Review Topical Sections

Oil extraction from plant seeds for biodiesel production

  • Received: 17 February 2017 Accepted: 29 March 2017 Published: 07 April 2017
  • Energy is basic for development and its demand increases due to rapid population growth, urbanization and improved living standards. Fossil fuels will continue to dominate other sources of energy although it is non-renewable and harm global climate. Problems associated with fossil fuels have driven the search for alternative energy sources of which biodiesel is one option. Biodiesel is renewable, non-toxic, environmental-friendly and an economically feasible options to tackle the depleting fossil fuels and its negative environmental impact. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, waste oils and algae. However, nowadays, the major feedstocks of biodiesel are edible oils and this has created food vs fuel debate. Therefore, the future prospect is to use non-edible oils, animal fats, waste oils and algae as feedstock for biodiesel. Selection of non-expensive feedstock and the extraction and preparation of oil for biodiesel production is a crucial step due to its relevance on the overall technology. There are three main conventional oil extraction methods: mechanical, chemical/solvent and enzymatic extraction methods. There are also some newly developed oil extraction methods that can be used separately or in combination with the conventional ones, to overcome some disadvantages of the conventional oil extraction methods. This review paper presents, compare and discusses different potential biofuel feedstocks, various oil extraction methods, advantages and disadvantages of different oil extraction methods, and propose future prospective for the improvement of oil extraction methods and sustainability of biodiesel production and utilization.

    Citation: Yadessa Gonfa Keneni, Jorge Mario Marchetti. Oil extraction from plant seeds for biodiesel production[J]. AIMS Energy, 2017, 5(2): 316-340. doi: 10.3934/energy.2017.2.316

    Related Papers:

  • Energy is basic for development and its demand increases due to rapid population growth, urbanization and improved living standards. Fossil fuels will continue to dominate other sources of energy although it is non-renewable and harm global climate. Problems associated with fossil fuels have driven the search for alternative energy sources of which biodiesel is one option. Biodiesel is renewable, non-toxic, environmental-friendly and an economically feasible options to tackle the depleting fossil fuels and its negative environmental impact. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, waste oils and algae. However, nowadays, the major feedstocks of biodiesel are edible oils and this has created food vs fuel debate. Therefore, the future prospect is to use non-edible oils, animal fats, waste oils and algae as feedstock for biodiesel. Selection of non-expensive feedstock and the extraction and preparation of oil for biodiesel production is a crucial step due to its relevance on the overall technology. There are three main conventional oil extraction methods: mechanical, chemical/solvent and enzymatic extraction methods. There are also some newly developed oil extraction methods that can be used separately or in combination with the conventional ones, to overcome some disadvantages of the conventional oil extraction methods. This review paper presents, compare and discusses different potential biofuel feedstocks, various oil extraction methods, advantages and disadvantages of different oil extraction methods, and propose future prospective for the improvement of oil extraction methods and sustainability of biodiesel production and utilization.


    加载中
    [1] Khan TMY, Atabani AE, Badruddin IA (2014) Recent scenario and technologies to utilize non-edible oils for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 37: 840–851. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.064
    [2] BP Energy Outlook (2016). BP Energy Outlook 2035, BP PLC. Available from: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2016/bp-energy-outlook-2016.
    [3] Selvakumar MJ, Alexis SJ (2016) Renewable fuel production technologies. MEJSR 24: 2502–2509.
    [4] Bhuiya M, Rasul M, Khan M, et al. (2016) Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel-Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 55: 1109–1128. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.163
    [5] Ho DP, Ngo HH, Guo W (2014) A mini review on renewable sources for biofuel. Bioresource Technol 169: 742–749. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.022
    [6] Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Ong HC, et al. (2013) Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 18: 211–245. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.013
    [7] Knothe G (2010) Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison. Prog Energ Combust 36: 364–373. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.004
    [8] Kannahi M, Arulmozhi R (2013) Production of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils using rhizopus oryzae and aspergillus niger. Asian J Plant Sci Res 3: 60–64.
