)(with passive filter)
    (1.3%, 1.6%)(with hybrid filter)
    System Topology 3-phase
    4-wire
    3-phase
    2-wire
    5-phase
    2-wire
    3-phase
    2-wire
    3-phase
    3-wire
    3-phase
    2-wire
    3-phase
    4-wire
    3-phase
    4-wire

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    It is possible to have a better understanding of the impact of unknown factors on FLC voltage by doing a sensitivity analysis of these parameters in this study. Because the mean value of each parameter has been fixed, sensitivity analysis has been performed on the chosen parameter by altering its value within the range, and the results have been shown in Figure 20 and Figure 21 respectively.

    Figure 20.  FLCV versus source side capacitance-to-ground (C1).
    Figure 21.  FLCV versus fault distance.

    The need for electricity is increasing dramatically, but energy efficiency is the most crucial issue in the energy industry. As a result, it is critical to improve harmonics and the device's strength. The active filter is used in this paper to discuss a way for increasing the efficiency of energy. Along with the active control filter and PCC, the power filter is utilised to connect to the grid. The test is conducted in an unbalanced manner under a variety of operational situations. The hybrid control filter of the APF series improves the strength factor and rising harmonics. The conclusion is that hybrid APF filters and a shunt passive filter are practical and cost-effective methods of improving the electric power system's energy quality.

    Additionally, a rectification strategy for the overcurrent relay employing voltage components was presented in the power distribution network, taking into account the usage of SFCL and the prevention of failure in the overcurrent relay owing to DG linking. To demonstrate the feasibility of the suggested rectification approach, four occurrences involving the use of a fault current limiter in the distribution grid with the distributed generator were selected from the perspective of the existing overcurrent relay and the recommended adjustment strategy. During the investigation of four events of fault analysis from the advanced power distribution grid composed of the distributed generator, it was established that the breakdown of the overcurrent relay in the feeder conductor connected with the distributed generator could be effectively suppressed if the projected revision technique was used.

    In future work, the safety management of over-current relays will be developed using the proposed revision strategy, taking into account the DG's utility in the distribution grid's interconnecting area, and the technique for determining the legitimate rectification constants will be recommended in the activity pointer value. The series active power filter coupled VSI regulating approach will be used in greater detail to eliminate harmonics during faults and to enhance the whole power distribution network's power quality. Also, the proposed technique will be investigated by IEEE standard BUS system to prove the feasibility of the proposed system. Additionally, the harmonics elimination technique, power quality improvement, transient stability enhancement, fault current limitation and THD analysis etc. will be investigate by using FACTS devices. Additionally, the renewable and non-conventional energy resources will also be implemented on the proposed technique as a growing platform in the worldwide nation. Afterall in future scope the advanced novel technique will be implemented by the Authors to prove the authenticity and correctness of the proposed technique.

    The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

    [1] Gates F, Grant J (1927) Experimental Observations on Irradiated, Normal, and Partially Parathyroidectomized Rabbits. J Exp Med 45:125-137.
    [2] Beck L, Karaplis A, Amizuka N, et al. (1998) Targeted inactivation of Npt2 in mice leads to severe renal phosphate wasting, hypercalciuria, and skeletal abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:5372-5377. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5372
    [3] Hedbäck G, Odén A (1998) Increased risk of death from primary hyperparathyroidism-an update. Eur J Clin Invest 28:271-276. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00289.x
    [4] Raue F (1998) Increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases in primary hyperparathyroidism-a cause for more aggressive treatment? Eur J Clin Invest 28:277-278. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00290.x
    [5] Conzo G, Perna A, Candela G, et al. (2012) Long-term outcomes following “presumed” total parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic kidney disease. G Chir 33:379-382.
    [6] Bansal V (1990) Serum Inorganic Phosphorus. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds) Clin. Methods Hist. Phys Lab Exam 895-899.
    [7] Menon M, Ix J (2013) Dietary phosphorus, serum phosphorus, and cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1301:21-26. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12283
    [8] Baker S, Worthley L (2002) The essentials of calcium, magnesium and phosphate metabolism: part I. Physiology. Crit Care Resusc 4:301-306.
    [9] Penido M, Alon U (2012) Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health. Pediatr Nephrol 27:2039-2048. doi: 10.1007/s00467-012-2175-z
    [10] Mason J (2011) Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; chap 225.
