Does freelancing have a future? Mathematical analysis and modeling

Fareeha Sami Khan; M. Khalid; Ali Hasan Ali; Omar Bazighifan; Taher A. Nofal; Kamsing Nonlaopon; Fareeha Sami Khan; M. Khalid; Ali Hasan Ali; Omar Bazighifan; Taher A. Nofal; Kamsing Nonlaopon

doi:10.3934/mbe.2022435

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

2022, Volume 19, Issue 9: 9357-9370. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022435

Previous Article Next Article

Research article

Does freelancing have a future? Mathematical analysis and modeling

1.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, University Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi-75300, Pakistan
2.
Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
3.
Doctoral School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Pf. 400, Hungary
4.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Hadhramout University, Hadhramout 50512, Yemen
5.
Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, CorsoVittorio Emanuele Ⅱ, 39, 00186 Roma, Italy
6.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Seiyun University, Hadhramout 50512, Yemen
7.
Department of Mathematic, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
8.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

Academic Editor: Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest

Received: 20 May 2022 Revised: 17 June 2022 Accepted: 22 June 2022 Published: 27 June 2022

During the past few years, freelancing has grown exponentially due to the pandemic and subsequent economical changes in the world. In fact, in the last ten years, a drastic increase in freelancing has been observed; people quit their jobs to be their own boss. There are various reasons for this: downsizing of employees, not having fun in their jobs, unemployment, part time work to earn more, etc. Observing this vast change, many individuals on Facebook/YouTube, NGOs, and government departments started teaching freelancing as a course; to date, thousands of youngsters have been trained to start their careers as freelancers. It has been observed that the ratio of informed freelancers is more successful than those who start their careers independently. We construct a compartmental model to explore the influence of information on the expansion of freelancing in this article, which was motivated by this surge in freelancing. Following that, the model is subjected to dynamical analysis utilizing dynamical systems and differential equation theory. To validate our analytical conclusions, we used numerical simulation.
- freelancing,
- social science,
- mathematical modeling,
- differential equation,
- numerical analysis,
- simulation
Citation: Fareeha Sami Khan, M. Khalid, Ali Hasan Ali, Omar Bazighifan, Taher A. Nofal, Kamsing Nonlaopon. Does freelancing have a future? Mathematical analysis and modeling[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(9): 9357-9370. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022435

Related Papers:

Abstract

During the past few years, freelancing has grown exponentially due to the pandemic and subsequent economical changes in the world. In fact, in the last ten years, a drastic increase in freelancing has been observed; people quit their jobs to be their own boss. There are various reasons for this: downsizing of employees, not having fun in their jobs, unemployment, part time work to earn more, etc. Observing this vast change, many individuals on Facebook/YouTube, NGOs, and government departments started teaching freelancing as a course; to date, thousands of youngsters have been trained to start their careers as freelancers. It has been observed that the ratio of informed freelancers is more successful than those who start their careers independently. We construct a compartmental model to explore the influence of information on the expansion of freelancing in this article, which was motivated by this surge in freelancing. Following that, the model is subjected to dynamical analysis utilizing dynamical systems and differential equation theory. To validate our analytical conclusions, we used numerical simulation.