    [9] Naik SN, Goud VV, Rout PK, et al. (2010) Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14: 578–597. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003
    [10] Lee RA, Lavoie JM (2013) From first-to third-generation biofuels: challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Animal Front 3: 6–11.
    [11] Moser BR (2009) Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks. In Vitro Cell Dev Pl 45: 229–266. doi: 10.1007/s11627-009-9204-z
    [12] No SY (2011) Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15: 131–149. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.012
    [13] Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Badruddin IA, et al. (2012) A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16: 2070–2093.
    [14] Balat M (2011) Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production-a review of current work. Energ Convers Manage 52: 1479–1492. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.10.011
    [15] Marchetti JM (2012) A summary of the available technologies for biodiesel production based on a comparison of different feedstock's properties. Process Saf Environ 90: 157–163.
    [16] Patil PD, Deng S (2009) Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils. Fuel 88: 1302–1306. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.01.016
    [17] Sajjadi B, Raman AAA, Arandiyan H (2016) A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: composition, specifications and prediction models. Renew Sust Energ Rev 63: 62–92. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.035
    [18] Avhad M, Marchetti J (2015) A review on recent advancement in catalytic materials for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 50: 696–718. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.038
    [19] Ong H, Silitonga A, Masjuki H, et al. (2013) Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra. Energ Convers Manage 73: 245–255. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.011
    [20] Shahid EM, Jamal Y (2011) Production of biodiesel: a technical review. Renew Sus Energ Rev 15: 4732–4745.
    [21] Çetinkaya M, Ulusoy Y, Tekìn Y, et al. (2005) Engine and winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel. Energ Convers Manage 46: 1279–1291. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.06.022
    [22] Atadashi I, Aroua M, Aziz AA (2010) High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14: 1999–2008.
    [23] Ahmad A, Yasin NM, Derek C, et al. (2011) Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15: 584–593.
    [24] Lin L, Cunshan Z, Vittayapadung et al. (2011) Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energ 88: 1020–1031.
    [25] Tan K, Lee K, Mohamed A (2011) Potential of waste palm cooking oil for catalyst-free biodiesel production. Energy 36: 2085–2088.
    [26] Silitonga A, Atabani A, Mahlia T, et al. (2011) A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15: 3733–3756. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.011
    [27] Juan JC, Kartika DA, Wu TY, et al. (2011) Biodiesel production from jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. Bioresource Technol 102: 452–460.
    [28] Lim S, Teong LK (2010) Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia: an overview. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14: 938–954. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.027
    [29] Kafuku G, Mbarawa M (2010) Biodiesel production from Croton megalocarpus oil and its process optimization. Fuel 89: 2556–2560. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.03.039
    [30] Singh S, Singh D (2010) Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14: 200–216. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.017
    [31] Kibazohi O, Sangwan R (2011) Vegetable oil production potential from Jatropha curcas, Croton megalocarpus, Aleurites moluccana, Moringa oleifera and Pachira glabra: assessment of renewable energy resources for bio-energy production in Africa. Biomass Bioenerg 35: 1352–1356.
    [32] Supamathanon N, Wittayakun J, Prayoonpokarach S (2011) Properties of Jatropha seed oil from Northeastern Thailand and its transesterification catalyzed by potassium supported on NaY zeolite. J Ind Eng Chem 17: 182–185.
    [33] Thiruvengadaravi K, Nandagopal J, Baskaralingam, et al. (2012) Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Fuel 98: 1–4.
    [34] Al Awad AS, Selim MY, Zeibak AF, et al. (2014) Jojoba ethyl ester production and properties of ethanol blends. Fuel 124: 73–75. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.106
    [35] Kumar R, Tiwari P, Garg S (2013) Alkali transesterification of linseed oil for biodiesel production. Fuel 104: 553–560.