    [11] Takeda E, Taketani Y, Sawada N, et al. (2004) The regulation and function of phosphate in the human body. Biofactors 21:345-355. doi: 10.1002/biof.552210167
    [12] Loghman-Adham M (1997) Adaptation to changes in dietary phosphorus intake in health and in renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 129:176-188. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90137-2
    [13] Katai K, Miyamoto K, Kishida S, et al. (1999) Regulation of intestinal Na+-dependent phosphate co-transporters by a low-phosphate diet and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem J 343 Pt 3:705-712.
    [14] Hildmann B, Storelli C, Danisi G, et al. (1982) Regulation of Na+-Pi cotransport by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rabbit duodenal brush-border membrane. Am J Physiol 242:G533-G539.
    [15] Danisi G, Caverzasio J, Trechsel U, et al. (1990) Phosphate transport adaptation in rat jejunum and plasma level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Scand J Gastroenterol 25:210-215.
    [16] Kido S, Kaneko I, Tatsumi S, et al. (2013) Vitamin D and type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters. Contrib Nephrol 180:86-97. doi: 10.1159/000346786
    [17] Kaneko I, Segawa H, Furutani J, et al. (2011) Hypophosphatemia in vitamin D receptor null mice: Effect of rescue diet on the developmental changes in renal Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporters. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 461:77-90. doi: 10.1007/s00424-010-0888-z
    [18] Ikeda K, Takeshita S (2014) Factors and mechanisms involved in the coupling from bone resorption to formation: how osteoclasts talk to osteoblasts. J bone Metab 21:163-167. doi: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.3.163
    [19] Agus Z, Puscttrr J, Senesky D, et al. (1971) Mode of Action of Parathyroid Hormone and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on Renal Tubular Phosphate Reabsorption in the Dog. J Clin Invest 50:617-626. doi: 10.1172/JCI106532
    [20] Collins J, Bai L, Ghishan F (2004) The SLC20 family of proteins: dual functions as sodium-phosphate cotransporters and viral receptors. Pflugers Arch 447:647-652. doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1088-x
    [21] Nishimura M, Naito S (2008) Tissue-specific mRNA Expression Profiles of Human Solute Carrier Transporter Superfamilies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 23:22-44. doi: 10.2133/dmpk.23.22
    [22] Villa-Bellosta R, Ravera S, Sorribas V, et al. (2009) The Na+-Pi cotransporter PiT-2 (SLC20A2) is expressed in the apical membrane of rat renal proximal tubules and regulated by dietary Pi. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296:F691-699. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.90623.2008
    [23] Bacconi A, Virkki L V, Biber J, et al. (2005) Renouncing electroneutrality is not free of charge: switching on electrogenicity in a Na+-coupled phosphate cotransporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:12606-12611. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505882102
    [24] Renkema K, Alexander R, Bindels R, et al. (2008) Calcium and phosphate homeostasis: concerted interplay of new regulators. Ann Med 40:82-91. doi: 10.1080/07853890701689645
    [25] Tenenhouse H (2007) Phosphate transport: molecular basis, regulation and pathophysiology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:572-577. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.090
    [26] Forster IC, Hernando N, Biber J, et al. (2006) Proximal tubular handling of phosphate: A molecular perspective. Kidney Int 70:1548-1559. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001813
    [27] Custer M, Lötscher M, Biber J, et al. (1994) Expression of Na-P(i) cotransport in rat kidney: localization by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Am J Physiol 266:F767-F774.
    [28] Picard N, Capuano P, Stange G, et al. (2010) Acute parathyroid hormone differentially regulates renal brush border membrane phosphate cotransporters. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 460:677-687. doi: 10.1007/s00424-010-0841-1
    [29] Segawa H, Kaneko I, Takahashi A, et al. (2002) Growth-related renal type II Na/Pi cotransporter. J Biol Chem 277:19665-19672. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200943200
    [30] Chau H, El-Maadawy S, McKee M, et al. (2003) Renal calcification in mice homozygous for the disrupted type IIa Na/Pi cotransporter gene Npt2. J Bone Miner Res 18:644-657. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.4.644
    [31] Levi M, Lötscher M, Sorribas V, et al. (1994) Cellular mechanisms of acute and chronic adaptation of rat renal P(i) transporter to alterations in dietary P(i). Am J Physiol 267:F900-908.
    [32] Pfister M, Hilfiker H, Forgo J, et al. (1998) Cellular mechanisms involved in the acute adaptation of OK cell Na/Pi-cotransport to high- or low-Pi medium. Pflugers Arch 435:713-719. doi: 10.1007/s004240050573
    [33] Tenenhouse H (2005) Regulation of phosphorus homeostasis by the type iia na/phosphate cotransporter. Annu Rev Nutr 25:197-214. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092642
    [34] Murer H, Hernando N, Forster I, et al. (2000) Proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption: molecular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 80:1373-1409.
    [35] Khan S, Canales B (2011) Ultrastructural investigation of crystal deposits in Npt2a knockout mice: are they similar to human Randall's plaques? J Urol 186:1107-1113. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.109
    [36] Iwaki T, Sandoval-Cooper M, Tenenhouse H, et al. (2008) A missense mutation in the sodium phosphate co-transporter Slc34a1 impairs phosphate homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1753-1762. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007121360
    [37] Myakala K, Motta S, Murer H, et al. (2014) Renal-specific and inducible depletion of NaPi-IIc/Slc34a3, the cotransporter mutated in HHRH, does not affect phosphate or calcium homeostasis in mice. Am J Physiol - Ren Physiol 306:F833-F843. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00133.2013
    [38] Segawa H, Onitsuka A, Kuwahata M, et al (2009) Type IIc sodium-dependent phosphate transporter regulates calcium metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:104-113. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008020177
    [39] Haussler M, Whitfield G, Kaneko I, et al. (2012) The role of vitamin D in the FGF23, klotho, and phosphate bone-kidney endocrine axis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:57-69. doi: 10.1007/s11154-011-9199-8
    [40] Stechman M, Loh N, Thakker R (2009) Genetic causes of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 24:2321-32. doi: 10.1007/s00467-008-0807-0
    [41] Prié D, Beck L, Friedlander G, et al. (2004) Sodium-phosphate cotransporters, nephrolithiasis and bone demineralization. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 13:675-681. doi: 10.1097/00041552-200411000-00015
    [42] Magen D, Berger L, Coady M, et al. (2010) A Loss-of-Function Mutation in NaPi-IIa and Renal Fanconi's Syndrome. N Engl J Med 362:1102-1109. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905647
    [43] Rajagopal A, Débora B, James T, et al. (2014) Exome sequencing identifies a novel homozygous mutation in the phosphate transporter SLC34A1 in hypophosphatemia and nephrocalcinosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab jc20141517.
    [44] Kenny J, Lees M, Drury S, et al. (2011) Sotos syndrome, infantile hypercalcemia, and nephrocalcinosis: a contiguous gene syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 26:1331-1334. doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-1884-z
    [45] Schlingmann K, Ruminska J, Kaufmann M, et al. (2015) Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in SLC34A1 Encoding Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter 2A Cause Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1-11.
    [46] Kestenbaum B, Glazer N, Köttgen A, et al. (2010) Common genetic variants associate with serum phosphorus concentration. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1223-1232. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009111104
    [47] Silver J, Naveh-Many T (2009) Phosphate and the parathyroid. Kidney Int 75:898-905. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.642
    [48] Bergwitz C, Jüppner H (2010) Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annu Rev Med 61:91-104. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.051308.111339
    [49] Caniggia A, Lore F, di Cairano G, et al. (1987) Main endocrine modulators of vitamin D hydroxylases in human pathophysiology. J Steroid Biochem 27:815-824. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90154-3
    [50] Wang W, Li C, Kwon T, et al. (2004) Reduced expression of renal Na+ transporters in rats with PTH-induced hypercalcemia. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 286:534-545. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00044.2003
    [51] Haramati A, Knox F (1983) Tubular capacity of phosphate transport in phosphate-deprived rats: effects of nicotinamide and PTH. Am J Physiol 244:F178-F184.
    [52] Guo J, Song L, Liu M, et al. (2013) Activation of a non-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway downstream of the PTH/PTHrP receptor is essential for a sustained hypophosphatemic response to PTH infusion in male mice. Endocrinology 154:1680-1689. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-2240
    [53] Yamamoto H, Tani Y, Kobayashi K, et al. (2005) Alternative promoters and renal cell-specific regulation of the mouse type IIa sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1732:43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.11.003
    [54] Silver J, Russell J, Sherwood L (1985) Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger ribonucleic acid for preproparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:4270-4273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4270
    [55] Silver J, Yalcindag C, Sela-Brown A, et al. (1999) Regulation of the parathyroid hormone gene by vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. Kidney Int 73:S2-7.