References

[1]	A. Ozimek, Freelance Forward Economist Report, Report of Upwork, 2020. Available from: https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2021.
[2]	Payoneer, Freelancing in 2020: An abundance of opportunities, 2020. Available from: https://pubs.payoneer.com/docs/2020-gig-economy-index.pdf.
[3]	Digital Policy Team, National freelancing conference 2021 held in Bhurban, 2021. Available from: https://digitalpakistan.pk/blog/national-freelancing-conference-2021-held-in-bhurban.
[4]	National Freelancing Policy, National freelancing facilitation policy 2021 consultation draft, 2021. Available from: https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/National Freelancing Facilitation Policy 2021 - Consultation Draft 2_0.pdf.
[5]	H. A. Rawoof, K. A. Ahmed, N. Saeed, The role of online freelancing: Increasing women empowerment in Pakistan, Int. J. Disaster Recovery Bus. Continuity, 12 (2021), 1179–1188. Available from: http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJDRBC/article/view/36681.
[6]	F. Masood, A. Naseem, A. Shamim, A. Khan, M. A. Qureshi, A systematic literature review and case study on influencing factor and consequences of freelancing in Pakistan, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 9 (2018), 275–280.
[7]	M. Saez-Marti, Siesta: A theory of freelancing, Univ. Zurich Dep. Econ. Work. Pap., 2011. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1973532
[8]	V. Gupta, J. M. Fernandez-Crehuet, C. Gupta, T. Hanne, Freelancing models for fostering innovation and problem solving in software startups: An empirical comparative study, Sustainability, 12 (2020), 10106. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310106 doi: 10.3390/su122310106
[9]	M. Partohaghighi, A. Akgül, T. A. Rubayyi, New type modelling of the circumscribed self-excited spherical attractor, Mathematics, 10 (2022), 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10050732 doi: 10.3390/math10050732
[10]	A. Akgül, M. Partohaghighi, New fractional modelling and control analysis of the circumscribed self-excited spherical strange attractor, Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 158 (2022), 111956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.111956 doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.111956
[11]	B. Almarri, A. H. Ali, K. S. Al-Ghafri, A. Almutairi, O. Bazighifan, J. Awrejcewicz, Symmetric and non-oscillatory characteristics of the neutral differential equations solutions related to p-Laplacian operators, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030566 doi: 10.3390/sym14030566
[12]	B. Almarri, A. H. Ali, A. M. Lopes, O. Bazighifan, Nonlinear differential equations with distributed delay: some new oscillatory solutions, Mathematics, 10 (2022), 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10060995 doi: 10.3390/math10060995
[13]	B. Almarri, S. Janaki, V. Ganesan, A. H. Ali, K. Nonlaopon, O. Bazighifan, Novel oscillation theorems and symmetric properties of nonlinear delay differential equations of fourth-order with a middle term, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030585 doi: 10.3390/sym14030585
[14]	M. Khalid, F. K. Khan, A fractional numerical solution and stability analysis of Facebook users mathematical model, in 14th International Conference on Statistical Sciences Karachi, Pakistan, 29 (2016), 323–334.
[15]	M. Khalid, F. S. Khan, A. Iqbal, Perturbation iteration algorithm to solve fractional giving up smoking mathematical model, Int. J. Comput. Appl., 142 (2016). Available from: https://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume142/number9/khalid-2016-ijca-909891.pdf.
[16]	M. Khalid, M. Sultana, F. S. Khan, Numerical solution of SIR model of Dengue fever, Int. J. Comput. Appl., 118 (2015). Available from: https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume118/number21/pxc3903367.pdf.
[17]	M. Khalid, M. Sultana, F. Zaidi, F. S. Khan, A numerical solution of a model for HIV infection CD4$^{+}$ T-Cell, Int. J. Innovation Sci. Res., 16 (2015), 79–85. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1010.9251&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[18]	M. Khalid, F.S. Khan, Stability analysis of deterministic mathematical model for Zika virus, J. Math. Comput. Sci., 19 (2016), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMCS/2016/29834 doi: 10.9734/BJMCS/2016/29834
[19]	O. Bazighifan, A. H. Ali, F. Mofarreh, Y. N. Raffoul, Extended approach to the asymptotic behavior and symmetric solutions of advanced differential equations, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040686 doi: 10.3390/sym14040686
[20]	A. H. Ali, G. Meften, O. Bazighifan, M. Iqbal, S. Elaskar, J. Awrejcewicz, A study of continuous dependence and symmetric properties of double diffusive convection: forchheimer model, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040682 doi: 10.3390/sym14040682
[21]	G. A. Meften, A. H. Ali, K. Al-Ghafri, J. Awrejcewicz, O. Bazighifan, Nonlinear stability and linear instability of double-diffusive convection in a rotating with LTNE effects and symmetric properties: Brinkmann-Forchheimer model, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030565 doi: 10.3390/sym14030565
[22]	B. Qaraad, O. Bazighifan, T. Nofal, A. H. Ali, Neutral differential equations with distribution deviating arguments: oscillation conditions, J. Ocean Eng. Sci., 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2022.06.032 doi: 10.1016/j.joes.2022.06.032
[23]	P. van den Driessche, Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models, Infect. Dis. Modell., 2 (2017), 288–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002 doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002
[24]	Statista Research Department, Number of full-time employees in the United States from 1990–2021, Statista, 2022. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/192356.
[25]	Statista Research Department, Number of freelance workers in the United States from 2014 to 2020, Statista, 2022. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/685468/amount-of-people-freelancing-us/.
[26]	O. Bazighifan, M.A. Ragusa, Nonlinear equations of fourth-order with p-Laplacian like operators: oscillation, methods and applications, Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 150 (2022), 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/15794 doi: 10.1090/proc/15794
[27]	N. Gubachev, V. Titov, A. Korshunov, Remote occupation and freelance as modern trend of employment, in Proceedings of the 12th International Management Conference, (2018), 725–732. Available from: http://conferinta.management.ase.ro/archives/2018/pdf/4_13.pdf.
[28]	J. Kirchner, E. Mittelhamm, Employee or freelance worker, in Key Aspects of German Employment and Labour Law, (2010), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00678-4_4

Reader Comments

your name:*

Email:*
© 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)