High capacity reversible data hiding in MP3 based on Huffman table transformation

Dingwei Tan; Yuliang Lu; Xuehu Yan; Lintao Liu; Longlong Li; Dingwei Tan; Yuliang Lu; Xuehu Yan; Lintao Liu; Longlong Li

doi:10.3934/mbe.2019158

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

2019, Volume 16, Issue 4: 3183-3194. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019158

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Special Issues

High capacity reversible data hiding in MP3 based on Huffman table transformation

National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China

Received: 24 February 2019 Accepted: 01 April 2019 Published: 11 April 2019

In practice, most audio files such as MP3 and AAC are stored and transmitted in the form of compressed files, which can serve as the cover in audio steganography. Currently, the prevailing audio steganography methods are not ideal because of the drawbacks. Some are characterized by low capacity while others are irreversible. In this paper, we propose a method to embed secret messages in MP3 encoding. Our strategy is to hide the information by Huffman table transformation. We extract secret information by analyzing side information. Experimental results show that our method can greatly improve the steganographic capacity with low distortion and high security. Meanwhile, it featured with higher decoding rate and reversible over some state-of-the-art methods.

Keywords:

Citation: Dingwei Tan, Yuliang Lu, Xuehu Yan, Lintao Liu, Longlong Li. High capacity reversible data hiding in MP3 based on Huffman table transformation[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(4): 3183-3194. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019158

Related Papers:

[1]	Chris Cadonic, Benedict C. Albensi . Oscillations and NMDA Receptors: Their Interplay Create Memories. AIMS Neuroscience, 2014, 1(1): 52-64. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2014.1.52
[2]	Robert A. Moss, Jarrod Moss . The Role of Dynamic Columns in Explaining Gamma-band Synchronization and NMDA Receptors in Cognitive Functions. AIMS Neuroscience, 2014, 1(1): 65-88. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2014.1.65
[3]	Jarrod Moss . Introduction to AIMS Neuroscience Special Issue “What Function Does the Anterior Insula Play in Human Cognition?”. AIMS Neuroscience, 2015, 2(3): 153-154. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2015.3.153
[4]	Ziphozethu Ndlazi, Oualid Abboussi, Musa Mabandla, Willie Daniels . Memantine increases NMDA receptor level in the prefrontal cortex but fails to reverse apomorphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. AIMS Neuroscience, 2018, 5(4): 211-220. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2018.4.211
[5]	Dimitris Pinotsis, Karl Friston . Gamma Oscillations and Neural Field DCMs Can Reveal Cortical Excitability and Microstructure. AIMS Neuroscience, 2014, 1(1): 18-38. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2014.1.18
[6]	Elena Rusconi, Jemma Sedgmond, Samuela Bolgan, Christopher D. Chambers . Brain Matters…in Social Sciences. AIMS Neuroscience, 2016, 3(3): 253-263. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.3.253
[7]	Didier Pinault . N-Methyl D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Amplify Network Baseline Gamma Frequency (30–80 Hz) Oscillations: Noise and Signal. AIMS Neuroscience, 2014, 1(2): 169-182. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2014.2.169
[8]	Rozaziana Ahmad, Khairunnuur Fairuz Azman, Rosliza Yahaya, Nazlahshaniza Shafin, Norsuhana Omar, Asma Hayati Ahmad, Rahimah Zakaria, Adi Wijaya, Zahiruddin Othman . Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in schizophrenia research: a quantitative review and future directions. AIMS Neuroscience, 2023, 10(1): 5-32. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2023002
[9]	Robert A. Moss, Jarrod Moss . Commentary on the Pinotsis and Friston Neural Fields DCM and the Cadonic and Albensi Oscillations and NMDA Receptors Articles. AIMS Neuroscience, 2014, 1(2): 158-162. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2014.2.158
[10]	Carolyn E. Jones, Miranda M. Lim . Phasic Sleep Events Shape Cognitive Function after Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for the Study of Sleep in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. AIMS Neuroscience, 2016, 3(2): 232-236. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.2.232

Abstract

One of the key endeavors of neuroscience is to understand how activity is co-ordinated across the elementary objects of the brain (cells/columns/areas) to generate the coherent computations that underlie perception, memory, cognition and action. Extensive research has suggested that gamma-band oscillations, mediated in part by NMDA receptor activity, play a key role in this integration. With that in mind, AIMS Neuroscience is pleased to present this special issue entitled “How do gamma frequency oscillations and NMDA receptors contribute to normal and dysfunctional cognitive performance?” The special issue consists of three main articles and three associated commentaries.

In the first article, Pinotsis and Friston [1] demonstrate how dynamic causal modelling in combination with neural mass models can be used to decide between alternative hypotheses regarding the microstructural generators of gamma-band activity; they provide several examples of their approach from the visual system. Following this, Cadoni and Albensi [2] provide a valuable review of the biophysical basis of cortical oscillations, where they cover evidence for the role of NMDA receptors in cortical plasticity. Finally, Moss and Moss [3] explain their dimensional systems model, which assumes that the cortical column is the key unit of cortical information processing. According to their theory, gamma oscillations are necessary for the generation of the cortical column, and NMDA receptors are needed for boundary formation. Commentaries by Moss and Moss [4] and Chambers and Payne [5] follow these articles, with the latter emphasizing the importance of sleep processes in this context. Concluding the special issue, Pinault [6] argues that gamma frequency oscillations, which are enhanced by NMDA receptor antagonism, may be a valuable biomarker in several brain disorders.

The theories presented here allow for the generation of numerous experimental hypotheses that can be tested in the laboratory. For empiricists seeking to test hypotheses in this area the challenges of working across different species and levels of analysis are large but not insurmountable. In this research area, most of our knowledge of NMDA receptor activation in humans comes from studies of ketamine, a drug that has multiple mechanisms of action in addition to NMDA antagonism. The on-going development of drugs with selective NMDA antagonism which are safe to use as research tools in humans will enable more selective targeting of the NMDA receptor and facilitate comparison across species. This will enable researchers to conduct more definitive experiments that can test some of the ideas discussed here. All the authors in this special issue no doubt agree that understanding the role and generative mechanisms of gamma oscillatory activity will be critical in understanding associated brain disorders.

Conflict of Interest

Author declares no conflicts of interest in this paper.

References

[1]	I. Cox, M. Miller, J. Bloom, et al., Digital watermarking and steganography, 2008.
[2]	V. Viswanathan, Information hiding in wave files through frequency domain, Appl. Math. Comput., 201 (2008), 121–127.
[3]	O. T. C. Chen and W. C. Wu, Highly robust, secure, and perceptual-quality echo hiding scheme, IEEE Transact. Audio Speech Language Process., 16 (2008), 629–638.
[4]	M. L. Wang, H. X. Lin and M. T. Lee, Robust audio watermarking based on mdct coefficients, in International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2013.
[5]	M. Bellaaj and K. Ouni, A robust audio watermarking technique operates in mdct domain based on perceptual measures, Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., 7 (2016), 169–178.
[6]	F. Petitcolas, Mp3stego. computer laboratory, cambridge.
[7]	H. Y. Gao, The mp3 steganography algorithm based on huffman coding, Acta Sci. Nat. Uni. Sunyatseni, 46 (2007), 32–35.
[8]	D. Q. Yan, R. D. Wang and L. G. Zhang, A high capacity mp3 steganography based on huffman coding, J. Sichuan Uni..
[9]	K. Yang, X. Yi, X. Zhao, et al., Adaptive MP3 Steganography Using Equal Length Entropy Codes Substitution, 2017.
[10]	Z. Ru, J. Liu and Z. Feng, A steganography algorithm based on mp3 linbits bit of huffman codeword, in International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 2017.
[11]	D. Yan and R. Wang, Huffman table swapping-based steganograpy for mp3 audio, Multim. Tools Appl., 52 (2011), 291–305.
[12]	ISO/IEC, Information technologycoding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 mbit/s, 11172–3.
[13]	ITU, Methods for objective measurements of perceived audio quality, BS.1387.
[14]	C. Cachin, An Information-Theoretic Model for Steganography, 1998.
[15]	M. S. Atoum, A Comparative Study of Combination with Different LSB Techniques in MP3 Steganography, 2015.
[16]	X. Yan, X. Liu and C. N. Yang, An enhanced threshold visual secret sharing based on random grids, J. Real-Time Image Process., 14 (2018), 61–73.
[17]	J. S. Pan, P. W. Tsai and H. C. Huang, Advances in intelligent information hiding and multimedia signal processing, Smart Innovat. System. Technol., 81.
[18]	M. Hanspach and M. Goetz, On covert acoustical mesh networks in air, arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1213.
[19]	M. Guri, Y. Solwicz, A. Daidakulov, et al., Mosquito: Covert ultrasonic transmissions between two air-gapped computers using speaker-to-speaker communication.

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)