    [56] Barthel T, Mathern D, Whitfield G, et al. (2007) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3/VDR-mediated induction of FGF23 as well as transcriptional control of other bone anabolic and catabolic genes that orchestrate the regulation of phosphate and calcium mineral metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:381-388. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.054
    [57] Friedlaender M, Wald H, Dranitzki-Elhalel M, et al. (2001) Vitamin D reduces renal NaPi-2 in PTH-infused rats: complexity of vitamin D action on renal Pi handling. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 281:428-433.
    [58] Weinman E, Steplock D, Wang Y, et al. (1995) Characterization of a Protein Cofactor that Mediates Protein Kinase A Regulation of the Renal Brush Border Membrane Na+-H+ Exchanger. J Clin Invest 95:2143-2149. doi: 10.1172/JCI117903
    [59] Weinman E, Lederer E (2012) NHERF-1 and the regulation of renal phosphate reabsoption: a tale of three hormones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303:F321-327. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2012
    [60] Weinman E, Biswas R, Peng G, et al. (2007) Parathyroid hormone inhibits renal phosphate transport by phosphorylation of serine 77 of sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor-1. J Clin Invest 117:3412-3420. doi: 10.1172/JCI32738
    [61] Mahon M, Segre G (2004) Stimulation by parathyroid hormone of a NHERF-1-assembled complex consisting of the parathyroid hormone I receptor, phospholipase Cbeta, and actin increases intracellular calcium in opossum kidney cells. J Biol Chem 279:23550-23558. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M313229200
    [62] Khundmiri S, Rane M, Lederer E (2003) Parathyroid hormone regulation of type II sodium-phosphate cotransporters is dependent on an A kinase anchoring protein. J Biol Chem 278:10134-10141. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M211775200
    [63] Lederer E, Khundmiri S, Weinman E (2003) Role of NHERF-1 in regulation of the activity of Na-K ATPase and sodium-phosphate co-transport in epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1711-1719. doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000072744.67971.21
    [64] Hernando N, Deliot N, Gisler S, et al. (2002) PDZ-domain interactions and apical expression of type IIa Na/Pi cotransporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11957-11962. doi: 10.1073/pnas.182412699
    [65] Mahon M, Cole J, Lederer E, et al. (2003) Na+/H+ exchanger-regulatory factor 1 mediates inhibition of phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone and second messengers by acting at multiple sites in opossum kidney cells. Mol Endocrinol 17:2355-2364. doi: 10.1210/me.2003-0043
    [66] Weinman E, Steplock D, Shenolikar S, et al. (2011) Dynamics of PTH-induced disassembly of Npt2a/NHERF-1 complexes in living OK cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300:F231-F235. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00532.2010
    [67] Kempson S, Lötscher M, Kaissling B, et al. (1995) Parathyroid hormone action on phosphate transporter mRNA and protein in rat renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 268:F784-791.
    [68] Pfister M, Ruf I, Stange G, et al. (1998) Parathyroid hormone leads to the lysosomal degradation of the renal type II Na/Pi cotransporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:1909-1914. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1909
    [69] Pfister M, Lederer E, Forgo J, et al. (1997) Parathyroid Hormone-dependent Degradation of Type II Na+/Pi Cotransporters. J Biol Chem 272:20125-20130. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.32.20125
    [70] Abou-Samra A, Jüppner H, Force T, et al. (1992) Expression cloning of a common receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide from rat osteoblast-like cells: a single receptor stimulates intracellular accumulation of both cAMP and inositol trisphosphates and increases intracel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:2732-2736. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2732
    [71] Watson P, Fraher L, Hendy G, et al. (2000) Nuclear localization of the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor in rat tissues. J Bone Miner Res 15:1033-1044. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.6.1033
    [72] Friedman P, Gesek F, Morley P, et al. (1999) Cell-specific signaling and structure-activity relations of parathyroid hormone analogs in mouse kidney cells. Endocrinology 140:301-309.
    [73] Amizuka N, Lee H, Kwan M, et al. (1997) Cell-Specific Expression of the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Peptide Receptor Gene in Kidney from Kidney-Specific and Ubiquitous Promoters. Endocrinology 138:469-481.
    [74] Taylor C, Tovey S (2012) From parathyroid hormone to cytosolic Ca2+ signals. Biochem Soc Trans 40:147-52. doi: 10.1042/BST20110615
    [75] Muff R, Fischer J, Biber J, et al. (1992) Parathyroid Hormone Receptors in Control of Proximal Tubule Function. Annu Rev Physiol 54:67-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.54.030192.000435
    [76] Suarez F, Silve C (1992) Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Mouse Osteoblasts: Permissive Action of Dexamethasone. Endocrinology 130:592-598.
    [77] Cole J (1999) Parathyroid hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in opossum kidney cells. Endocrinology 140:5771-5779. doi: 10.1210/endo.140.12.7173
    [78] Khundmiri S, Ameen M, Delamere N, et al. (2008) PTH-mediated regulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase requires Src kinase-dependent ERK phosphorylation. Am J Physiol - Ren Physiol 295:F426-F437. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00516.2007
    [79] Bacic D, Schulz N, Biber J, et al. (2003) Involvement of the MAPK-kinase pathway in the PTH-mediated regulation of the proximal tubule type IIa Na+/Pi cotransporter in mouse kidney. Pflugers Arch 446:52-60.
    [80] Yang S, Xiao L, Li J, et al. (2013) Role of guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Epac in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 304:F831-839. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00711.2012
    [81] Li Y, Konings I, Zhao J, et al. (2008) Renal expression of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) 1 and 2. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 295:F525-533. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00448.2007
    [82] Ostrom R, Bogard A, Gros R, et al. (2012) Choreographing the adenylyl cyclase signalosome: sorting out the partners and the steps. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 385:5-12. doi: 10.1007/s00210-011-0696-9
    [83] Bek M, Zheng S, Xu J, et al. (2001) Differential expression of adenylyl cyclases in the rat nephron. Kidney Int 60:890-899. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060003890.x
    [84] Murtazina R, Kovbasnjuk O, Zachos NC, et al. (2007) Tissue-specific regulation of sodium/proton exchanger isoform 3 activity in Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) null mice. J Biol Chem 282:25141-25151. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M701910200
    [85] Courbebaisse M, Leroy C, Bakouh N, et al. (2012) A new human NHERF1 mutation decreases renal phosphate transporter NPT2a expression by a PTH-independent mechanism. PLoS One 7:e34764. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034764
    [86] Ferrandon S, Feinstein T, Castro M, et al. (2009) Sustained cyclic AMP production by parathyroid hormone receptor endocytosis. Nat Chem Biol 5:734-742. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.206
    [87] Ahlström M, Lamberg‐Allardt C (1997) Rapid Protein Kinase A—Mediated Activation of Cyclic AMP-Phosphodiesterase by Parathyroid Hormone in UMR-106 Osteoblast-like Cells. J Bone Miner Res 12:172-178. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.2.172
    [88] Whitfield J, Isaacs R, Chakravarthy B, et al. (2001) Stimulation of protein kinase C activity in cells expressing human parathyroid hormone receptors by C- and N-terminally truncated fragments of parathyroid hormone 1-34. J Bone Miner Res 16:441-447. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.441
    [89] Mahon M, Donowitz M, Yun C, et al. (2002) Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2 directs parathyroid hormone 1 receptor signalling. Nature 417:858-861. doi: 10.1038/nature00816
    [90] Jouishomme H, Whitfield J, Gagnon L, et al. (1994) Further definition of the protein kinase C activation domain of the parathyroid hormone. J Bone Miner Res 9:943-949.
    [91] Whitfield J, Isaacs R, Chakravarthy B, et al. (2001) Protein Kinase C Activity in Cells Expressing Human Parathyroid Hormone Receptors by C‐and N‐Terminally Truncated Fragments of Parathyroid Hormone 1. J Bone Miner Res 16:441-447. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.441
    [92] Wang B, Yang Y, Abou-Samra A, et al. (2009) NHERF1 regulates parathyroid hormone receptor desensitization: interference with beta-arrestin binding. Mol Pharmacol 75:1189-1197. doi: 10.1124/mol.108.054486
    [93] Alonso V, Magyar C, Wang B, et al. (2011) Ubiquitination-deubiquitination balance dictates ligand-stimulated PTHR sorting. J bone Miner Res 26:2923-2934. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.494
    [94] Chauvin S, Bencsik M, Bambino T, et al. (2002) Parathyroid hormone receptor recycling: role of receptor dephosphorylation and beta-arrestin. Mol Endocrinol 16:2720-2732. doi: 10.1210/me.2002-0049
    [95] Wang B, Bisello A, Yang Y, et al. (2007) NHERF1 regulates parathyroid hormone receptor membrane retention without affecting recycling. J Biol Chem 282:36214-36222. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M707263200
    [96] Khundmiri S, Weinman E, Steplock D, et al. (2005) Parathyroid hormone regulation of NA+,K+-ATPase requires the PDZ 1 domain of sodium hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor-1 in opossum kidney cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2598-2607. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004121049
    [97] Salyer S, Lesousky N, Weinman E, et al. (2011) Dopamine regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase requires the PDZ-2 domain of sodium hydrogen regulatory factor-1 (NHERF-1) in opossum kidney cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 300:C425-C434. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00357.2010
    [98] Tawfeek H, Abou-Samra A (2004) Important role for the V-type H+-ATPase and the Golgi apparatus in the recycling of PTH/PTHrP receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:704-710.
    [99] Pickard B, Hodsman A, Fraher L, et al. (2007) Type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) nuclear trafficking: regulation of PTH1R nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling by importin-alpha/beta and chromosomal region maintenance 1/exportin 1. Endocrinology 148:2282-2289. doi: 10.1210/en.2007-0157
    [100] Silverstein D, Spitzer A, Barac-Nieto M (2005) Parathormone sensitivity and responses to protein kinases in subclones of opossum kidney cells. Pediatr Nephrol 20:721-724. doi: 10.1007/s00467-005-1832-x
    [101] Nagai S, Okazaki M, Segawa H, et al. (2011) Acute down-regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transporter NPT2a involves predominantly the cAMP/PKA pathway as revealed by signaling-selective parathyroid hormone analogs. J Biol Chem 286:1618-1626. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.198416
    [102] Cole J, Eber S, Poelling R, et al. (1987) A dual mechanism for regulation of kidney phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone. Am J Physiol 253:E221-227.
    [103] Cole J, Forte L, Eber S, et al. (1988) Regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone in opossum kidney cells: Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Endocrinology 122:2981-2989. doi: 10.1210/endo-122-6-2981
    [104] Fenton R, Murray F, Dominguez J, et al. (2014) Renal phosphate wasting in the absence of adenylyl cyclase 6. J Am Soc Nephrol 1-13.
    [105] Weinstein L, Yu S, Warner D, et al. (2001) Endocrine manifestations of stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit mutations and the role of genomic imprinting. Endocr Rev 22:675-705.
    [106] Mantovani G (2011) Clinical review: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3020-3030. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1048
    [107] Carpenter T, McPhee M, Bort R, et al. (1992) Dissociation of phosphaturia and 25(OH)D-1a-hydroxylase trophism using a novel analogue of parathyroid hormone. Am J Physiol 25:483-487.
    [108] Cunningham R, Biswas R, Brazie M, et al. (2009) Signaling pathways utilized by PTH and dopamine to inhibit phosphate transport in mouse renal proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296:F355-361.
    [109] Ranch D, Zhang M, Portale A, et al. (2011) Fibroblast growth factor 23 regulates renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and phosphate metabolism via the MAP kinase signaling pathway in Hyp mice. J Bone Miner Res 26:1883-1890. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.401
    [110] Kilav R, Silver J, Biber J, et al. (1995) Coordinate regulation of rat renal parathyroid hormone receptor mRNA and Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA and protein. Am J Physiol 268:F1017-1022.
    [111] Moe S, Radcliffe J, White K, et al. (2011) The pathophysiology of early-stage chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and response to phosphate binders in the rat. J Bone Miner Res 26:2672-2681. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.485
    [112] Hilfiker H, Hartmann C, Stange G, et al. (1998) Characterization of the 5 J-flanking region of OK cell type II Na-Pi cotransporter gene. 12:197-204.
    [113] Murray R, Holthouser K, Clark B, et al. (2013) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases sodium-phosphate cotransporter type IIa (NpT2a) mRNA stability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304:F1076-1085. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00632.2012
    [114] Moz Y, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. (1999) Protein-RNA Interactions Determine the Stability of the Renal NaPi-2 Cotransporter mRNA and Its Translation in Hypophosphatemic Rats. J Biol Chem 274:25266-25272. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25266
    [115] Moz Y, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. (2003) Characterization of cis-acting element in renal NaPi-2 cotransporter mRNA that determines mRNA stability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284:F663-670. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00332.2002
    [116] Noronha-Blob L, Sacktor B. (1986) Inhibition by glucocorticoids of phosphate transport in primary cultured renal cells. J Biol Chem 261:2164-2169.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Yogini N. Bhosale, Ramchandra P. Hasabe, Amar Kshirsagar, 2024, Real Time Relay Coordination in Radial and Hybrid Distribution System, 979-8-3503-8399-7, 1, 10.1109/SEFET61574.2024.10718025
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2015 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(8169) PDF downloads(1043) Cited by(1)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog