Advection and cross-diffusion terms are obtained as dispersal strategies of biological species. The focus of the paper is their connection to a given population dynamics. In particular, meaningful parameter regimes as biological dispersal are obtained. Eventually, we obtain a systematic approach to construct an advection or a cross-diffusion term from a given population dynamics and find meaningful parameter regimes as biological advection and cross-diffusion.
Citation: Jaywan Chung, Yong-Jung Kim, Ohsang Kwon, Chang-Wook Yoon. Biological advection and cross-diffusion with parameter regimes[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2019, 4(6): 1721-1744. doi: 10.3934/math.2019.6.1721
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Advection and cross-diffusion terms are obtained as dispersal strategies of biological species. The focus of the paper is their connection to a given population dynamics. In particular, meaningful parameter regimes as biological dispersal are obtained. Eventually, we obtain a systematic approach to construct an advection or a cross-diffusion term from a given population dynamics and find meaningful parameter regimes as biological advection and cross-diffusion.
The fractional perimeter of a measurable set E⊆Rd is defined as follows:
Ps(E)=∫E∫Rd∖E1|x−y|d+sdydxs∈(0,1). | (1.1) |
After being first considered in the pivotal paper [4] (see also [15] where the definition was first given), this functional has inspired a variety of literature both in the community of pure mathematics, regarding for instance existence and regularity of fractional minimal surfaces, and in view of applications to phase transition problems and to several models with long range interactions. We refer to [17], and references therein, for an introductory review on this subject.
The limits as s→0+ or s→1− are critical, in the sense that the fractional perimeter (1.1) diverges to +∞. Nevertheless, when appropriately rescaled, such limits give meaningful information on the set.
The limit of the (rescaled) fractional perimeter when s→0+ has been considered in [11], where the authors proved the pointwise convergence of sPs(E) to the volume functional dωd|E|, for sets E of finite perimeter, where ωd is the volume of the ball of radius 1 in Rd. The corresponding second-order expansion has been recently considered in [8]. In particular it is shown that
Ps(E)−dωds|E|⟶∫E∫BR(x)∖E1|x−y|ddxdy−∫E∫E∖BR(x)1|x−y|ddxdy−dωdlogR|E|, |
in the sense of Γ-convergence with respect to the L1-topology of the corresponding characteristic functions, where the limit functional is independent of R, and it is called the 0-fractional perimeter.
The limit of Ps(E) as s→1−, in pointwise sense and in the sense of Γ-convergence, has been studied in [1,5], where it is proved that
(1−s)Ps(E)⟶ωd−1P(E), |
where P(E) stands for the classical perimeter of E.
In this paper we are interested in the analysis of next order expansion. In particular we will prove in Theorem 2.1 that
ωd−1P(E)1−s−Ps(E)⟶H(E)as s→1−, |
in the sense of Γ-convergence with respect to the L1-convergence, and the limit functional is defined as
H(E):=∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−ωd−1P(E) | (1.2) |
for sets E with finite perimeter, and H(E)=+∞ otherwise. Here we denote by ∂∗E the reduced boundary of E, by ν(y) the outer normal to E at y∈∂∗E and by H−(y) the hyperplane
H−(y):={x∈Rd | (y−x)⋅ν(y)>0}. | (1.3) |
We observe that, in dimension d=2, the functional H(E) coincides with the Γ-limit as δ→0+ of the nonlocal energy
2|logδ|P(E)−∫E∫R2∖Eχ(δ,+∞)(|x−y|)|x−y|3dxdy, |
as recently proved by Muratov and Simon in [16,Theorem 2.3].
We also mention the recent work [6], where the authors establish the second-order expansion of appropriately rescaled nonlocal functionals approximating Sobolev seminorms, considered by Bourgain, Brezis and Mironescu [2].