    [36] Taufiq YYH, Teo SH, Rashid U, et al. (2014) Transesterification of Jatropha curcas crude oil to biodiesel on calcium lanthanum mixed oxide catalyst: effect of stoichiometric composition. Energ Convers Manage 88: 1290–1296. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.075
    [37] Karmakar A, Karmakar S, Mukherjee S (2010) Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technol 101: 7201–7210. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.079
    [38] Lee S, Radu S, Ariffin A, et al. (2015) Physico-chemical characterization of oils extracted from noni, spinach, lady's finger, bitter gourd and mustard seeds, and copra. Int J Food Prop 18: 2508–2527.
    [39] Demiral İ, Eryazıcı A, Şensöz S (2012) Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of corncob (Zea mays L.). Biomass Bioenerg 36: 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.045
    [40] Da Porto C, Decorti D, Tubaro F (2012) Fatty acid composition and oxidation stability of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind Crop Prod 36: 401–404.
    [41] Fadhil AB, Abdulahad WS (2014) Transesterification of mustard (Brassica nigra) seed oil with ethanol: purification of the crude ethyl ester with activated carbon produced from de-oiled cake. Energ Convers Manage 77: 495–503. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.008
    [42] Mitra P, Ramaswamy HS, Chang KS (2009) Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed oil extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide and physicochemical properties of the oil. J Food Eng 95: 208–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.04.033
    [43] Alfawaz MA (2004) Chemical composition and oil characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed kernels. Food Sci Agr 2: 5–18.
    [44] Duz MZ, Saydut A, Ozturk G (2011) Alkali catalyzed transesterification of safflower seed oil assisted by microwave irradiation. Fuel Process Technol 92: 308–313.
    [45] Saydut A, Duz MZ, Kaya C, et al. (2008) Transesterified sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel. Bioresource Technol 99: 6656–6660.
    [46] Bergmann J, Tupinambá D, Costa O, et al. (2013) Biodiesel production in Brazil and alternative biomass feedstocks. Renew Sust Energ Rev 21: 411–420. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.058
    [47] Phani RC, Chaitanya DR (2014) A study on Sunflower oil quality in different seasons. Afro Asian J Sci Tech 1: 176–177.
    [48] Quampah A, Huang ZR, Wu JG, et al. (2012) Estimation of oil content and fatty acid composition in cottonseed kernel powder using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89: 567–575. doi: 10.1007/s11746-011-1945-2
    [49] Gui MM, Lee K, Bhatia S (2008) Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33: 1646 –1653.
    [50] Azam MM, Waris A, Nahar N (2005) Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass Bioenerg 29: 293–302. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001
    [51] Balat M, Balat H (2010) Progress in biodiesel processing. Appl Energ 87: 1815–1835.
    [52] Oliveira JFG, Lucena IL, Saboya RMA, et al. (2010) Biodiesel production from waste coconut oil by esterification with ethanol: the effect of water removal by adsorption. Renew Energ 35: 2581–2584. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.03.035
    [53] Li SY, Stuart JD, Li Y, et al. (2010) The feasibility of converting Cannabis sativa L. oil into biodiesel. Bioresource Technol 101: 8457–8460. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.064
    [54] Ramos MJ, Fernández CM, Casas A, et al. (2009) Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties. Bioresource Technol 100: 261–268.
    [55] Zhang Y, Wong WT, Yung KF (2013) One-step production of biodiesel from rice bran oil catalyzed by chlorosulfonic acid modified zirconia via simultaneous esterification and transesterification. Bioresource Technol 147: 59–64. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.152
    [56] Mihaela P, Josef R, Monica N, et al. (2013) Perspectives of safflower oil as biodiesel source for South Eastern Europe (comparative study: Safflower, soybean and rapeseed). Fuel 111: 114–119.
    [57] Park YW, Chang PS, Lee J (2010) Application of triacylglycerol and fatty acid analyses to discriminate blended sesame oil with soybean oil. Food Chem 123: 377–383. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.049
    [58] Ghanei R, Moradi G, Taherpour KR, et al. (2011) Variation of physical properties during transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel as an approach to predict reaction progress. Fuel Process Technol 92: 1593–1598. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.003
    [59] Bhuiya M, Rasul M, Khan M, et al. (2016) Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel-Part 2: properties, performance and emission characteristics. Renew Sust Energ Rev 55: 1129–1146.
    [60] Athalye S, Sharma SR, Peretti S, et al. (2013) Producing biodiesel from cottonseed oil using Rhizopus oryzae whole cell biocatalysts: culture media and cultivation period optimization. Energ Sust Dev 17: 331–336.
    [61] Pinzi S, Garcia I, Lopez GF, et al. (2009) The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition: a review of social, economical and technical implications. Energ Fuel 23: 2325–2341. doi: 10.1021/ef801098a
    [62] Fattah IR, Masjuki H, Liaquat A, et al. (2013) Impact of various biodiesel fuels obtained from edible and non-edible oils on engine exhaust gas and noise emissions. Renew Sust Energ Rev 18: 552–567.
    [63] Knothe G, Steidley KR (2005) Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components. Fuel 84: 1059–1065.
    [64] Hincapié G, Mondragón F, López D (2011) Conventional and in situ transesterification of castor seed oil for biodiesel production. Fuel 90: 1618–1623. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.027
    [65] Joshi H, Moser BR, Shah SN, et al. (2010) Improvement of fuel properties of cottonseed oil methyl esters with commercial additives. Eur J Lipid Sci Tech 112: 802–809. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200900291
    [66] Okia C, Kwetegyeka J, Okiror P, et al. (2013) Physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of desert date kernel oil in Uganda. Afr Crop Sci J 21: 723–734.
    [67] Shah SN, Sharma BK, Moser BR, et al. (2010) Preparation and evaluation of jojoba oil methyl esters as biodiesel and as a blend component in ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Bioenerg Res 3: 214–223.
    [68] Sahoo P, Das L (2009) Process optimization for biodiesel production from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga oils. Fuel 88: 1588–1594. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.016
    [69] Demirbas A (2009) Production of biodiesel fuels from linseed oil using methanol and ethanol in non-catalytic SCF conditions. Biomass Bioenerg 33: 113–118.
    [70] Jena PC, Raheman H, Kumar GP, et al. (2010) Biodiesel production from mixture of mahua and simarouba oils with high free fatty acids. Biomass Bioenerg 34: 1108–1116. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.02.019
    [71] Kafuku G, Mbarawa M (2010) Alkaline catalyzed biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil with optimized production parameters. Appl Energ 87: 2561–2565. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.026
    [72] Betiku E, Omilakin OR, Ajala SO, et al. (2014) Mathematical modeling and process parameters optimization studies by artificial neural network and response surface methodology: a case of non-edible neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil biodiesel synthesis. Energy 72: 266–273.
    [73] Satyanarayana M, Muraleedharan C ( 2011) A comparative study of vegetable oil methyl esters (biodiesels). Energy 36: 2129–2137.
    [74] Parlak A, Ayhan V, Cesur İ, et al. (2013) Investigation of the effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester. Fuel Process Technol 116: 101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.05.006
    [75] Al Hamamre Z, Yamin J (2014) Parametric study of the alkali catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oil for biodiesel production. Energ Convers Manage 79: 246–254. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.027
    [76] Öner C, Altun S (2009) Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Appl Energ 86: 2114–2120. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.005
    [77] Gürü M, Koca A, Can Ö, et al. (2010) Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine. Renew Energ 35: 637–643. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.08.011
    [78] Lu J, Nie K, Xie F, et al. (2007) Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from lard with immobilized Candida sp. Process Biochem 42: 1367–1370. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.06.004
    [79] Diaz FW, Riley MR, Zimmt W, et al. (2009) Pretreatment of yellow grease for efficient production of fatty acid methyl esters. Biomass Bioenerg 33: 558–563. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.09.009
    [80] Adewale P, Dumont MJ, Ngadi M (2015) Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques. Renew Sust Energ Rev 45: 574–588. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.039
    [81] Banković IIB, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB (2012) Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16: 3621–3647. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.002
    [82] Jahirul MI, Brown JR, Senadeera W, et al. (2013) Optimisation of bio-oil extraction process from beauty leaf (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil seed as a second generation biodiesel source. Procedia Eng 56: 619–624.
    [83] Achten W, Verchot L, Franken YJ, et al. (2008) Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenerg 32: 1063–1084. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003
    [84] Ramachandran S, Singh SK, Larroche C, et al. (2007) Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications-a review. Bioresource Technol 98: 2000–2009. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.08.002
    [85] Bhuiya M, Rasul M, Khan MMK, et al. (2015) Optimisation of oil extraction process from Australian native beauty leaf seed (Calophyllum Inophyllum). Energ Procedia 75: 56–61. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.137
    [86] Forson F, Oduro E, Hammond DE (2004) Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine. Renew Energ 29: 1135–1145.
    [87] Lokanatham RPRK (2013) Extraction and use of non-edible oils in bio-diesel preparation with performance and emission analysis on C.I. engine. Int J Eng Res Dev 6: 35–45.
    [88] Beerens P (2007) Screw-pressing of Jatropha seeds for fuelling purposes in less developed countries. Eindhoven University of Technology Ministerio de Ambiente Energía-MINAE-(2007)"Plan Nacional de Biocombustibles", Costa Rica. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.2241&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
    [89] Sayyar S, Abidin ZZ, Yunus R, et al. (2009) Extraction of oil from Jatropha seeds-optimization and kinetics. Am J Appl Sci 6:1390–1395. doi: 10.3844/ajassp.2009.1390.1395
    [90] Banat F, Pal P, Jwaied N, et al. (2013) Extraction of olive oil from olive cake using soxhlet apparatus. Am J Oil Chem Technol 1: 2326–6570.
    [91] Mahanta P, Shrivastava A (2004) Technology development of bio-diesel as an energy alternative. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology. Available from: http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001305.pdf.
    [92] Khattab RY, Zeitoun MA (2013) Quality evaluation of flaxseed oil obtained by different extraction techniques. LWT Food Sci Techno 53: 338–345. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.01.004
    [93] Sarip MSM, Morad NA, Yamashita Y, et al. (2016) Crude palm oil (CPO) extraction using hot compressed water (HCW). Sep Purif Technol 169: 103–112. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.001
    [94] Dunford NT, Zhang M (2003) Pressurized solvent extraction of wheat germ oil. Food Res Int 36: 905–909. doi: 10.1016/S0963-9969(03)00099-1
    [95] Oomah BD, Sitter L (2009) Characteristics of flaxseed hull oil. Food Chem 114: 623–628. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.096
    [96] Rosenthal A, Pyle D, Niranjan K, et al. (2001) Combined effect of operational variables and enzyme activity on aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil and protein from soybean. Enzyme Microb Tech 28: 499–509. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00351-3
    [97] Shah S, Sharma A, Gupta M (2005) Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by combination of ultrasonication and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction. Bioresource Technol 96: 121–123.
    [98] Augustus G, Jayabalan M, Seiler G (2002) Evaluation and bioinduction of energy components of Jatropha curcas. Biomass Bioenerg 23: 161–164. doi: 10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00044-2
    [99] Shah S, Sharma A, Gupta M (2004) Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by enzyme assisted three phase partitioning. Ind Crop Prod 20: 275–279.
    [100] Akanda MJH, Sarker MZI, Ferdosh S, et al. (2012) Applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of palm oil and oil from natural sources. Molecules 17: 1764–1794.
    [101] Maran JP, Priya B (2015) Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seeds. J Taiwan Inst Chem E 47: 71–78.
    [102] Rubio RN, Sara M, Beltrán S, et al. (2008) Supercritical fluid extraction of the omega-3 rich oil contained in hake (Merluccius capensis-Merluccius paradoxus) by-products: study of the influence of process parameters on the extraction yield and oil quality. J Supercrit Fluid 47: 215–226. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.07.007
    [103] Rubio RN, Sara M, Beltrán S, et al. (2012) Supercritical fluid extraction of fish oil from fish by-products: a comparison with other extraction methods. J Food Eng 109: 238–248.
    [104] Hao JY, Han W, Xue BY, et al. (2002) Microwave-assisted extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. Sep Purif Technol 28: 191–196. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00043-6
    [105] Cardoso UGA, Juárez BGP, SosaMorales ME, et al. (2013) Microwave-assisted extraction of essential oils from herbs. J Microwave Power E E 47: 63–72.
    [106] Jiao J, Li ZG, Gai QY, et al. (2014) Microwave-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from pumpkin seeds and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities. Food Chem 147: 17–24.
    [107] Kanitkar A, Sabliov C, Balasubramanian S, et al. (2011) Microwave-assisted extraction of soybean and rice bran oil: yield and extraction kinetics. T Asabe 54: 1387–1394. doi: 10.13031/2013.39007
    [108] Ali M, Watson IA (2014) Comparison of oil extraction methods, energy analysis and biodiesel production from flax seeds. Int J Energ Res 38: 614–625.
    [109] Conte R, Gullich LM, Bilibio D, et al. (2016) Pressurized liquid extraction and chemical characterization of safflower oil: a comparison between methods. Food Chem 213: 425–430. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.111
    [110] Teng H, Chen L, Huang Q, et al. (2016) Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of raspberry seed oil and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities. Plos One 11: In press.
    [111] Boey PL, Ganesan S, Maniam GP, et al. (2011) Ultrasound aided in situ trasnesterification of crude palm oil adsorbed on spent bleachin clay. Energ Convers Manage 52: 2081–2084.
    [112] Jamil F, Ala'a H, Al Haj L, et al. (2016) Optimization of oil extraction from waste "Date pits" for biodiesel production. Energ Convers Manage 117: 264–272. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.025
    [113] Elkhaleefa A, Shigidi I (2015) Optimization of sesame oil extraction process conditions. Adv Chem Eng Sci 5: 305.
    [114] Yahaya S, Giwa SO, Ibrahim M, et al. (2016) Extraction of oil from Jatropha seed kernels: optimization and characterization. Int J Chem Tech Res 9: 758–770.
    [115] Bhutada PR, Jadhav AJ, Pinjari DV, et al. (2016) Solvent assisted extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds. Ind Crop Prod 82: 74–80. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.004
    [116] Sagwan S, Rao D, Sharma R (2016) Comparative physical properties of karanj seed oil by using different organic solvents: an environmental viable fuel. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res 1: 540–544.
    [117] Kumar NB, Math MC (2016) Application of response surface methodology for optimization of biodiesel production by transesterification of animal fat with methanol. Int J Renew Energ Res 6: 74–79.
    [118] Chakraborty R, Sahu H (2014) Intensification of biodiesel production from waste goat tallow using infrared radiation: process evaluation through response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Appl Energ 114: 827–836.
    [119] Nuhu S, Kovo A (2015) Production and characterization of biodiesel from chicken fat. Scholarly J Agr Sci 5: 22–29.
    [120] Barreiro DL, Prins W, Ronsse F, et al. (2013) Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae for biofuel production: state of the art review and future prospects. Biomass Bioenerg 53: 113–127. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.029
    [121] Martinez GE, Gude VG (2016) Energy aspects of microalgal biodiesel production. AIMS Energ 4: 347–362.
    [122] Misau IM, Mohammed UA, Ahmed SI (2016) Optimization of reaction condition for biodiesel production from microalgae. J Sci Res Stud 3: 1–5.
    [123] Gülyurt MÖ, Özçimen D, İnan B (2016) Biodiesel production from Chlorella protothecoides oil by microwave-assisted transesterification. Int J Mol Sci 17: 579. doi: 10.3390/ijms17040579
    [124] Rajendran R, Kanimozhi B, Prabhavathi P, et al. (2015) A method of central composite design (CCD) for optimization of biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris. J Petrol Environ Eng 6: In press.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2017 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(16799) PDF downloads(6215) Cited by(40)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(2)  /  Tables(8)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog