The modulatory role of gut microbiota on host behavior: exploring the interaction between the brain-gut axis and the neuroendocrine system

Temitope Awe; Ayoola Fasawe; Caleb Sawe; Adedayo Ogunware; Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu; Michael Allen; Temitope Awe; Ayoola Fasawe; Caleb Sawe; Adedayo Ogunware; Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu; Michael Allen

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2024004

AIMS Neuroscience

2024, Volume 11, Issue 1: 49-62. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024004

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Mini review

The modulatory role of gut microbiota on host behavior: exploring the interaction between the brain-gut axis and the neuroendocrine system

1.
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
2.
School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
3.
Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
4.
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
5.
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria

Received: 05 December 2023 Revised: 26 March 2024 Accepted: 28 March 2024 Published: 31 March 2024

The brain-gut axis refers to the communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, with the gut microbiome playing a crucial role. While our understanding of the interaction between the gut microbiome and the host's physiology is still in its nascent stage, evidence suggests that the gut microbiota can indeed modulate host behavior. Understanding the specific mechanisms by which the gut microbiota community modulates the host's behavior remains the focus of present and future neuro-gastroenterology studies. This paper reviews several pieces of evidence from the literature on the impact of gut microbiota on host behavior across animal taxa. We explore the different pathways through which this modulation occurs, with the aim of deepening our understanding of the fascinating relationship between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system.

Keywords:

Citation: Temitope Awe, Ayoola Fasawe, Caleb Sawe, Adedayo Ogunware, Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu, Michael Allen. The modulatory role of gut microbiota on host behavior: exploring the interaction between the brain-gut axis and the neuroendocrine system[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2024, 11(1): 49-62. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024004

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Abstract

1. Introduction

Nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) are utilized in order to display many complex phenomena arising in various fields of applied sciences, such as superfluid, chemical engineering, thermal engineering, plasma physics, optical fibers and so on ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]}. There are many scientists in various fields of natural sciences are interested in investigation of the nonlinear phenomena. Various vital analytical methods have been proposed and developed to extract the solutions of different kinds of NLEEs, see ^{[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]}. Moreover, there are recent development in studying the dynamics of soliton solutions and analytical closed-form solutions ^{[19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]}.

The Maccari (MS) system, derived by Maccari in 1996 with a reduction technique based on spatio-temporal rescaling, from the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation ^[31]. This system is a kind of NLEEs that are often introduced to prescribe the motion of the isolated waves, localized in a small part of space, in various fields such as plasma physics, quantum mechanics, Bose-Einstein condensates, optical fiber communications and so on ^{[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]}. Recently, some investigations presented new novel concepts in wave motions and pulses in the study of nonlinear unforeseen critical behaviors such as the electrostatic noise in auroura, the acoustics wave in fluid and telltales wiggle electric fields ^{[40,41,42,43]}.

In this article, we consider the coupled MS ^[32,35,44], given as follows:

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} iQ_t+Q_{xx}+RQ = 0, \\ R_{t}+R_{y}+(\mid Q \mid^2)_{x} = 0, \end{array} \end{equation}$

(1.1)

where $Q = Q(x, y, t)$ denotes the complex scalar field and $R = R(x, y, t)$ denotes the real scalar field. The independent variables are $x, y$ and $t$ denotes the temporal variable.

Also, we can consider the coupled nonlinear MS ^[45], given as follows:

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} iQ_t+Q_{xx}+RQ = 0, \\ i\, S_{t}+S_{xx}+RS = 0, \\ R_{t}+R_{y}+(\mid Q+S \mid^2)_{x} = 0, \end{array} \end{equation}$

(1.2)

where $Q = Q(x, y, t)$ and $S = S(x, y, t)$ denote the complex scalar fields and $R = R(x, y, t)$ denotes the real scalar field.

Moreover, we consider the coupled nonlinear MS ^[34], described as follows:

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} i\, Q_t+Q_{xx}+RQ = 0, \\ i\, S_{t}+S_{xx}+RS = 0, \\ i\, N_{t}+N_{xx}+RN = 0, \\ R_{t}+R_{y}+(\mid Q+S+N \mid^2)_{x} = 0, \end{array} \end{equation}$

(1.3)

where $Q = Q(x, y, t)$ , $S = S(x, y, t)$ , $N = N(x, y, t)$ denote the complex scalar fields and $R = R(x, y, t)$ denotes the real scalar field.

Our study is motivated to grasp some new solutions for the three coupled models of MS by using the unified solver method. This solver introduces some families of solutions in explicit way with free physical parameters. These solutions admit pivotal applications in plasma environments, superfluid, plasma physics, nonlinear optic^[46,47]. The proposed solver will be utilized as a box solver for solving many other nonlinear models arising in applied science and new physics. In contrast to other methods, this solver preserves several advantages, such as, it avoids complex and tedious calculations and presents pivotal solutions in an explicit way. Moreover, this solver is simple, robust, well ordered and efficacious. The proposed solver will be significant for mathematicians, engineers and physicists. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has been done using the proposed solver for solving the MS systems.

The present article is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the unified solver technique. Section 3 presents the solutions for three coupled of the Maccari's systems. Section 4 gives the physical interpretation of the presented results. Moreover, some graphs of some acquired solutions are depicted. Conclusions and future directions for research are all reported in Section 5.

2. Unified solver method

We give the unified solver for the widely used NLEEs arising in the nonlinear science. For a given NLEE with some physical field $\Psi(x, y, t)$

$\begin{equation} F(\Psi , \Psi _{t}, \Psi _{x}, \Psi _{tt}, \Psi _{xx}, ....) = 0, \end{equation}$

(2.1)

we construct its explicit solutions in the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi (x, y, t) = \Psi (\xi ), \ \xi = k_1 x+k_2 y+k_3t, \end{equation}$

(2.2)

where $k_1$ , $k_2$ and $k_3$ are constants. Consequently the nonlinear evolution Eq (2.1) transformed to the following ordinary differential equation (ODE):

$\begin{equation} G(\Psi , \Psi ^{\prime }, \Psi ^{\prime \prime }, \Psi ^{\prime \prime \prime}, ...) = 0. \end{equation}$

(2.3)

Based on He's semi-inverse method ^[48,49,50], if possible, integrate (2.3) term by term one or more times. The variational model for the differential Eq (2.3) can be obtained by the semi-inverse method ^[51] which reads:

$\begin{equation} J(\Psi) = \underset{0}{\overset{\infty}{\int}}L\, d\xi, \end{equation}$

(2.4)

where $L$ is the Lagrangian function, of the problem described by the Eq (2.3), depending on $\Psi$ and its derivatives given in the form:

$\begin{equation} L = \frac{1}{2}\Psi^{^{\prime}2}-V, \end{equation}$

(2.5)

where $V$ is the potential function. By a Ritz method, we can find different forms of solitary wave solutions, such as $\Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha$ $\mbox{sech}(\beta \xi)$ , $\Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha$ $\mbox{csch}(\beta \xi)$ , $\Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha$ $\mbox{tanh}(\beta \xi)$ , $\Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha$ $\mbox{cotch}(\beta \xi)$ and $\Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha$ $\mbox{sech}^2(\beta \xi)$ where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are constants determined later.

We look for a solitary wave solution in the form

$\begin{equation} \Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha, \mbox{sech}(\beta \xi), \Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha, \mbox{sech}^2(\beta \xi), \Psi(x, y, t) = \alpha, \tanh(\beta \xi). \end{equation}$

(2.6)

In this section we give the unified solver for the widely used NLEEs arising in the nonlinear science. Suppose a system of equations can be reduced to the form:

$\begin{equation} L_{1}\Psi^{\prime\prime}+L_{2}\Psi^{3}+L_{3}\Psi = 0, \end{equation}$

(2.7)

where $L_{i}, i = 1, 2, 3$ are constants. Multiplying (2.7) by $\Psi^{^{\prime}}$ and integrating with respect to $\Psi$ we get the equation:

$\begin{equation} \frac{1}{2}\Psi^{^{\prime}2}+\frac{L_2}{4L_1} \Psi^{4}+\frac{L_3}{2L_1} \Psi^{2}+L_{0} = 0 \end{equation}$

(2.8)

and $L_{0}$ is a constant of integration. Thus the Eq (2.7) can be written in the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi^{\prime\prime} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial\Psi}, \; V = -(\gamma_{2}\Psi ^{4}+\gamma_{1}\psi^{2}+\gamma _{0}), \end{equation}$

(2.9)

where

$\begin{equation} \gamma_2 = -\frac{L_2}{4L_1}, \gamma_1 = -\frac{L_3}{2L_1}, \gamma_{0} = - L_0 \end{equation}$

(2.10)

and $V$ is the potential function (Sagadev potential).

We apply He's semi-inverse technique^[48,49,50] for solving Eq (2.7), which construct the following variational formulation from Eq (2.8)

$\begin{equation} J = \int_{0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{1}{2}\Psi^{\prime2}+\gamma_{2}\Psi^{4}+\gamma_{1}\Psi^{2}+\gamma_{0}\right] d\xi. \end{equation}$

(2.11)

By Ritz-like method, we look for a solitary wave solution in the form given by Eq (2.6). Substituting from Eq (2.6) into Eq (2.11) and making $J$ stationary with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ we obtain:

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial J}{\partial \alpha} = 0;\; \frac{\partial J}{\partial \beta} = 0. \end{equation}$

(2.12)

Solving simultaneously the system of equations given by (2.12) we obtain $\alpha$ and $\beta$ . Consequently the solitary wave solution given by Eq (2.6) is well determined.

2.1. The first family

The first family of solutions takes the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \alpha\, \mbox{sech}^{{}}\theta, \; \theta = \beta\xi. \end{equation}$

(2.13)

Substituting from Eq (2.13) in Eq (2.11), we get

$\begin{align*} J & = \frac{1}{\beta}\int_{0}^{\infty}[\frac{1}{2}\alpha^{2}\beta^{2}, \mbox{sech}^{2}, \theta\; \mbox{tanh}^{2}\theta+ \gamma_2, \alpha^{4} \mbox{sech}^{4}\theta+\gamma_1 , \alpha^{2}\mbox{sech}^{2}\theta+\gamma_{0}]d\theta. \end{align*}$

Since $\gamma_{0}$ is a constant of integration we can let $\gamma_{0} = 0$ and consequently:

$\begin{align} J = \frac{\alpha}{12 \beta}\left[ 2\alpha \beta^{2}+8\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3}+12 \gamma_{1}\alpha\right]. \end{align}$

(2.14)

Making $J$ stationary with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ leads to

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial J}{\partial \alpha} = \frac{1}{12\beta}\left[ 32\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3}+24\gamma_{1}\alpha+4\alpha\beta^2\right] = 0, \end{equation}$

(2.15)

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial J}{\partial \beta} = -\frac{\alpha}{12\beta^{2}}\left[ 8\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3}+12\gamma_{1}\alpha-2\alpha\beta^{2}\right] = 0. \end{equation}$

(2.16)

Solving these equations and using (2.13), the solutions of Eq (2.9) take the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm\sqrt{\frac{-\gamma_1}{\gamma_2}}, \mbox{sech}\left(\pm\sqrt{2\gamma_{1}}\xi\right). \end{equation}$

(2.17)

Consequently by using (2.10) the first family of solutions takes the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{-2L_3}{L_2}}, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{L_3}{L_1}}\xi\right). \end{equation}$

(2.18)

2.2. The second family

The second family of solutions takes the form:

$\begin{equation} \psi(\xi) = \alpha\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\theta\; ;\theta = \beta\xi. \end{equation}$

(2.19)

The substitution from Eq (2.19) in Eq (2.11) leads to

$\begin{align*} J & = \frac{\alpha}{\beta}\int_{0}^{\infty}[2\alpha \beta^{2}\mbox{sech}^{4}\theta\; \mbox{tanh}^{2}\theta+\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3} \mbox{sech}^{8}\theta+ \gamma_{1} \alpha\, \mbox{sech}^{4}\theta+\frac{\gamma_{0}}{\alpha}] d\theta. \end{align*}$

Assuming that $\gamma_{0} = 0$ we find that

$\begin{equation} J = \frac{2\alpha^{2}}{105\beta}\left[ 14\alpha \beta^{2}+24\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3}+35 \gamma_{1}\alpha\right]. \end{equation}$

(2.20)

Making $J$ stationary with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ leads to

$\begin{align} 14\alpha \beta^{2}+48\gamma_{2}\alpha^{3}+35\gamma_{1}\alpha & = 0, \end{align}$

(2.21)

$\begin{align} 14\alpha \beta^{2}-24\gamma_{2} \alpha^{3}-35\gamma_{1}\alpha & = 0. \end{align}$

(2.22)

Solving these equations and using (2.19), the second family of solutions of Eqs (2.9) and (2.7) take the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{-35\gamma_{1}}{36\gamma_{2}}}\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{6}\gamma_{1}} \, \xi\right) \end{equation}$

(2.23)

and

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm\sqrt{\frac{-35\, L_{3}}{18\, L_{2}}} \mbox{sech}^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{5\, L_{3}}{12\, L_{1}}} \, \xi\right), \end{equation}$

(2.24)

respectively.

2.3. The third family

The third family of solutions takes the form:

$\begin{equation} \psi (\xi ) = \alpha, \tanh (\beta\xi ). \end{equation}$

(2.25)

Substituting from Eq (2.25) into Eq (2.11), we have

$\begin{align*} J & = \frac{1}{\beta}\int_{0}^{\infty}[\frac{1}{2}\alpha^{2}\, \beta^{2}\, \mbox{sech}^{4}\theta +\gamma_{2}\alpha^{4}\tanh^{4}\theta+ \gamma_{1}\, \alpha^{2}\tanh^{2}\theta+ \gamma_{0}]d\theta \\ & = \frac{1}{\beta}\int_{0}^{\infty}[\alpha^{2}( \gamma_{2}\alpha^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \beta^{2})\, \mbox{sech}^{4}\theta-\alpha^{2}(2 \gamma_{2} \alpha^{2}+\gamma_{1})\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\theta ]d\theta \\& +\frac{1}{\beta}(\gamma_{2}\alpha^{4}+ \gamma_{1}\alpha^{2}+\gamma_{0})\int_{0}^{\infty }d\theta \notag. \end{align*}$

Under the condition

$\begin{equation} \gamma_{0} = -\alpha^{2}(\gamma_{2} \alpha^{2}+\gamma_{1}), \end{equation}$

(2.26)

we find that

$\begin{align} J & = \frac{-\alpha^{2}}{3\beta}\left[ 4\gamma_{2}\alpha^{2}+3\gamma _{1}-\beta^{2}\right]. \end{align}$

(2.27)

The values of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ which makes $J$ stationary with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are obtained by solving the two conditions

$\begin{align} \frac{\partial J}{\partial \alpha} & = \frac{-\alpha}{3\beta}\left[ 16\gamma_{2}\alpha^{2}+6\gamma_{1}-2\beta^{2}\right] = 0, \end{align}$

(2.28)

$\begin{align} \frac{\partial J}{\partial \beta} & = \frac{\alpha^{2}}{3\beta^{2}}\left[ 4\gamma_{2}\alpha^{2}+3\gamma_{1}+\beta^{2}\right] = 0. \end{align}$

(2.29)

Solving these equations and using (2.25), the solutions of Eq (2.9) take the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm\sqrt{\frac{-\gamma_{1}}{2\, \gamma_{2}}} \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\gamma_{1}}\xi\right). \end{equation}$

(2.30)

Consequently the third family of solutions of (2.7) take the form:

$\begin{equation} \Psi(\xi) = \pm\sqrt{\frac{-L_{3}}{L_{2}}} \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{L_3}{2L_1}}\xi\right). \end{equation}$

(2.31)

3. Applications

In this section we introduce the solutions for the coupled nonlinear Maccari's systems.

3.1. Solutions of system (1.1)

Utilizing the wave transformation:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} Q(x, y, t) = &e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}u(\zeta), \; \; \; R(x, y, t) = R(\zeta), \zeta = x + \beta y -2k t, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.1)

$k, \alpha, \lambda$ and $\beta$ are constants. Then the system of Eq (1.1) is converted to the following system

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} u''+u R-(\lambda+k^2)u = 0, \\ (u^2)'-(2k-\beta)R' = 0. \end{array} \end{equation}$

(3.2)

Integrating second equation of Eq (3.2) and taking integration constant as zero, gives

$\begin{equation} R = \left(\frac{1}{2k-\beta}\right)u^2. \end{equation}$

(3.3)

Substituting Eq (3.3) into first equation of system (3.2), yields

$\begin{equation} L_{1} u''+L_{2}u^3+L_{3}u = 0, \end{equation}$

(3.4)

where

$\begin{equation} L_{1} = 1, L_{2} = \frac{1}{2k-\beta}, L_{3} = -(\lambda+k^2). \end{equation}$

(3.5)

Applying the unified solver method described in Section 2, three families of solutions of Eq (1.1) are given as follows:

3.1.1. The first family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{2 (2k-\beta)(\lambda+k^2)}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\, \zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.6)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} Q_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{2 (2k-\beta)(\lambda+k^2)}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\, \zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.7)

$\begin{equation} R_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = 2(\lambda+k^2)\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\, \zeta\right), \; \; \; \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.8)

3.1.2. The second family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18}}\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5(\lambda+k^2)}{12}} \, \zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.9)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} Q_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)} \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18}}\, \mbox{sech}^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5(\lambda+k^2)}{12}} \, \zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.10)

$\begin{equation} R_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \frac{35(\lambda+k^2)}{18}\, \mbox{sech}^{4}\left( \pm\sqrt{ \frac{5(\lambda+k^2)}{12}} \, \zeta\right) , \; \; \; \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.11)

3.1.3. The third family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm\sqrt{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)} \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{(\lambda+k^2)}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.12)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} Q_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm\, e^{i(k+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)} \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.13)

$\begin{equation} R_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = (\lambda+k^2) \tanh^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 < 0. \end{equation}$

(3.14)

3.2. Solutions of system (1.2)

Consider the wave transformation:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} Q(x, y, t)& = e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}u(\zeta), \\ S(x, y, t)& = e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}v(\zeta), \\ R(x, y, t)& = R(\xi), \zeta = x + \beta y -2k t, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.15)

where $k, \alpha, \lambda$ and $\beta$ are constants. By applying this transformation to the system (1.2) we get

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} u''-(\lambda+k^2) u + u R = 0, \\ v''-(\lambda+k^2) v + v R = 0, \\ ((u+v)^2)'-(2k-\beta)R' = 0. \end{array} \end{equation}$

(3.16)

Integrating third equation of the system of Eq (3.16) and taking integration constant as zero, gives

$\begin{equation} R = \left(\frac{1}{2k-\beta}\right)(u+v)^2. \end{equation}$

(3.17)

Substituting Eq (3.17) into first two equations of (3.16), yields

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} u''+ \frac{1}{2k-\beta}u(u+v)^2-(\lambda+k^2)u = 0, \\ v''+ \frac{1}{2k-\beta}v(u+v)^2-(\lambda+k^2)v = 0. \end{array} \end{equation}$

(3.18)

In order to solve the last system of equations, we use a simple relation between $u$ and $v$ , as follows:

$\begin{equation} v = r\, u, \end{equation}$

(3.19)

where $r$ is an arbitrary constant. Substituting (3.19) into the system (3.18), gives

$\begin{equation} \Gamma_{1} u''+\Gamma_{2}u^3+\Gamma_{3}u = 0, \end{equation}$

(3.20)

where $\Gamma_{1} = 1, \Gamma_{2} = \frac{(1+r)^2}{2k-\beta}, \Gamma_{3} = -(\lambda+k^2)$ .

In view of the unified solver illustrated in Section 2 solutions of Eq (1.2) can be given in the following formulas:

3.2.1. The first family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.21)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm r \sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.22)

$\begin{equation} Q_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.23)

$\begin{equation} S_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm r e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(\beta-2k)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.24)

$\begin{equation} R_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = 2(\lambda+k^2)\mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\xi\right), \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.25)

3.2.2. The second family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.26)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm r \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.27)

$\begin{equation} Q_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.28)

$\begin{equation} S_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm r e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.29)

$\begin{equation} R_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \frac{35}{18}(\lambda+k^2)\mbox{sech}^4\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\xi\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.30)

3.2.3. The third family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.31)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm r\sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.32)

$\begin{equation} Q_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)} \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.33)

$\begin{equation} S_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm re^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)} \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.34)

$\begin{equation} R_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = (\lambda+k^2)\tanh^2\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 < 0. \end{equation}$

(3.35)

3.3. Solutions of system (1.3)

In order to solve the system of Eq (1.3), we first consider the following wave transformation:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} Q(x, y, t)& = e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}u(\zeta), \\ S(x, y, t)& = e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}v(\zeta), \\ N(x, y, t)& = e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}w(\zeta), \\ R(x, y, t)& = R(\zeta), \; \zeta = x + \beta y -2k t, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.36)

where $k, \alpha, \lambda$ and $\beta$ are constants. Substituting this transformation to system (1.3) gives

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} u''-(\lambda+k^2) u + u R = 0, \\ v''-(\lambda+k^2) v + v R = 0, \\ w''-(\lambda+k^2) w + w R = 0, \\ ((u+v+w)^2)' -(2k-\beta)R' = 0. \end{array} \end{equation}$

(3.37)

As illustrated before, we integrate the third equation of (3.37) with assuming the integration constant to be zero and this gives

$\begin{equation} R = \left(\frac{1}{2k-\beta}\right)(u+v+w)^2. \end{equation}$

(3.38)

Substituting Eq (3.38) into first three equation of (3.37), implies

$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} u''+ \frac{1}{2k-\beta}u(u+v+w)^2-(\lambda+k^2)u = 0, \\ v''+ \frac{1}{2k-\beta}v(u+v)^2-(\lambda+k^2)v = 0, \\ w''+ \frac{1}{2k-\beta}w(u+v+w)^2-(\lambda+k^2)w = 0. \end{array} \end{equation}$

(3.39)

To solve these equations, we use a simple relations between $v, w$ and $u$ , as follows

$\begin{equation} v = r_{1}\, u, \; \; \; w = r_{2}\, u, \end{equation}$

(3.40)

where $r_{1}, r_{2}$ are arbitrary constants. Substituting (3.40) into the Eq (3.39), gives

$\begin{equation} \Gamma_{1} u''+\Gamma_{2}u^3+\Gamma_{3}u = 0, \end{equation}$

(3.41)

where $\Gamma_{1} = 1, \Gamma_{2} = \frac{(1+r_{1}+r_{2})^2}{2k-\beta}, \Gamma_{3} = -(\lambda+k^2)$ .

Similarly, solutions of system (1.3) can be obtained using the unified solver, presented in Section 2, and are described in the following:

3.3.1. The first family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.42)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm r_1 \sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.43)

$\begin{equation} w_{1, 2}(\zeta) = \pm r_2 \sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.44)

$\begin{equation} Q_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.45)

$\begin{equation} S_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm r_1 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.46)

$\begin{equation} N_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = \pm r_2 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{2(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.47)

$\begin{equation} R_{1, 2}(x, y, t) = 2(\lambda+k^2)\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\lambda+k^2}\zeta\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.48)

3.3.2. The second family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.49)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm r_1 \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.50)

$\begin{equation} w_{3, 4}(\zeta) = \pm r_2 \sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.51)

$\begin{equation} Q_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.52)

$\begin{equation} S_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm r_1 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.53)

$\begin{equation} N_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \pm r_2 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{35(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{18(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \mbox{sech}^2\left( \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.54)

$\begin{equation} R_{3, 4}(x, y, t) = \frac{35}{18}(\lambda+k^2)\mbox{sech}^4\left(\pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{12}(\lambda+k^2)}\zeta\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 > 0. \end{equation}$

(3.55)

3.3.3. The third family of solutions

$\begin{equation} u_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.56)

Thus,

$\begin{equation} v_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm r_1 \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.57)

$\begin{equation} w_{5, 6}(\zeta) = \pm r_2 \sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{ -\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.58)

$\begin{equation} Q_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm\, e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.59)

$\begin{equation} S_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm r_1 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.60)

$\begin{equation} N_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = \pm r_2 e^{i(kx+\alpha\, y+\lambda\, t)}\sqrt{\frac{(\lambda+k^2)(2k-\beta)}{(1+r_1+r_2)^2}}\, \tanh\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right). \end{equation}$

(3.61)

$\begin{equation} R_{5, 6}(x, y, t) = (\lambda+k^2) \tanh^{2}\left( \pm \sqrt{-\frac{\lambda+k^2}{2}}\zeta\right), \; \; \lambda+k^2 < 0. \end{equation}$

(3.62)

4. Results and discussions

Some new solutions for three coupled nonlinear Maccari's systems were achieved in explicit form. These systems are the complex nonlinear models that characteristic the dynamics of isolated waves, confined in a small part of space, in some fields such as plasma physics, superfluid and optical fiber communications ^[35,45]. The acquired solutions are hyperbolic function solutions. These solutions explain some interesting physical phenomena in applied science and new physics. E.g., the hyperbolic secant arises in the profile of a laminar jet whereas the hyperbolic tangent emerges in the study of magnetic moment and special relativity. Indeed, the presented solutions included bright and dark and soliton solutions of the nonlinear Maccari's systems.

According to the presented results in Section 3 we found that

1) The last model generalize the first two models.

2) There is no change in the form of the real field $R(x, y, t)$ in the three models.

Remark 1. 1) The proposed solver in this study can be implemented for the wide classes of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations (NSPDEs).

2) The proposed solver can be easily extended for solving nonlinear stochastic fractional partial differential equations (NSFPDEs) ^[52,53,54].

3) The proposed solver averts monotonous and complex computations and introduces vital solutions in an explicit form.

For certain values of the parameters in each three cases, Figures 1–6 display the nonlinear dynamical behaviour of the bright and dark soliton solutions.

Figure 1. 3D profile of bright soliton solution for Eq (1.1).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 2. 3D profile of dark soliton solution for Eq (1.1).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 3. 3D profile of bright soliton solution for Eq (1.2).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 4. 3D profile of dark soliton solution for Eq (1.2).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 5. 3D profile of bright soliton solution for Eq (1.3).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 6. 3D profile of dark soliton solution for Eq (1.3).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

5. Conclusions

In this article, three coupled nonlinear Maccari's systems were solved using the unified solver technique. Some vital soliton solutions are presented. These solutions have vital physical aspects in many fields such as nonlinear optics plasma physics, hydrodynamic. In the view of such information, it has been seen that the unified solver method has been influential for the analytical solutions of nonlinear Maccari's systems and it is highly effective and reliable in terms of finding new solutions. Moreover, our analysis shows that the proposed solver is simple, powerful and efficient. Some graphs are presented to prescribe the dynamical behaviour of selected solutions. Finally, the used solver can be applied for so many other models emerging in natural science.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

This review article does not contain original data. The data sources used in this review are publicly available and referenced accordingly in the article. Any additional information or data used in this review can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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AIMS Neuroscience

The modulatory role of gut microbiota on host behavior: exploring the interaction between the brain-gut axis and the neuroendocrine system

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Unified solver method

2.1. The first family

2.2. The second family

2.3. The third family

3. Applications

3.1. Solutions of system (1.1)

3.1.1. The first family of solutions

3.1.2. The second family of solutions

3.1.3. The third family of solutions

3.2. Solutions of system (1.2)

3.2.1. The first family of solutions

3.2.2. The second family of solutions

3.2.3. The third family of solutions

3.3. Solutions of system (1.3)

3.3.1. The first family of solutions

3.3.2. The second family of solutions

3.3.3. The third family of solutions

4. Results and discussions

5. Conclusions

Conflict of interest

References

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AIMS Neuroscience

The modulatory role of gut microbiota on host behavior: exploring the interaction between the brain-gut axis and the neuroendocrine system

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Unified solver method

2.1. The first family

2.2. The second family

2.3. The third family

3. Applications

3.1. Solutions of system (1.1)

3.1.1. The first family of solutions

3.1.2. The second family of solutions

3.1.3. The third family of solutions

3.2. Solutions of system (1.2)

3.2.1. The first family of solutions

3.2.2. The second family of solutions

3.2.3. The third family of solutions

3.3. Solutions of system (1.3)

3.3.1. The first family of solutions

3.3.2. The second family of solutions

3.3.3. The third family of solutions

4. Results and discussions

5. Conclusions

Conflict of interest

References

This article has been cited by:

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