As for the properties of the limit functional H, first of all we observe that it is coercive in the sense that it provides a control on the perimeter of the set, see Proposition 3.1. Moreover it is bounded on C1,α sets, for α>0, and on convex sets C such that for some s∈(0,1) the boundary integral ∫∂∗CHs(C,x)dHd−1(x) is finite, where Hs(C,x) is the fractional mean curvature of C at x, which is defined as
Hs(C,x):=∫RdχRd∖C(y)−χC(y)|x−y|d+sdy, |
see Proposition 3.3. In particular when E has boundary of class C2, in Proposition 3.5 we show that the limit functional H(E) can be equivalently written as
H(E)=1d−1∫∂E∫∂E(ν(x)−ν(y))22|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)−dωd−1d−1P(E)+1d−1∫∂E∫∂E1|x−y|d−1|(y−x)|y−x|⋅ν(x)|2((d−1)log|x−y|−1)dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)+∫∂E∫∂EH(E,x)ν(x)⋅(y−x)|y−x|d−1log|x−y|dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y) |
where H(E,x) denotes the (scalar) mean curvature at x∈∂E, that is the sum of the principal curvatures divided by d−1. Notice that the first term in the expression above is the (squared) L2-norm of a nonlocal second fundamental form of ∂E (see e.g. [7,Appendix B]). We recall also that an analogous representation formula for the same functional in dimension d=2 has been given in [16].
Some interesting issues about the limit functional remain open, for instance existence and rigidity (at least for small volumes) of minimizers of H among sets with fixed volume, see the discussion in Remark 2.7.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is devoted to the proof of the main result, which is Theorem 2.1. The result is based on two main steps: the pointwise limit of ωd−1P(E)1−s−Ps(E) on smooth sets proved in Proposition 2.4, and the monotonicity of a related functional showed in Lemma 2.5. In Section 3 we analyze some properties of the limit functional H.
We introduce the following functional on sets E⊆Rd of finite Lebesgue measure:
Ps(E)={ωd−11−sP(E)−Ps(E) if P(E)<+∞+∞otherwise. | (2.1) |
We now state the main result of the paper.
Theorem 2.1. There holds
Ps(E)⟶H(E)as s→1−, |
in the sense of Γ-convergence with respect to the L1-topology, where the functional H(E) is defined in (1.2).
Remark 2.2. Observe that H(E) can be also expressed as
H(E)=−ωd−1P(E)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)+∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+1dydx−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx. | (2.2) |
Indeed by the divergence theorem and by the fact that divy(y−x|y−x|d+1)=−1|y−x|d+1 we get
−∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)=−∫E∫∂∗E∖B1(x)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dHd−1(y)dx=∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+1dydx+∫E∫∂B1(x)∩E(y−x)⋅x−y|y−x||x−y|d+1dHd−1(y)dx=∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+1dydx−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx. | (2.3) |
First of all we recall some properties of the functional Ps.
Proposition 2.3 (Coercivity and lower semicontinuity). Let s∈(0,1). If En is a sequence of sets such that |En|≤m for some m>0 and Ps(En)≤C for some C>0 independent of n, then P(En)≤C′ for some C′ depending on C,s,d,m.
In particular, the sequence En converges in L1loc, up to a subsequence, to a limit set E of finite perimeter, with |E|≤m.
Moreover, the functional Ps is lower semicontinuous with respect to the L1-convergence.
Proof of Proposition 2.3. Let E with |E|≤m. By the interpolation inequality proved in [3,Lemma 4.4] we get
Ps(E)≤dωd2ss(1−s)P(E)s|E|1−s≤dωd2ss(1−s)P(E)sm1−s. |
For a sequence En as in the statement, this gives
C(1−s)≥ωd−1P(En)−(1−s)Ps(En)≥ωd−1P(En)−dωd2ssP(En)sm1−s. | (2.4) |
From this we conclude that necessarily P(En)≤C′, where C′ is a constant which depends on C,s,d,m. As a consequence, by the local compactness in L1 of sets of finite perimeter (see [14]) we obtain the local convergence of En, up to a subsequence, to a limit set E of finite perimeter.
Now, assume that En→E in L1 and that c1−sP(En)−Ps(En)≤C. By the previous argument, we get that P(En)≤C′, where C′ is a constant which depends on C,s,d,|E|. By the compact embedding of BV in Hs/2, see [10,15], we get that limnPs(En)=Ps(E), up to passing to a suitable subsequence. This, along with the lower semicontinuity of the perimeter with respect to local convergence in L1 (see [14]) gives the conclusion.
The proof of Theorem 2.1 is based on some preliminary results. First of all we compute the pointwise limit, then we show that the functional sPs(E) is given by the sum of the functional Fs(E), defined in (2.13), which is lower semicontinuous and monotone increasing in s, and of a continuous functional. This will permit to show that the pointwise limit coincides with the Γ-limit.
Proposition 2.4 (Pointwise limit). Let E⊆Rd be a measurable set such that |E|<+∞ and P(E)<+∞. Then
lims→1−[ωd−11−sP(E)−Ps(E)]={H(E)if ∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)<+∞+∞otherwise |
where H(E) is defined in (1.2) and H−(y) in (1.3).
Proof. We can write Ps(E) as a boundary integral observing that for all 0<s<1
divy(y−x|y−x|d+s)=−s1|y−x|d+s. | (2.5) |
So, by the divergence theorem, (1.1) reads
Ps(E)=1s∫∂∗E∫E(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)=1s∫∂∗E∫E∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)+1s∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y) | (2.6) |
where ν(y) is the outer normal at ∂∗E in y.
We fix now y∈∂∗E and we observe that
∫E∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx=∫H−(y)∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx+∫(E∖H−(y))∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx−∫(H−(y)∖E)∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx=∫H−(y)∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx−∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx. | (2.7) |
Now we compute, denoting by B′1 the ball in Rd−1 with radius 1 (and center 0),
∫H−(y)∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx=∫{xd≥0}∩B1xd|x|d+sdx=∫B′1∫√1−|x′|20xd(x2d+|x′|2)(d+s)/2dxd=∫B′112−d−s(1−|x′|2−d−s)dx′=ωd−111−s. | (2.8) |
If we substitute (2.8) in (2.7) we get
∫E∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx=ωd−11−s−∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx. | (2.9) |
By (2.6) and (2.9) we obtain
ωd−1P(E)(1−s)−Ps(E)=ωd−1P(E)(1−s)−ωd−1P(E)s(1−s)+1s∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)−1s∫∂∗E ∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y). | (2.10) |
Now we observe that, by Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem, there holds
lims→1−1s∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)=∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y). | (2.11) |
Moreover, by the monotone convergence theorem,
lims→1−∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx=∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dx | (2.12) |
if |(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1∈L1((EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)) and lims→1−∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx=+∞ otherwise. The conclusion then follows from (2.10), (2.11), (2.12) sending s→1−.
Lemma 2.5. For s∈(0,1) and E⊆Rd of finite measure, we define the functional
Fs(E):={s[ωd−11−sP(E)−Ps(E)−∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+sdydx]if P(E)<+∞+∞otherwise. | (2.13) |
Then the following holds:
(1) The map s↦Fs(E) is monotone increasing as s→1−. Moreover, for every E of finite perimeter
lims→1−Fs(E)=−ωd−1P(E)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx. |
(2) For every family of sets Es such that Fs(Es)≤C, for some C>0 independent of s, and Es→E in L1, there holds
lim infs→1Fs(Es)≥−ωd−1P(E)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx. |
Proof. (1) Arguing as in (2.3) and using (2.5), we get
Fs(E)=s[ωd−11−sP(E)−Ps(E)+1s∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)−1s∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx]. |
Therefore from (2.6), and (2.9), we get for 0<ˉs<s<1
1s(Fs(E)+∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx)=ωd−1P(E)(1−s)−Ps(E)+1s∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)=ωd−1P(E)(1−s)−1s∫∂∗E∫E∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)=−ωd−1sP(E)+1s∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)>−ωd−1sP(E)+1s∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+ˉsdxdHd−1(y)=1s(Fˉs(E)+∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx), |
which gives the desired monotonicity.
Now we observe that by Lebesgue's dominated convergence for every E with |E|<+∞ and P(E)<+∞,
lims→11s∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y)−1s∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx=∫∂∗E∫E∖B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx |
So, we conclude by Proposition 2.4.
(2) We fix a family of sets Es such that Fs(Es)≤C and Es→E in L1 as s→1−. Fix ˉs<1 and observe that by the monotonicity property proved in item (ⅰ), we get
lim infs→1Fs(Es)≥lim infs→1Fˉs(Es)≥lim infs→1ˉs[ωd−11−ˉsP(Es)−Pˉs(Es)]−lims→1ˉs∫Es∫Es∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+ˉsdydx≥ˉs[ωd−11−ˉsP(E)−Pˉs(E)]−ˉs∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+ˉsdydy=Fˉs(E) |
where we used for the first limit the lower semicontinuity proved in Proposition 2.3, and Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem for the second limit.
We conclude by item (1), observing that Fˉs(E)<C, and sending ˉs→1−.
We are now ready to prove our main result.
Proof of Theorem 2.1. We start with the Γ-liminf inequality. Let Es be a sequence of sets such that Es→E in L1. We will prove that
lim infs→1s[ωd−11−sP(Es)−Ps(Es)]≥H(E), |
which will give immediately the conclusion. Recalling the definition of Fs(E) given in (2.13), we have that
lim infs→1s[ωd−11−sP(Es)−Ps(Es)]≥lim infs→1Fs(Es)+lim infs→1s∫Es∫Es∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+sdydx. |
By Lemma 2.5, item (2) and by Fatou lemma, we get
lim infs→1s[ωd−11−sP(Es)−Ps(Es)]≥−ωd−1P(E)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫E∫∂B1(x)∩EdHd−1(y)dx+∫E∫E∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+1dydx=H(E) |
where the last equality comes from (2.3).
The Γ-limsup is a consequence of the pointwise limit in Proposition 2.4.
We conclude this section with the equi-coercivity of the family of functionals Ps, which is a consequence of the monotonicity property of Fs obtained in Lemma 2.5.
Proposition 2.6 (Equi-coercivity). Let sn be a sequence of positive numbers with sn→1−, let m,C∈R with m>0, and let En be a sequence of measurable sets such that |En|≤m and Psn(En)≤C for all n∈N.
Then P(En)≤C′ for some C′>0 depending on C,d,m, and the sequence En converges in L1loc, up to a subsequence, to a limit set E of finite perimeter, with |E|≤m.
Proof. Reasoning as in Proposition 2.3, we get that En has finite perimeter, for every n∈N. Recalling (2.13), we get that
|C|≥snPsn(En)=Fsn(En)+sn∫En∫En∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+sndydx≥Fsn(En). |
We fix now ˉn such that sˉn>12 and we claim that there exists C′, depending on m,d but independent of n, such that P(En)≤C′ for every n≥ˉn. If the claim is true, then it is immediate to conclude that eventually enlarging C′, P(En)≤C′ for every n.
For every n≥ˉn, we use the monotonicity of the map s↦Fs(En) proved in Lemma 2.5, and the fact that |En|≤m, to obtain that
|C|≥Fsn(En)≥Fsˉn(En)=sˉnPsˉn(En)−sˉn∫En∫En∖B1(x)1|x−y|d+sˉndydx≥sˉnPsˉn(En)−sˉn∫En∫En∖B1(x)dydx≥sˉnPsˉn(En)−sˉn|En|2≥sˉnPsˉn(En)−sˉnm2. |
This implies in particular that Psˉn(En)≤|C|sˉn+m2≤2|C|+m2, and we conclude by Proposition 2.3.
Remark 2.7 (Isoperimetric problems). Let us consider the following isoperimetric-type problem for the functionals Ps and H:
min|E|=mPs(E) | (2.14) |
min|E|=mH(E), | (2.15) |
where m>0 is a fixed constant. Observe that ˜E is a minimizer of (2.14) if and only if the rescaled set m−1d˜E is a minimizer of
min|E|=1ωd−11−sP(E)−m1−sdPs(E). |
Note in particular that the functional Ps is given by the sum of an attractive term, which is the perimeter functional, and a repulsive term given by the fractional perimeter with a negative sign.
In general we cannot expect existence of solutions to these problems for every value of m. However, from [9,Thm 1.1,Thm 1.2] it follows that there exist 0<m2(s)≤m1(s) such that, for all m<m1(s), Problem (2.14) admits a solution and moreover, if m<m2(s), the unique solution (uo to translations) is the ball of volume m. Actually, the bounds m1(s),m2(s) tend to 0 as s→1−, hence these results cannot be extended directly to Problem (2.15).
A weaker notion of solution, introduced in [13], are the so-called generalized minimizers, that is, minimizers of the functional ∑iPs(Ei) (resp. of ∑iH(Ei)), among sequences of sets (Ei)i such that |Ei|>0 and P(Ei)<+∞ for finitely many i's, and ∑i|Ei|=m. Note that, if En is a minimizing sequence for (2.14) or (2.15), by reasoning as in Proposition 2.6, we get that there exists a constant C=C(m)>0 such that P(En)≤C for every n. Then, as it is proved in [12,Proposition 2.1], there exists C′=C′(m)>0, depending on C and m, such that supx|En∩B1(x)|≥C′. Using these facts, reasoning as in [13], it is possible to show existence of generalized minimizers both for (2.14) and (2.15), for every value of m>0.
In this section we analyze the main properties of the limit functional H. Note that, since it is obtained as a Γ-limit, it is naturally lower semicontinuous with respect to L1 convergence.
First of all we observe that by the representation of H in (2.2), for every E with finite perimeter there holds
−ωd−1P(E)−dωd|E|≤H(E)≤∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)+dωd|E|≤∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)1|x−y|ddxdHd−1(y)+dωd|E|. | (3.1) |
We start with a compactness property in L1 for sublevel sets of H, which follows from a lower bound on H in terms of the perimeter.
Proposition 3.1. Let E⊆Rd be such that H(E)≤C. Then there exists a constant C′ depending on C,|E|,d such that P(E)≤C′.
In particular, if En is a sequence of sets such that H(En)≤C, then there exists a limit set E of finite perimeter such that H(E)≤C and En→E in L1loc as n→+∞, up to a subsequence.
Proof. By Lemma 2.5, for s∈(0,1) there holds
Fs(E)≤H(E)−∫E∫En∖B1(y)1|x−y|d+1dxdy≤H(E)≤C. |
The estimate on P(En) then follows by Proposition 2.6.
The second statement is a direct consequence of the lower semicontinuity of H, and of the local compactness in L1 of sets of finite perimeter.
We point out the following rescaling property of the functional H, the will allow us to consider only sets with diameter less than 1.
Proposition 3.2. For every λ>0 there holds
H(λE)=λd−1H(E)−ωd−1λd−1logλP(E). | (3.2) |
Proof. We observe that for every R>0, with the same computation as in (2.8) we get
∫E∩BR(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx=∫H−(y)∩BR(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+sdx−∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx=ωd−1R1−s1−s−∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+sdx. |
Therefore, arguing as in Proposition 2.4, we can show that H(E) can be equivalently defined as follows, for all R>0
H(E)=−ωd−1P(E)(1+logR)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)−∫∂∗E∫E∖BR(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y). | (3.3) |
This formula immediately gives the desired rescaling property (3.2).
Now, we identify some classes of sets where H is bounded.
Proposition 3.3. Let E be a measurable set with |E|<+∞ and P(E)<+∞.
1. If ∂E is uniformly of class C1,α for some α>0, then H(E)<+∞.
2. If E is a convex set then, for every s∈(0,1), there holds
H(E)≤(diamE)s2∫∂∗EHs(E,y)dHd−1(y)−ωd−1P(E)(1s+log(diamE)) |
where diamE:=supx,y∈E|x−y|, and Hs(E,y) is the fractional mean curvature of E at y, which is defined as
Hs(E,y):=∫RdχRd∖E(x)−χE(x)|x−y|d+sdx, |
in the principal value sense.
Proof. (1) If ∂E is uniformly of class C1,α, then there exists η>0 such that for all y∈∂E, ∂E∩Bη(y) is a graph of a C1,α function h, such that ‖∇h‖C0,α(B′η(y))≤C, for some C independent of y. Up to a rotation and translation, we may assume that y=0, h(0)=0 and ∇h(0)=0 and moreover −C|x′|1+α≤h(x′)≤C|x′|1+α for all x′∈B′η. Therefore recalling that E∩Bη={(x,xd) | xd≤h(x′)} and that H−(0)={(x′,xd) | xd≤0}, there holds
(EΔH−(0))∩Bη⊆Cη:={(x′,xd) |−C|x′|1+α≤xd≤C|x′|1+α,|x′|≤η}. |
We compute
∫(EΔH−(0))∩B11|x|ddx=∫(EΔH−(0))∩Bη1|x|ddx+∫(EΔH−(0))∩(B1∖Bη)1|x|ddx≤∫Cη1|x|ddx+12∫B1∖Bη1|x|ddx≤∫Cη1|x′|ddx+12∫B1∖Bη1|x|ddx≤2C∫B′η|x′|1+α|x′|ddx′−12dωdlog(η∧1)=2C(d−1)ωd−1ηαα−12dωdlog(η∧1). |
Then, recalling (3.1) we get that
H(E)≤(2C(d−1)ωd−1ηαα−12dωdlog(η∧1))P(E)+dωd|E|<+∞. |
(2) Let R=diamE. Then by (3.3), we get
H(E)=−ωd−1P(E)(1+logR)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y)≤−ωd−1P(E)(1+logR)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)1|x−y|ddxdHd−1(y)≤−ωd−1P(E)(1+logR)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)Rs|x−y|d+sdxdHd−1(y). |
By convexity for every y∈∂∗E, recalling that E⊆BR(y), there holds
∫(EΔH−(y))∩BR(y)Rs|x−y|d+sdx=Rs2∫BR(y)χRd∖E(x)−χE(x)|x−y|d+sdx=Rs2Hs(E,y)−Rs2∫Rd∖BR(y)1|x−y|d+sdx=Rs2Hs(E,y)−dωd2s. |
Therefore, substituting this equality in the previous estimate, we get
H(E)≤Rs2∫∂∗EHs(E,y)dHd−1(y)−ωd−1P(E)(1+logR)−dωd2sP(E). |
Remark 3.4. Note that by Proposition 3.3, H(Q)<+∞ for every cube Q=Πdi=1[ai,bi].
Indeed for y∈∂∗Q, there holds that Hs(Q,y)∼1(d(y,(∂Q∖∂∗Q)))s for s∈(0,1) and so ∫∂∗QHs(Q,y)dHd−1(y)<+∞.
Finally we provide some useful equivalent representations of the functional H.
Proposition 3.5.
(i) Let E be a set with finite perimeter such that H(E)<+∞. Then
H(E)=−dωd−1d−1P(E)−limδ→0+[1d−1∫∂∗E∫∂∗E∖Bδ(y)ν(y)⋅ν(x)|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)+ωd−1logδP(E)]. |
(ii) Let E be a compact set with boundary of class C2. Then
H(E)=1d−1∫∂E∫∂E(ν(x)−ν(y))22|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)−dωd−1d−1P(E)+1d−1∫∂E∫∂E1|x−y|d−1|(y−x)|y−x|⋅ν(x)|2((d−1)log|x−y|−1)dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)+∫∂E∫∂EH(E,x)ν(x)⋅(y−x)|y−x|d−1log|x−y|dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y). |
Proof. (i) If the diameter of E is less than 1, then E∖B1(y)=∅ for all y∈∂E, and so
H(E)=−ωd−1P(E)+∫∂∗E∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dxdHd−1(y). |
Using that
1d−1divx(ν(y)|x−y|d−1)=(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1 |
we compute the second inner integral for y∈∂∗E, recalling that E⊂B1(y),
∫(EΔH−(y))∩B1(y)|(y−x)⋅ν(y)||x−y|d+1dx=∫(H−(y)∖E)∩B1(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dx−∫(E∖H−(y))(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dx=limδ→0[∫(H−(y)∖E)∩(B1(y)∖Bδ(y))(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dx−∫(E∖H−(y))∖Bδ(y)(y−x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d+1dx]=limδ→0[−1d−1∫∂∗E∖Bδ(y)ν(x)⋅ν(y)|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)+1d−1∫∂B1(y)∩H−(y)ν(x)⋅ν(y)dHd−1(x)+1d−1∫∂H−(y)∩(B1(y)∖Bδ(y))1|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)−1δd−1∫∂Bδ(y)∩(H−(y)ΔE)ν(x)⋅ν(y)dHd−1(x)]. |
Now we observe that
limδ→01δd−1∫∂Bδ(y)∩(H−(y)ΔE)|ν(x)⋅ν(y)|dHd−1(x)≤limδ→01δd−1∫∂Bδ(y)∩(H−(y)ΔE)dHd−1(x)=limδ→0∫∂B1∩(H−(y)Δ(E−y)δ)dHd−1(x)=0 |
since, for y∈∂∗E, there holds that (E−y)δ→H−(y) locally in L1 as δ→0, see [14,Thm II.4.5]. We compute
1d−1∫∂B1(y)∩H−(y)ν(x)⋅ν(y)dHd−1(x)=1d−1∫xd=−√1−|x′|2xddHd−1(x)=−ωd−1d−1 |
and
1d−1∫∂H−(y)∩(B1(y)∖Bδ(y))1|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)=1d−1∫B′1∖B′δ1|x′|d−1dx′=−ωd−1logδ. |
Therefore
H(E)=−dωd−1d−1P(E)−limδ→0+[1d−1∫∂∗E∫∂∗E∖Bδ(y)ν(y)⋅ν(x)|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)+ωd−1logδP(E)]. |
If ∂E has diameter greater or equal to 1, we obtain the formula by rescaling, using (3.2).
(ii) Let us fix y∈∂E and define for all x∈∂E, x≠y, the vector field
η(x)=f(|x−y|)(y−x) where f(r):=logrrd−1. |
By the Gauss-Green Formula (see [14,I.11.8]), for δ>0 there holds
1d−1∫∂E∖Bδ(y)divτη(x)dHd−1(x)=∫∂E∖Bδ(y)H(E,x)ν(x)⋅η(x)dHd−1(x)+1d−1∫∂Bδ(y)∩∂Eη(x)⋅x−y|x−y|dHd−2(x)=∫∂E∖Bδ(y)H(E,x)ν(x)⋅η(x)dHd−1(x)−ωd−1logδ |
where divτη(x) is the tangential divergence, that is divτη(x)=divη(x)−ν(x)T∇η(x)ν(x). Therefore integrating the previous equality on ∂E, we get that
ωd−1logδP(E)=∫∂E∫∂E∖Bδ(y)H(E,x)ν(x)⋅η(x)dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)−1d−1∫∂E∫∂E∖Bδ(y)divτη(x)dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y). | (3.4) |
Now we compute
divτη(x)=tr∇η(x)−ν(x)T∇η(x)ν(x)=−tr(f(|x−y|)I+f′(|x−y|)|x−y|y−x|x−y|⊗y−x|x−y|)+ν(x)T(f(|x−y|)I+f′(|x−y|)|x−y|y−x|x−y|⊗y−x|x−y|)ν(x)=−f(|x−y|)d−f′(|x−y|)|x−y|+f(|x−y|)+f′(|x−y|)|x−y||y−x|y−x|⋅ν(x)|2=−1|x−y|d−1+1−(d−1)log|x−y||x−y|d−1)|y−x|y−x|⋅ν(x)|2 |
where we used the equality rf′(r)=1rd−1−(d−1)f(r)=1−(d−1)logrrd−1.
If we substitute this expression in (3.4) we get
ωd−1logδP(E)=∫∂E∫∂E∖Bδ(y)H(E,x)ν(x)⋅(y−x)|x−y|d−1log|x−y|dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)+1d−1∫∂E∫∂E∖Bδ(y)1|x−y|d−1dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y)−1d−1∫∂E∫∂E∖Bδ(y)1−(d−1)log|x−y||x−y|d−1)|y−x|y−x|⋅ν(x)|2dHd−1(x)dHd−1(y). |
The conclusion then follows by substituting ωd−1logδP(E) with the previous expression in the representation formula obtained in (i), and observing that 1−ν(x)ν(y)=(ν(x)−ν(y))2/2.
The authors are members and were supported by the INDAM/GNAMPA.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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